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62-646: The dam sits across the Nile River between the town of Jinja , in Jinja District approximately 85 kilometres (53 mi), by road, east of Kampala , Uganda's capital and largest city. Before the construction of the dam, water levels on Lake Victoria were moderated by a natural rock dam on the north side of the lake. Rising lake waters would spill over the natural dam into the White Nile, which flows through Uganda, South Sudan , Sudan , and Egypt before emptying into

124-480: A turbine map or characteristic. The number of blades in the rotor and the number of vanes in the stator are often two different prime numbers in order to reduce the harmonics and maximize the blade-passing frequency. A large proportion of the world's electrical power is generated by turbo generators . Turbines are used in gas turbine engines on land, sea and air. Turbochargers are used on piston engines. Gas turbines have very high power densities (i.e.

186-413: A cost of USh888 million (approx. US$ 251,000) to repair and strengthen the powerhouse staircase to Units 1, 5 and 9. The deterioration of the staircase is blamed on Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), which results when water reacts with concrete , over time, causing expansion of the concrete and loosening of attached hardware. In September the same year, Sinohydro Corporation Limited completed renovations to

248-440: A designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high reaction-style tip. Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century. Vector analysis related the fluid flow with turbine shape and rotation. Graphical calculation methods were used at first. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a highly efficient machine can be reliably designed for any fluid flow condition . Some of

310-417: A pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor. Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low and the inlet pressure is high. Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of

372-402: A reaction lift from the moving fluid and impart it to the rotor. Wind turbines also gain some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at an angle. Turbines with multiple stages may use either reaction or impulse blading at high pressure. Steam turbines were traditionally more impulse but continue to move towards reaction designs similar to those used in gas turbines. At low pressure

434-595: A second power station at the source of the White Nile ; an extension of the original Nalubaale Power Station . The extension was completed in 2003, named the Kiira Power Station , and is capable of producing 200 megawatts of hydroelectric power at maximum utilization. Jinja is a major station on the Uganda Railway and is a port for Lake Victoria ferries . Jinja Airport , a small civilian and military airport,

496-480: A unified international legal framework for the basin and for the time being respect keeping lake levels virtually unaltered so as not to upset their own eco-systems and established patterns of crop production and livestock raising. In October 2024, Jan Sadek, the ambassador of the European Union to Uganda, announced an economic package valued at €170 million (UGX:680 billion), to rehabilitate, stabilize and prolong

558-421: Is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work . The work produced can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a generator . A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to

620-416: Is booming with numerous hotels, guesthouses, resorts, pavilions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, night dance clubs, theatres, golf courses, illuminations, amusement centres, zoos, bathing pools, sliding centres, casinos, cinemas, recreational centres, with many more opening up in the city. The city also has several educational establishments including the following: The Qaddafi Barracks, an institution of

682-419: Is derived to be independent of turbine size. Given the fluid flow conditions and the desired shaft output speed, the specific speed can be calculated and an appropriate turbine design selected. The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can be used to reliably scale an existing design of known performance to a new size with corresponding performance. Off-design performance is normally displayed as

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744-610: Is located at Kimaka , about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Jinja's central business district. A bridge, known as the Source of the Nile Bridge , was built across the Nile , connecting the town of Njeru to Jinja. Construction started in 2013 and the completed structure was commissioned on 17 October 2018. The Kampala–Jinja Highway connects Jinja with the capital. Jinja is commonly regarded as "the adventure capital of East Africa" due to

806-595: Is sold to the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), the authorized single buyer. UETCL in turn sells the power to Umeme , the energy distributor. On 31 March 2023, the 20-year concession with Eskom for both dams expired and was not renewed. Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL) took over the management of the power stations and absorbed 93 percent of Eskom Uganda staff, effective 1 April 2023. In 2021, Eskom Uganda Limited hired Babcon Uganda Limited at

868-749: Is the Kakira Sugar Works (KSW), a member of the Madhvani Group of companies. KSW is one of the largest sugar factories in East Africa, employing over 7,500. The factory burns bagasse byproducts from sugar manufacturing to generate 50 megawatts of electricity for internal use and sale to the national grid. Sugar cane cutting median wages are about UGX:1,000 per day. The headquarters of Nile Breweries Limited are in Njeru , in Buyikwe district in central Uganda, near

930-565: The Académie royale des sciences in Paris. However, it was not until 1824 that a committee of the Académie (composed of Prony, Dupin, and Girard) reported favorably on Burdin's memo. Benoit Fourneyron , a former student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931) for invention of

992-550: The Baganda on the western side and the Busoga on the eastern side of the Nile called the area "the stones" which is "ejjinja" in both languages. The name "Jinja" derives from this. A description of what the area looked like can be found in the notes of John Hanning Speke , the first European to lay eyes on the source of the Nile : Though beautiful, the scene was not exactly what I expected, for

1054-631: The Mediterranean Sea . When water levels dropped too low, flow into the river ceased. In 1947, Charles Redvers Westlake , an English engineer, reported to the Colonial Government of Uganda recommending the construction of a hydroelectric dam at Owen Falls near the city of Jinja . This led to the establishment of the Uganda Electricity Board (UEB), with Westlake as its first chairman. A treaty between Uganda and Egypt ensured that

1116-558: The Owen Falls Dam . Since the early 2000s, the economy of Jinja has picked up steadily. The main economic activities take place in the central business district. A new market for fresh produce was completed during the fourth quarter of 2014. The facility can accommodate up to 4,500 vendors and cost US$ 13.7 million to construct, with a loan from the African Development Bank from 2011 until 2014. The biggest local employer

1178-403: The Source of the Nile , from which the brewery has been drawing its water since 1956. Building of the brewery commenced in 1952 and was completed four years later. Bottles of Nile Beer, renamed Nile Special Lager, the company's flagship brand, were first consumed in 1956. In 2001, Nile Breweries Limited was fully acquired by South African Breweries . MM Integrated Steel Uganda Limited is one of

1240-750: The Ssese Islands Archipelago , Kalangala District , in Lake Victoria . The factory in the islands crushes the fruit, and the crude palm oil is transported to Jinja for refining into edible oil and other products. Kiira Motors Corporation , also known as the Kiira EV Project, a locally based startup car company, expects to set up the first car manufacturing facility in Uganda, based in Jinja. The Kiira EV Project received 40 hectares (100 acres) of land at

1302-653: The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), are in Jinja. They are the location of the Uganda Junior Staff College , one of the about a dozen military schools in Uganda . The town is also the site of the Uganda Senior Command and Staff College , another UPDF institution, located in the Kimaka neighbourhood about 3 miles (5 km) north of Jinja's central business district. In 1993, construction began on

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1364-597: The Ugandan Super League . Jinja hosts the regional offices of the Uganda Red Cross Society, a humanitarian organization. On 1 July 2020, the government of Uganda awarded city status to about one half-a-dozen municipalities. Jinja was one of those localities. As part of the qualifications to become a city, Jinja expanded to include the former Jinja Municipality, Bugembe Town Council , Mafubira sub-county and Budondo sub-county. The estimated population of

1426-666: The British had considered using this dam to reduce the water in the Nile in an effort to remove Egyptian President Nasser . The plan was not carried out because it would have seasonally flooded land in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, reduced flows to a trickle in Sudan and the effect of shutting off the White Nile even to coincide with the seasonal lull in the Blue Nile would not have affected Egypt for at least 16 months. Veto power over construction projects on

1488-559: The Eagle Colonel Gaddafi Battalion remained, drunkenly harassing and murdering local civilians, but most soldiers gradually deserted and fled Jinja. The TPDF and their UNLA allies assaulted Jinja on 22 April 1979, occupying the city after encountering little resistance. The remaining UA troops mostly fled, and Jinja's civilian residents greeted the TPDF-UNLA force with cheers. The operation was accompanied by some looting in

1550-527: The Eastern Region of Uganda. It is approximately 81 kilometres (50 mi) east of Kampala , the capital and largest city of Uganda. It sits along the northern shores of Lake Victoria , near the source of the White Nile , at an average elevation of 1,204 metres (3,950 ft) above sea level. The city was founded in 1901 by British settlers. It was planned under colonial rule in 1948 by Ernst May , German architect and urban planner. May also designed

1612-669: The Jinja Industrial and Business Park. Production is expected to start in 2018. The government of Uganda will provide funding to the initial production and setting up of a factory for the project. Jinja city's strategic location at the source of River Nile with numerous power generating plants makes it ideal for industrialisation. Jinja city is considered to be the tourism hub of Africa with numerous adventure activities for tourists such as, kayaking, watching games, traditional dances, sailing, native fights and tag of wars, horse riding, experience night life, bike riding, village walks, visit

1674-690: The Nalubaale Power Complex's generating capacity to 180 MW. The Uganda Government , through the Uganda Electricity Generation Company (UEGCL), a 100 percent parastatal , awarded a 20-year operational, management and maintenance concession to Eskom Uganda Limited, a subsidiary of Eskom , the South African energy company, to cover both Nalubaale Power Station and the adjacent Kiira Power Station . The concession agreement commenced in 2002. The electricity generated here,

1736-476: The Nile River and its tributaries was granted to Egypt by the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1929, reinforced by the bilateral agreement between Egypt and Sudan signed in 1959. In 1959 upriver Nile states such as Uganda denounced this treaty purportedly claiming virtually all of the waters of the Nile to themselves and leaving none to the upriver states. The countries along the White Nile excluding Sudan seek to create

1798-464: The Owen Falls Extension project, a second powerhouse located about 1 km from the 1954 powerhouse. A new power canal was cut to bring water from Lake Victoria to the new powerhouse. Major construction was completed in 1999 with first power from the project from two units in 2000. The extension has space for five hydroelectric turbine generators with four installed as of 2001. Each unit at

1860-456: The broad surface of the lake was shut out from view by a spur of hill, and the falls, about twelve feet deep and four to five hundred feet broad, were broken by rocks; still it was a sight that attracted one to it for hours. The roar of the waters, the thousands of passenger fish leaping at the falls with all their might, the fishermen coming out in boats, and taking post on all the rocks with rod and hook, hippopotami and crocodiles lying sleepily on

1922-401: The calculations are empirical or 'rule of thumb' formulae, and others are based on classical mechanics . As with most engineering calculations, simplifying assumptions were made. Velocity triangles can be used to calculate the basic performance of a turbine stage. Gas exits the stationary turbine nozzle guide vanes at absolute velocity V a1 . The rotor rotates at velocity U . Relative to

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1984-462: The city. Following the end of hostilities, Tanzanian officers reportedly used Jinja as a hub to transport stolen goods from Uganda to Mwanza , including cars, tons of coffee, large amounts of gasoline, and war materiel. The national census of 2002 estimated Jinja's population to be 71,213 of which 36,325 were males and 34,888 were females. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated

2046-607: The coalition of the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) and the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), Ugandan President Idi Amin initially fled to Jinja. There, he attempted to rally remnants of the Uganda Army (UA). According to journalist Nelson Bwire Kapo, Amin even declared Jinja the new capital of Uganda, but soon fled to Arua and from there into exile. Parts of the local UA garrison belonging to

2108-404: The country. The majority of the population are of Bantu origin. Lusoga is the main local language. Jinja has a large population of inhabitants who are defined as "working urban poor". The average annual household income is estimated at US $ 100. Jinja has the second largest economy in Uganda. In the past, factories chose Jinja as their base because of the nearby electric power station at

2170-580: The dam would not alter the natural flow of the Nile. The consultant engineer on the project was Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners . Eighty thousand tons of plant and construction materials (including 36,000 tons of cement) were shipped out from Europe in the difficult post-war period. They were then hauled 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) by rail from Mombasa to Jinja. The dam was completed in three years, ahead of schedule in 1954, submerging Ripon Falls . It supplies electricity to Uganda and parts of neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania . Maintenance and availability of

2232-401: The dam's structure. The repairs that lasted nearly one year, were meant to stop water leakages due to "deterioration of grout curtain". It is expected that the repairs, last carried out in 1999, will give the dam at least another 20 years of life. The repairs cost USh11.6 billion (US$ 3.3 million). In September 2022, Eskom Uganda spent UGX:6.84 billion (approx. US$ 1.8 million) to replace three of

2294-424: The expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid head (upstream pressure) is low. In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double

2356-399: The extension has a capacity of 40 megawatts. During official opening ceremonies in 2003, the extension was named the Kiira Power Station . Design and project management of the extension project was by Acres International of Canada , now known as Hatch Limited . Eskom Uganda operates Nalubaale Power Station as a concessionaire. They regularly clear debris water hyacinth from the intakes of

2418-527: The gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube . Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness

2480-443: The leading manufacturers of steel in the region. It has completed a $ 47 million (Shs122 billion) plant to produce 50,000 tonnes of steel products a year and directly employs 1,800 people. The company has projected to invest US$ 600 million through 2018. Bidco International Oil Refining Company maintains a palm oil factory in the city. The palm oil fruits come from Bidco's 6,500 hectares (16,000 acres) plantation on Bugala Island in

2542-676: The life of both Nalubaale and Kiira dams. Of the total, €30 million is a grant from the EU to the government of Uganda. The remaining €140 million is a concessional loan from the European Investment Bank and the French Development Agency (FDA). Jinja, Uganda Jinja is a city in the Eastern Region of Uganda , located on the north shore of Lake Victoria . Jinja is in Jinja District , Busoga sub-region , in

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2604-491: The mean stage radius. Mean performance for the stage can be calculated from the velocity triangles, at this radius, using the Euler equation : Hence: where: The turbine pressure ratio is a function of Δ h T {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}} and the turbine efficiency. Modern turbine design carries the calculations further. Computational fluid dynamics dispenses with many of

2666-451: The museum, water rafting, visit Busoga Kingdom palace, camping, visiting the beaches, hiking mountains, fishing, food tasting, tubing the Nile, bungee jumping, sun bathing, trekking, swimming, water skiing, visiting forests, windsurfing, cabling, canoeing, cycling, tour sugarcane plantations and factories, visit Jinja city Port Pier, visit the source of river Nile, visit Makwanzi, Busowoko and Itanda waterfalls. The tourism sector of Jinja city

2728-589: The new city, as of October 2020, is about 300,000. In October 2020, the city mayor, Titus Kisambira, signed a memorandum of understanding, as an initial step in the establishment of sister cityhood with the city of Shenyang , in Liaoning Province , in China . Turbine A turbine ( / ˈ t ɜːr b aɪ n / or / ˈ t ɜːr b ɪ n / ) (from the Greek τύρβη , tyrbē , or Latin turbo , meaning vortex )

2790-523: The number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion. Whilst this makes the Parsons turbine much longer and heavier, the overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is slightly higher than the equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy conversion. In practice, modern turbine designs use both reaction and impulse concepts to varying degrees whenever possible. Wind turbines use an airfoil to generate

2852-415: The operating fluid medium expands in volume for small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions, blading becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse. The reason is due to the effect of the rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases, the blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed relative to the tip. This change in speed forces

2914-537: The population at 82,800. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population at 89,700. In 2014, the national population census put the population at 72,931 However, the Municipality Authority contested the recent census of 2014, saying it under-counted Jinja's population. According to the 2014 national population census data, Jinja is the largest metropolitan area in the Jinja District and the 14th-largest metropolis in

2976-410: The ratio of power to mass, or power to volume) because they run at very high speeds. The Space Shuttle main engines used turbopumps (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) with

3038-460: The reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure head ) and kinetic energy (velocity head). The fluid may be compressible or incompressible . Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy: Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins

3100-459: The rotor, the velocity of the gas as it impinges on the rotor entrance is V r1 . The gas is turned by the rotor and exits, relative to the rotor, at velocity V r2 . However, in absolute terms the rotor exit velocity is V a2 . The velocity triangles are constructed using these various velocity vectors. Velocity triangles can be constructed at any section through the blading (for example: hub, tip, midsection and so on) but are usually shown at

3162-452: The rotor. Gas , steam , and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer Claude Burdin from the Greek τύρβη , tyrbē , meaning " vortex " or "whirling". Benoit Fourneyron , a former student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. Credit for invention of

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3224-408: The simplifying assumptions used to derive classical formulas and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the last forty years. The primary numerical classification of a turbine is its specific speed . This number describes the speed of the turbine at its maximum efficiency with respect to the power and flow rate. The specific speed

3286-468: The station declined seriously during the government of Idi Amin . The rating of the Nalubaale power station is 180 megawatts (MW). Originally it was designed for ten turbines rated at 15 MW each (for a total of 150 MW. The station was refurbished in the 1990s to repair the accumulated wear from a decade of civil disorder. During the repairs, the output power of the generators was increased, bringing

3348-540: The stations. Further downstream, the 250 MW Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station was constructed between 2007 and 2012. Since January 2006, hydroelectric generation at Nalubaale and Kiira stations has been curtailed due to a prolonged drought and low level of water in Lake Victoria. The hydrology of Lake Victoria has unusual features. In 2006 there was a release of secret documents from 1956 in Britain that indicated

3410-433: The steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. Hero of Alexandria demonstrated

3472-641: The suburb of Njeru in Buyikwe district approximately 20 minutes from the Jinja Central Business District. Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Jinja ( Catholic Church ), Church of Uganda ( Anglican Communion ), Presbyterian Church in Uganda ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Baptist Union of Uganda ( Baptist World Alliance ), Assemblies of God . There are also Muslim mosques. Jinja has two major football teams Bul FC and Gaddafi FC, both of whom play in

3534-436: The ten generator transformers. The transformers to units 3, 5 and 6 "were past their service life expectancy" and were replaced. The transformers from units 1 to 4, step up voltage from 11kV to 33kV, while those from units 5 to 10 step up voltage from 11kV to 132kV. The power at high voltage is then transmitted across the grid. Transmission of power at high voltage over long distances reduces power losses. In 1993 work started on

3596-510: The turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine blades (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). Before reaching the turbine, the fluid's pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle . Pelton wheels and de Laval turbines use this process exclusively. Impulse turbines do not require

3658-424: The turbine principle in an aeolipile in the first century AD and Vitruvius mentioned them around 70 BC. Early turbine examples are windmills and waterwheels . The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer Claude Burdin from the Greek τύρβη , tyrbē , meaning " vortex " or "whirling", in a memo, "Des turbines hydrauliques ou machines rotatoires à grande vitesse", which he submitted to

3720-488: The urban planning scheme for Kampala, creating what he called "neighbourhood units". Estates were built for the ruling elite in many parts outside the centre city. This led to the area's ' slum clearance ' which displaced more than 1,000 residents in the 1950s. In 1954, the construction of the Owen Falls Dam submerged the Ripon Falls . Most of the "Flat Rocks" that gave the area its name disappeared under water as well. Both

3782-542: The very many activities in town that one could engage in, especially for tourists. Local attractions include white-water rafting , the "Source of the Nile", and bungee jumping. About 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Jinja is the Bujagali Power Station . The hydroelectric facility is providing 250 megawatts of electric power. Since 2015, the city has hosted the Nyege Nyege Festival , at Discovery Beach in

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3844-573: The water, the ferry at work above the falls, and cattle driven down to drink at the margin of the lake, made in all, with the pretty nature of the country—small grassy-topped hills, with trees in the intervening valleys and on the lower slopes—as interesting a picture as one could wish to see." Jinja was among the Ugandan cities affected by the Uganda–Tanzania War of 1978–1979. After the Fall of Kampala to

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