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66-430: The main range of the peninsula begins along the east coast at about 10° 05′ north latitude on Ko Tao . It continues through Ko Pha Ngan and Ko Samui to the east coast mainland, east of Bandon Bay , and parallels the coast all the way into Malayan territory. The mountains are named after the town Nakhon Si Thammarat , located east of the range. The highest elevation is the 1835 m high Khao Luang . This mountain range

132-505: A Semang orphan boy named Khanung. In 1907 he founded the royal rice varieties competition, at first only for the Tung Luang and Rangsit Canal districts. The next year it was held at Wat Suthat and since then has been held at various locations around the kingdom, by Chulalongkorn and his descendants. Siamese authorities had exercised substantial control over Malay sultanates since Ayutthaya times. The sultans sought British support as

198-513: A novice monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Upon his return to his secular life in 1867, he was designated Krommakhun Phinit Prachanat ( กรมขุนพินิตประชานาถ .) In 1867, King Mongkut led an expedition to the Malay Peninsula south of the city of Hua Hin , to verify his calculations of the solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 . Both Mongkut and his son fell ill of malaria. Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Assuming

264-421: A Marine Zoning and Regulations Master Plan was developed for the island and subsequently become local law, but the positive effects of increased management have yet to be realized. Tourism and development on the island has grown steadily for the last several decades, with public infrastructure often lagging far behind. Shortages of electricity and fresh water are common, and both solid and liquid waste management

330-562: A bloodbath in Siam, provided several steps towards the abolition of slavery, not an extreme turning point from servitude to total freedom. Those who found themselves unable to live on their own sold themselves into slavery by rich noblemen. Likewise, when a debt was defaulted, the borrower would become a slave of the lender. If the debt was redeemed, the slave regained freedom. However, those whose parents were household slaves (ทาสในเรือนเบี้ย) were bound to be slaves forever because their redemption price

396-438: A constitutional monarchy. Chulalongkorn demurred, stating that the time was not ripe and that he himself was making reforms. Throughout Chulalongkorn's reign, writers with radical ideas had their works published for the first time. The most notable ones included Thianwan Wannapho , who had been imprisoned for 17 years and from prison produced many works criticizing traditional Siamese society. In 1863, King Norodom of Cambodia

462-408: A dive site to the west of the island has a reputation for divers in search of both whale sharks and bull sharks. However, because of warmer water temperatures over the last year a great number of bull sharks have migrated to cooler waters. The island is host to over 130 species of hard corals, and over 223 species of reef fishes belonging to 53 families. Diving conditions have improved dramatically in

528-413: A growing number of climbers. Ko Tao has a little over 25 dive sites to explore. Ko Tao is less developed than Ko Samui and Ko Pha-ngan , but has become increasingly popular especially with the mid-20s backpacker crowd in search of relatively inexpensive scuba diving certification. For the past two years the demographics of the island have seen an age increase, with many of the visitors who first visited

594-573: A major impact, as it ended the power of all local dynasties. Central authority now spread all over the country through the administration of intendants. For example, the Lanna states in the north (including the Kingdom of Chiangmai , Principalities of Lampang , Lamphun , Nan , and Prae , tributaries to Bangkok) were made into two monthons, neglecting the existence of the Lanna kings . Local rulers did not cede power willingly. Three rebellions sprang up in 1901:

660-564: A network of cities according to the Mandala system codified by King Trailokanat in 1454, with local rulers owing tribute to Bangkok . Each city retained a substantial degree of autonomy, as Siam was not a "state" but a "network" of city-states. With the rise of European colonialism, the Western concept of state and territorial division was introduced. It had to define explicitly which lands were "Siamese" and which lands were "foreign". The conflict with

726-487: A source of his later ideas for the modernization of Siam. He was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873. Sri Suriwongse then arranged for the Front Palace of King Pinklao (who was his uncle) to be bequeathed to King Pinklao's son, Prince Yodyingyot (who was Chulalongkorn's cousin). As regent, Sri Suriwongse wielded great influence. Sri Suriwongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised

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792-400: Is Sairee on the west coast, which has a white sandy beach of 1.7 km interrupted only by a few huge boulders and a scattering of medium budget resorts and restaurants. Chalok Baan Khao, to the south of the island, is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative for those wishing to escape the crowds. A great many granite boulders, both in the forests and on the beaches of Ko Tao, attract

858-667: Is a part of the Tenasserim Hills system. It begins to the east of the Phuket Range , which runs in the same direction about 60 km further west. Between the ranges there are isolated peaks, the highest of which is 1,350 m high Khao Phanom Bencha . To the south it is continued by the Sankalakhiri Range . Several smaller rivers originate in the mountain range, the Tapi River is the largest by far. Another relatively large river

924-635: Is an island in Thailand and is part of the Chumphon Archipelago on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand . It covers an area of about 21 km (8 sq mi). Administratively it is a subdistrict ( tambon ) of Ko Pha-ngan District ( amphoe ) of Surat Thani Province . As of 2006 , its official population was 1,382. The main settlement is Ban Mae Haad. The economy of the island is almost exclusively centered on tourism, especially scuba diving . Scuba diving

990-471: Is dated around 1677. Also see maps of the East Indies by William Dampier c.1697. By modern standards of accuracy, the islands are poorly placed on early maps. Seventeenth century marine navigation and cartography used the " backstaff " which, in this area, was accurate to one degree of longitude, or around 60 nautical miles. The Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary published in 1827 also mentions

1056-514: Is extremely popular in Ko Tao due to clear visibility, inexpensive pricing, warm water, and the range of sealife to be seen. Before being settled the island would be occasionally visited by fishermen from neighbouring islands looking for shelter in a storm or just resting before continuing on their journeys. It would appear from old maps and descriptions that this island was known by European cartographers and mariners as "Pulo Bardia", indicating that it

1122-478: Is inadequate. About 42,000 tonnes of solid waste are produced annually on the island, resulting in a 45,000 tonne garbage mountain while the island's waste incinerator sits idle. Ko Tao is one of Thailand's most popular tourist spots. The Bangkok Post has cited its annual visitor count as 132,000 and three million. The island is well known for scuba diving and snorkeling, as well as hiking, rock climbing, and bouldering. The most popular place for tourists

1188-403: Is still worshiped today. In 1933, the island started to be used as a political prison. In 1947 Khuang Abhaiwongse , prime minister at that time, pleaded and received a royal pardon for all prisoners on the island. Everybody was taken to the shore of Surat Thani and Ko Tao was abandoned again. In the 1980s, overseas travellers began to visit Ko Tao and it quickly became a popular destination. In

1254-520: Is the Trang River . The range is in the Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests ecoregion . Several national parks are located in the mountain range. This Thailand location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ko Tao Ko Tao ( Thai : เกาะเต่า , pronounced [kɔ̀ʔ tàw] , lit.   ' 'Turtle Island' ' )

1320-626: The Slave Abolition Act ended Siamese slavery in all forms. The reverse of 100 baht banknotes in circulation since the 2005 centennial depict Chulalongkorn in navy uniform abolishing the slave tradition. The traditional corvée system declined after the Bowring Treaty , which gave rise to a new class of employed labourers not regulated by the government, while many noblemen continued to hold sway over large numbers of Phrai Som . Chulalongkorn needed more effective control of manpower to undo

1386-660: The Ngiao rebellion in Phrae , the 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion in Isan , and the Rebellion of Seven Sultans in the south. All these rebellions were crushed in 1902 with the city rulers stripped of their power and imprisoned. Ayutthaya King Ramathibodi II established a system of corvée in 1518 after which the lives of Siamese commoners and slaves were closely regulated by the government. All Siamese common men ( phrai ไพร่) were subject to

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1452-531: The Torrens title system, though it was not until the year 1901 that the first–fruits of this survey were obtained. In 1873, the Royal Siamese Government Gazette published an announcement on the abolition of prostration . In it, King Chulalongkorn declared, "The practice of prostration in Siam is severely oppressive. The subordinates have been forced to prostrate in order to elevate the dignity of

1518-490: The phu yai . I do not see how the practice of prostration will render any benefit to Siam. The subordinates find the performance of prostration a harsh physical practice. They have to go down on their knees for a long time until their business with the phu yai ends. They will then be allowed to stand up and retreat. This kind of practice is the source of oppression. Therefore, I want to abolish it." The Gazette directed that, "From now on, Siamese are permitted to stand up before

1584-491: The " Haw wars ". Chulalongkorn reigned from 1868 until his death in 1910. All his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's independence given the increasing encroachment of Western powers, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat or known as the Great Beloved King . King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra and given the name Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he

1650-479: The 15-year-old Chulalongkorn to be dying as well, King Mongkut on his deathbed wrote, "My brother, my son, my grandson, whoever you all the senior officials think will be able to save our country will succeed my throne, choose at your own will." As Mongkut had not designated who would succeed him, the choice fell to a council to decide. The council led by Prince Deves, Mongkut's eldest half-brother, then choose Chulalongkorn as Mongkut's successor. However, Chulalongkorn

1716-486: The 1990s the island became known as a diving site. The island is an important breeding ground for hawksbill and green turtles . The development of tourism has negatively impacted the health of these grounds, but a breeding programme organised in 2004 by the Royal Thai Navy and KT-DOC, a coalition of local scuba diving centres, has reintroduced hundreds of juvenile turtles to the island's ecosystem. Chumpon Pinnacle,

1782-596: The Burmese, but he did not do so. Freed of the Front Palace and Chinese rebellions, Chulalongkorn initiated modernization and centralization reforms. He established the Royal Military Academy in 1887 to train officers in Western fashion. His upgraded forces provided the king much more power to centralize the country. The government of Siam had remained largely unchanged since the 15th century. The central government

1848-511: The Council of State as a legislative body and a privy council as his personal advisory board based on the British privy council . Council members were appointed by the monarch. On the night of 28 December 1874, a fire broke out near the gunpowder storehouse and gasworks in the main palace. Front Palace troops quickly arrived, fully armed, "to assist in putting out the fire". They were denied entrance and

1914-534: The French in 1893 was an example. Sukhaphiban ( สุขาภิบาล ) sanitary districts were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. The first such was created in Bangkok, by royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897. During his European tour earlier that year, he had learned about the sanitary districts of England, and wanted to try out this local administrative unit in his capital. With his experiences during

1980-524: The Front Palace. Chulalongkorn appointed Chaturonrasmi to be an executive of the organization, which he closely oversaw. From the time of King Mongkut, the Front Palace had been the equivalent of a "second king", with one-third of national revenue allocated to it. Prince Yodyingyot of the Front Palace was known to be on friendly terms with many Britons, at a time when Siamese relations with the British Empire were tense. In 1874, Chulalongkorn established

2046-697: The Heo insurgents. However, the French troops never left, and the French demanded more Laotian lands. In 1893 Auguste Pavie , the French vice-consul of Luang Prabang , requested the cession of all Laotian lands east of the Mekong River . Siam resented the demand, leading to the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 . The French gunboat Le Lutin entered the Chao Phraya and anchored near the French consulate ready to attack. Fighting

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2112-456: The House of Bunnag , was a powerful aristocratic dynasty of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I . Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters , all daughters of Mongkut: Savang Vadhana , Saovabha Phongsri , and Sunanda Kumariratana (Mongkut with Concubine Piam ), and Sukhumala Marasri (Mongkut with Concubine Samli ). Chulalongkorn's first reform

2178-465: The Siamese corvée system. Each man at the time of his majority had to register with a government bureau, department, or leading member of the royalty called krom ( กรม ) as a Phrai Luang ( ไพร่หลวง ) or under a nobleman's dominion ( Moon Nai or Chao Khun Moon Nai มูลนาย หรือเจ้าขุนมูลนาย ) as a Phrai Som ( ไพร่สม ). Phrai owed service to sovereign or master for three months of

2244-557: The cession of Laos in 1893, but the French troops in Chantaburi and Trat refused to leave. The cession of vast Laotian lands had a major impact on Chulalongkorn's spirit. Prince Vajirunhis died in 1894. Prince Vajiravudh was made crown prince to replace him. Chulalongkorn realised the importance of maintaining the navy and established the Royal Thai Naval Academy in 1898. Despite Siamese concessions, French armies continued

2310-447: The different boats used by the various ferry companies. Ko Tao has no airport, but connections to high speed catamarans and ferries are available at three airports. Train services are available to Chumphon where ferries are available. Cave dive sites: Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn (20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910), posthumously honoured as King Chulalongkorn the Great ,

2376-404: The digging of several important khlongs , such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and the paving of roads such as Charoen Krung and Silom. He was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. At the end of his regency, Sri Suriwongse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya , the highest title a noble could attain. Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family,

2442-503: The dignitaries. To display an act of respect, the Siamese may take a bow instead. Taking a bow will be regarded as a new form of paying respect." The construction of railways in Siam had a political motivation: to connect all of the country so as to better maintain control of it. In 1901, the first railway was opened from Bangkok to Korat . In the same year, the first power plant of Siam produced electricity and electric lights first illuminated roadways. In 1906 King Chulalongkorn adopted

2508-491: The fire was extinguished. The incident demonstrated the considerable power wielded by aristocrats and royal relatives, leaving the king little power. Reducing the power held by the nobility became one of his main motives in reforming Siam's feudal politics. When Prince Yodyingyot died in 1885, Chulalongkorn took the opportunity to abolish the titular Front Palace and created the title of " Crown Prince of Siam " in line with Western custom. Chulalongkorn's son, Prince Vajirunhis ,

2574-487: The first Siamese monarch to do so, and he desired European recognition of Siam as a fully independent power. He appointed his queen, Saovabha Phongsri , as regent in Siam during his travel to Europe. During a visit to Spain and Portugal , on 26 October, he condemned and ordered his servant to be executed for a breach of etiquette committed in Lisbon , according to the telegram news from Saragossa . Siam had been composed of

2640-460: The island and provides a geographical position. In his 1852 book titled Narrative of a Residence in Siam. by Frederick Arthur Neale, the author describes the people and wildlife of Bardia. According to the account there were farms and even cows in a village on the bay lying on the west side of the island. The book includes a fanciful illustration of "Bardia" showing huts and palm trees. Joseph Huddart in 1801 included these directions for navigating

2706-402: The island over ten years ago now returning with their families. A series of tourist deaths – including murder and alleged suicide – particularly since 2014, has prompted some to advise that tourists avoid visiting Ko Tao, with some British tabloids labelling it as "Death Island". Although tourist arrivals to the island dropped in the months immediately following the murders in 2014, there

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2772-430: The island's environmental outlook is improving. As one of the world's most popular diving destinations, more attention is being focused on the negative effects of diving on coral reef health around Ko Tao. Natural factors combined with over-use of some areas has led to an increase in the abundance of corallivores such as Drupella snails and the crown-of-thorns starfish around the island in recent years. In 2012,

2838-464: The islands, "To the N.W. by N are two islands of about the same height as Poolo Carnom [Ko Samui]; the first, called SANCORY [Ko Pha-ngan], is 7 leagues from Carnom; the other...,named BARDA, or Bardia [Ko Tao], is 7½ leagues from Sancory." (A league is approximately 3 nautical miles or 5.5 km.) On 18 June 1899, King Chulalongkorn visited Ko Tao and left as evidence his monogram on a huge boulder at Jor Por Ror Bay next to Sairee Beach. This place

2904-618: The liberal notions of democracy and elections they encountered in republics like France and constitutional monarchies like the United Kingdom . In 1884 (year 103 of the Rattakosin Era ), Siamese officials in Europe warned Chulalongkorn of possible threats to Siamese independence from the European powers. They advised that Siam should be reformed like Meiji Japan and that Siam should become

2970-401: The occupation of Chantaburi and Trat for another 10 years. An agreement was reached in 1904 that French troops would leave Chantaburi but hold the coast land from Trat to Koh Kong . In 1906, the final agreement was reached. Trat was returned to Siam but the French kept Koh Kong and received Inner Cambodia. Seeing the seriousness of foreign affairs, Chulalongkorn visited Europe in 1897. He was

3036-429: The outset, members of the royal family. Ministries were established in 1892, with all ministries having equal status. The Council of State proved unable to veto legal drafts or to give Chulalongkorn advice because the members regarded Chulalongkorn as an absolute monarch, far above their station. Chulalongkorn dissolved the council altogether and transferred advisory duties to the cabinet in 1894. Chulalongkorn abolished

3102-458: The past few years with the continuing education of locals by the dive community. El Niño weather patterns caused a warming of the waters which resulted in the loss of a great deal of the shallow corals near the island. Since then, the recovery has been swift and dramatic. Ko Tao now offers some of the best scuba diving in the Gulf of Thailand. And with help by the island conservation group, Save Koh Tao,

3168-495: The power of nobility. After the establishment of the monthon system, Chulalongkorn instituted a census to count all men available to the government. The Employment Act of 1900 required that all workers be paid, not forced to work. Chulalongkorn had established a defence ministry in 1887. The ending of the corvée system necessitated the beginning of military conscription , thus the Conscription Act of 1905 in Siam. This

3234-563: The remaining Haw. The city of Nong Khai maintains memorials for the Siamese dead. In Burma, while the British Army fought the Burmese Konbaung Dynasty , Siam remained neutral. Britain had agreements with the Siamese government, which stated that if the British were in conflict with Burma, Siam would send food supplies to the British Army. Chulalongkorn honored the agreement. The British expected he would send an army to help defeat

3300-515: The traditional Nakorn Bala methods of torture in the judiciary process, which were seen as inhumane and barbaric to Western eyes, and introduced a Western judicial code. His Belgian advisor, Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns , played a great role in the development of modern Siamese law and its judicial system. Chulalongkorn was the first Siamese king to send royal princes to Europe to be educated. In 19th century Europe, nationalism flourished and there were calls for more liberty. The princes were influenced by

3366-537: The travel to British colonies and the suggestion of Prince Damrong , Chulalongkorn established the hierarchical system of monthons in 1897, composed of province , city , amphoe , tambon , and muban (village) in descending order. (Though an entire monthon, the Eastern Province, Inner Cambodia, was ceded to the French in 1906). Each monthon was overseen by an intendant of the Ministry of Interior . This had

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3432-448: The villages. In 1875, Chulalongkorn sent troops from Bangkok to crush the Haw who had ravaged as far as Vientiane . However, they met strong Chinese resistance and retreated to Isan in 1885. New, modernized forces were sent again and were divided into two groups approaching the Haw from Chiang Kam and Pichai. The Haw scattered and some fled to Vietnam . The Siamese armies proceeded to eliminate

3498-530: The year. Phrai Suay ( ไพร่ส่วย ) were those who could make payment in kind (cattle) in lieu of service. Those conscripted into military service were called Phrai Tahan ( ไพร่ทหาร ). Chulalongkorn was best known for his abolition of Siamese slavery ( ทาส .) He associated the abolition of slavery in the United States with the bloodshed of the American Civil War . Chulalongkorn, to prevent such

3564-531: Was appointed the first Crown Prince of Siam, though he never reigned. In 1895, when the prince died of typhoid at age 16, he was succeeded by his half-brother Vajiravudh , who was then at boarding school in England. In the northern Laotian lands bordering China, the insurgents of the Taiping Rebellion had taken refuge since the reign of King Mongkut. These Chinese were called Haw and became bandits, pillaging

3630-689: Was characterised by the modernisation of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French empires. As Siam was surrounded by European colonies , Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, ensured the independence of Siam. He was mentioned as "One of the Rulers of the World at the Beginning of the 20th Century" and the "Greatest King of Siam and Thailand's History." Later, known for his conflicts in " 1893 Franco-Siamese crisis " and

3696-590: Was designated Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat . His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from Western tutors such as Anna Leonowens . Chulalongkorn, along with his siblings, were educated by Leonowens from her arrival in August 1862 through to her departure in 1867. During this time, Chulalongkorn became friends with Leonowens' son Louis Leonowens who was two years younger than Chulalongkorn. His friendship with Louis would continue his adulthood where he assisted Louis' business in Siam. In 1866, he became

3762-533: Was extremely high. Because of economic conditions, people sold themselves into slavery in great numbers and in turn they produced a large number of household slaves. In 1867 they accounted for one-third of Siamese population. In 1874, Chulalongkorn enacted a law that lowered the redemption price of household slaves born in 1867 (his ascension year) and freed all of them when they had reached 21. The newly freed slaves would have time to settle themselves as farmers or merchants so they would not become unemployed. In 1905,

3828-463: Was first settled by Malayo-Polynesian peoples. The old maps show a chain of three islands aligned north–south and lying off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula . The most northerly and smallest of these islands is marked P. Bardia, the name it had until the early 1900s. The best map example is by John Thornton from The English Pilot, the Third Book , dated 1701, but the specific map of the Gulf of Siam

3894-522: Was followed in 1907 by the first act providing for invoking martial law , which seven years later was changed to its modern form by his son and successor, King Vajiravudh. The Royal Thai Survey Department , a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, engaged in cadastral survey , which is the survey of specific land parcels to define ownership for land registration , and for equitable taxation . Land title deeds are issued using

3960-481: Was forced to put his country under French protection. The cession of Cambodia was officially formulated in 1867. However, Inner Cambodia (as called in Siam) consisting of Battambang , Siam Nakhon , and Srisopon , remained a Siamese possession. This was the first of many territorial cessions. In 1887, French Indochina was formed from Vietnamese and Cambodian lands. In 1888, French troops invaded northern Laos to subjugate

4026-608: Was headed by the Samuha Nayok (i.e., prime minister), who controlled the northern parts of Siam, and the Samuha Kalahom (i.e., grand commander), who controlled southern Siam in both civil and military affairs. The Samuha Nayok presided over the Chatu Sadombh (i.e., Four Pillars). The responsibilities of each pillar overlapped and were ambiguous. In 1888, Chulalongkorn moved to institute a government of ministries. Ministers were, at

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4092-444: Was little lasting effect. To serve the tourist population, some 3,000–5,000 Burmese workers staff the island. There is a dominant Thai family on the island that owns several dive schools, resorts, and bars. Motorbikes are the main form of transport and the main cause of injury to tourists in the area. Ferry companies Lomprayah, Seatran, and Songserm serve Ko Tao from: All ferries dock at Ban Mae Haad. Journey times vary due to

4158-511: Was observed in Laos. Inconstant and Comete were attacked in Chao Phraya, and the French sent an ultimatum: an indemnity of three million francs, as well as the cession of and withdrawal from Laos. Siam did not accept the ultimatum. French troops then blockaded the Gulf of Siam and occupied Chantaburi and Trat . Chulalongkorn sent Rolin-Jacquemyns to negotiate. The issue was eventually settled with

4224-401: Was only 15 and so the council choose Si Suriyawongse to become the regent until Chulalongkorn came of age. The young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India in 1872 to study the administration of British colonies. He toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early 1872. This journey was

4290-549: Was the fifth king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty , titled Rama V . Chulalongkorn was born as the son of Mongkut , the fourth king of Siam. In 1868, he travelled with his father and Westerners invited by Mongkut to observe the solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province . However, Chulalongkorn and his father both contracted malaria which resulted in his father's death. Chulalongkorn's reign

4356-455: Was to establish the " Auditory Office " (Th: หอรัษฎากรพิพัฒน์) on 4 June 1873, solely responsible for tax collection, to counter the influence of the Bunnag family who had been in control of wealth collection since early Rattanakosin . As tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially

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