Northwestern University in Qatar (NU-Q), also known as Northwestern Qatar , is Northwestern University ’s campus in Education City , Doha, Qatar , founded in partnership with the Qatar Foundation in 2008.
116-577: Northwestern Qatar's campus offers a liberal arts and media education with undergraduate degrees awarded in communication , journalism , and strategic communication . Having been approached in 2006 by the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development , Northwestern agreed the following year to open its campus at Education City . The inaugural NU-Q Class of 2012 began studies in August 2008. Additional classes have been added each year, and
232-476: A code , i.e. a sign system that is able to express the idea, for instance, through visual or auditory signs. The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it. In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of Schramm's model is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful,
348-562: A fuzzy concept that manifests in degrees. In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators: group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types. Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication,
464-440: A military salute . Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status. Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands, kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking
580-498: A central contrast is between verbal and non-verbal communication . Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in linguistic form, including spoken and written messages as well as sign language . Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a linguistic system , for example, using body language , touch, and facial expressions. Another distinction is between interpersonal communication , which happens between distinct persons, and intrapersonal communication , which
696-571: A century's worth of film history as shaped by notions of Arab identity. The Media Majlis offers free admission to students, faculty, and the public. In 2013, NU-Q launched the school's signature research project, an annual survey of media use in the MENA region. Media Use in the Middle East in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, as well the report, Media Industries in the Middle East , 2016, revealed regional attitudes about government censorship, press freedom,
812-551: A channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language. The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines
928-405: A conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of two-way communication in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages. Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification
1044-473: A different sense, the term communication refers to the message that is being communicated or to the field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena . The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings. The issue of
1160-462: A given context". This means that the speaker is aware of the social and cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation. For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer. To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in
1276-555: A language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance. Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication. Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication. Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving
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#17328558797371392-479: A long history and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems , the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the exchange of data between computers . The word communication has its root in
1508-439: A person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby indicating disagreement non-verbally. There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include kinesics , proxemics , haptics , paralanguage , chronemics , and physical appearance. Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as body language , even though it is, strictly speaking, not
1624-522: A person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when diagrams or maps employ labels to include additional linguistic information. Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence. For example, many judgments about
1740-696: A professional organization somewhere around the world. Assignments have included the Financial Times , National Geographic , Huffington Post , Grayling Public Relations, Qatar Foundation International, and Vogue . The goal of the Journalism Residency is for students to get the kinds of hands-on experience that help them develop new skills, test old skills, work under deadline pressure, hone their news judgment, sharpen their fact-checking and research skills, build confidence in their capabilities, and explore new career paths not previously considered. This
1856-464: A shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking." Based on its role in self-regulation , some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication
1972-439: A teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a media-adequate approach. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation. It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. It further includes
2088-477: A thumb . It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message. Using multiple modalities of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent. However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example,
2204-435: A transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes
2320-573: A variety of well-established media corporations, as well as up-and-coming startups, to better understand the dynamic nature of the media industry. GME aims to create a platform where students can network and sharpen their employability skills and explore the regional job market. The leadership of NU-Q is appointed by the Northwestern University Provost, in consultation with the Qatar Foundation. The founding Dean & CEO of NU-Q
2436-419: A way that follows social standards and expectations. Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features. Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as empathy , control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge. It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in
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#17328558797372552-513: A wide variety of leadership, service, and experiential learning initiatives both in Doha and internationally. In addition, students have access to and participate in a range of athletics, activities, and clubs. Students have tackled subjects that are considered controversial in Qatar and throughout the Middle East. One NU-Q graduate was nominated for a student academy award for his film 100 Steps , which tells
2668-498: A wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures. Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come from the difficulties in defining what exactly language means. Language is usually understood as a conventional system of symbols and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining
2784-439: Is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and finding a suitable spouse. Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's well-being . The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems. Barriers to effective communication can distort
2900-546: Is a required component of the B.S. in Journalism degree program. Semester in Qatar (SiQ) The Semester in Qatar program is an intercampus program, offering Evanston students the opportunity to study at Northwestern's campus in Qatar. Northwestern undergrads studying at School of Communication, Medill, and Weinberg are eligible to apply and participate in the program, which takes place during NU-Q's Fall Semester (usually late August-early December). Academic trips This program
3016-438: Is an accepted version of this page Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information . Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include
3132-415: Is another influential linear transmission model. It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a signal by a transmitter. Noise may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone
3248-401: Is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it. Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. Ambiguous expressions can also inhibit effective communication and make it necessary to disambiguate between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention. These interpretations depend also on
3364-520: Is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication. The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal. Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions. Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, semiotics , anthropology , and social psychology . Interpersonal communication
3480-617: Is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?". The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the channel , the receiver , and the effect. Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?". The Shannon–Weaver model
3596-624: Is between natural and artificial or constructed languages . Natural languages, like English , Spanish , and Japanese , developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like Esperanto , Quenya , C++ , and the language of first-order logic , are purposefully designed from the ground up. Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading. Spoken languages use sounds to produce signs and transmit meaning while for writing,
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3712-423: Is closely related to efficiency , the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process. Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations. Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in
3828-410: Is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is dyadic communication , i.e. between two people, but it can also refer to communication within groups . It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call. Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as
3944-664: Is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells. Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations. It can help regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking. External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making
4060-400: Is communication with oneself. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them. Non-human forms of communication include animal and plant communication . Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that
4176-835: Is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively. There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate. Common functions include the fields of courtship and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and territoriality . One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. Grasshoppers and crickets communicate acoustically by using songs, moths rely on chemical means by releasing pheromones , and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light. For some species,
4292-428: Is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of linguistic competence . The academic discipline studying language is called linguistics . Its subfields include semantics (the study of meaning), morphology (the study of word formation), syntax (the study of sentence structure), pragmatics (the study of language use), and phonetics (the study of basic sounds). A central contrast among languages
4408-459: Is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use egocentric speech while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective. A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once
4524-575: Is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes. For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from evolutionary biology and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of natural selection . The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both
4640-686: Is more than 500,000 square feet and has achieved a LEED Gold Certification. The university also opened The Media Majlis at Northwestern University in Qatar, the first museum in the Arab world dedicated to exploring the content of media, journalism, and communication, and is Qatar's first university museum. Located on the NU-Q campus, the bilingual (Arabic and English) museum features interactive exhibitions, discussion programs, and other projects examining media, journalism, and communication through global, regional, and local/Qatar lenses. An inaugural exhibit examines
4756-455: Is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while the other person is talking. Examples are non-verbal feedback through body posture and facial expression . Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it. All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models. Lasswell's model , for example,
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4872-412: Is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness. Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in
4988-516: Is open to NU-Q students and assists them with learning about how organizations work in other countries. Previous trips have included Turkey, Switzerland, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Service Learning Experience (SLE) & Global Media Experience (GME) NU-Q students can participate in annual Spring Break Service Learning Experience trips to global destinations. The goal of
5104-499: Is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication. Despite these differences, some theorists use the term " animal language " to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language. Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory , and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in
5220-408: Is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures. Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication. Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on
5336-474: Is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection. Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred. Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals. The field studying animal communication is called zoosemiotics . There are many parallels to human communication. One
5452-844: Is the Assistant Dean for the Student Experience. Rana Kazkaz is Director of the Communication Program, Ilhem Allagui is Director of the Journalism & Strategic Communication Program, and Sami Hermez is the Director of the Liberal Arts program. The NU-Q staff provide the range of support services expected in an American college or university, including professionally staffed offices for admissions, academic and personal counseling, student activities, student records, human resources, finance, and marketing/public relations. The collections of
5568-503: Is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized. This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another. Effectiveness
5684-514: Is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new behavioral cues as a response. There are many forms of human communication . A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between interpersonal and intrapersonal communication . Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or
5800-409: Is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver. The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making
5916-403: Is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models. Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits information to a receiver. They are linear because this flow of information only goes in a single direction. This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a feedback loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as
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#17328558797376032-932: The Communication Studies and Radio/TV/Film (RTVF) majors offered at the Northwestern University home campus in the United States. The curriculum leading to the award of the Bachelor of Science in Journalism degree draws on that of the Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communications at Northwestern's Evanston campus. This program is accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Liberal arts courses are provided by Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences . NU-Q courses are modeled closely on those offered at Northwestern University campus in
6148-592: The Latin verb communicare , which means ' to share ' or ' to make common ' . Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations. In
6264-606: The New York Times ; Jeff Cole, head of the World Internet Project; Rami Khouri , editor of the Beirut Daily Star; Sophia Al Maria , author and filmmaker; documentary filmmaker Ramona S. Diaz ; and AJ+ journalist Dena Takruri . The university graduated its inaugural class in the spring of 2012. Since NU-Q's establishment, there have been a total of thirteen classes who have graduated from NU-Q (as of 2024), with
6380-770: The USA . NU-Q students can cross-register for courses at the five other American universities located in Education City. Degrees awarded by Northwestern University's Qatar campus are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools . NU-Q offers an annual summer media program to high school students combining aspects of the Journalism and Strategic Communication and Communication Programs. NU-Q also offers workshops to high school students periodically throughout
6496-561: The cultural background of the participants . Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted. Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like biocommunication and biosemiotics . There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it
6612-462: The senses used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting. But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television. Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures. The physical characteristics of
6728-644: The Class of 2024, with 126 graduates from 31 countries, being the largest graduating class to date. The curriculum leading to the award of the Bachelor of Science in Communication degree is based on that of the Northwestern University School of Communication at Northwestern's Evanston campus. Communication students at NU-Q pursue a major in Media Industries and Technologies, which combines elements of
6844-482: The Journalism and Strategic Communication Program are required to complete a junior year residency. Juniors in the Communication Program are eligible to apply for the Evanston Communication Exchange Program. Shorter international academic trips are offered at various times throughout the year. Past destinations have included Turkey , Switzerland , Italy , South Africa , France , India , and
6960-450: The U.S. for ones in Qatar with a salary premium, housing arrangements and research funding. Northwestern's community is very vibrant. In addition to its core mission of providing undergraduate education to its students, NU-Q seeks to serve as a regional center for issues related to communication and journalism. Often in collaboration with local, regional, or international organizations, NU-Q sponsors seminars and colloquia on topics related to
7076-691: The United States, although adjustments have been made because the Qatar campus courses are taught in a 15-week semester system rather than a 10-week quarter system. Additionally, courses with particular relevance to the region are offered at NU-Q. In 2012, NU-Q secured permission from the Board of Trustees to make its own academic appointments. Academic minors NU-Q offers five academic minors that supplement their undergraduate programs in Communication and Journalism: International travel opportunities NU-Q's academic programs provide various opportunities for students to participate in international programs. Students in
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#17328558797377192-503: The ability to receive and understand messages. Competence is often contrasted with performance since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence. However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances. Two central components of communicative competence are effectiveness and appropriateness. Effectiveness
7308-517: The academic and free speech protections". In an interview with the Washington Post, former Northwestern Faculty Senate President, Stephen Eisenman, said that "teaching journalism as an enterprise in which you must first learn what not to ask, is no kind of journalism instruction at all" and continued that at NU-Q this was "likely a matter of encouraging some enquiries and making others strange, awkward, rude or unserious". Communication This
7424-471: The actual message from what was originally intended. A closely related problem is whether acts of deliberate deception constitute communication. According to a broad definition by literary critic I. A. Richards , communication happens when one mind acts upon its environment to transmit its own experience to another mind. Another interpretation is given by communication theorists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver , who characterize communication as
7540-507: The audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for entertainment or personal enjoyment. Verbal communication further helps individuals conceptualize
7656-421: The auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter. The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance,
7772-407: The behavior of others. On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done. Research on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on
7888-426: The child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior. For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The channel is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed. Channels are often understood in terms of
8004-650: The claim that animal communication lacks a referential function and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by vervet monkeys , Gunnison's prairie dogs , and red squirrels . A further approach is to draw the distinction based on the complexity of human language , especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that recursion sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems. Another difference
8120-503: The communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information. Appearance is an important factor for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable. Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags. Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual media like paintings and drawings . They can express what
8236-543: The communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other. Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. In some cases this manifests externally, like when engaged in a monologue , taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, like when thinking about something or daydreaming . Closely related to intrapersonal communication
8352-500: The country, forcing them to uproot their lives there, a situation which no doubt puts pressure on the faculty member to work within the confines of a more limited set of academic and intellectual freedoms. Additionally, faculty members at NU-Q are not eligible for tenure unless they are visiting from the Evanston or Chicago campuses. Many professors at Doha campuses of U.S. universities are incentivized to trade in their teaching positions in
8468-465: The existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts. Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like sweating or blushing , but there are also conscious intentional forms, like shaking hands or raising
8584-409: The fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap. The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist Dean Barnlund in 1970. He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding . This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding
8700-434: The form of diagrams showing the basic components and their interaction. Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of mass communication . One influential way to classify communication
8816-806: The form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during mating rituals , the colors of birds, and the rhythmic light of fireflies . Auditory communication takes place through vocalizations by species like birds, primates , and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance. More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators. Tactile communication occurs through touch, vibration , stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It
8932-666: The former president of the Northwestern University Faculty Senate conducted during his tenure as president highlighted that these implicit community values seem to be ingrained in the students, who seemed to willingly comply with these restrictions both intentionally and unintentionally. NU-Q has undertaken several initiatives in media education and community outreach. In 2013, NU-Q began the biannual Qatar Media Industries Forum (QMIF), bringing together top representatives in publishing, electronic media, digital media, public relations and advertising to discuss and assess
9048-637: The full range of student activities offered to all Education City students, including the Hamad bin Khalifa University Student Center, Recreation Center, clubs, organizations, and athletic leagues. NU-Q is the host of many film and production related events, such as THIMUN Qatar Northwestern Film Festival, the Studio 20Q Annual Premiere, and the NU-Q Media and Research Awards. Students also participate in
9164-465: The idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies . A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication,
9280-415: The location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes. Other definitions restrict communication to conscious interactions among human beings. Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's intent to send a message as a central component. In this view,
9396-403: The media. NU-Q also sponsors short, non-credit programs for pre-college students, which are designed to expose them to developments in media. Outside of the NU-Q and Education City communities, freedom of speech is highly limited and anyone who threatened “social values” or Qatar's “general order” through any forms of news, photos, videos or audio recordings can be sentenced to prison. A report by
9512-406: The medium used to transmit messages. The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics. Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in linguistic form, i.e., by means of language . In colloquial usage, verbal communication is sometimes restricted to oral communication and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in
9628-418: The message partially redundant so that decoding is possible nonetheless. Other influential linear transmission models include Gerbner's model and Berlo's model . The earliest interaction model was developed by communication theorist Wilbur Schramm . He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called encoding and happens using
9744-414: The message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs, or because it contains too little or too much information. Distraction, selective perception , and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible. Noise
9860-521: The morality of content, entertainment preferences, and overall consumption habits, as well as provided an overview of the most prevalent business models across the MENA media landscape. NU-Q's research has been cited by academic institutions and think tanks (e.g., USC Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future, Brookings Institution) as well as news media outlets (e.g., Christian Science Monitor , CNN , The Atlantic , Al Jazeera , Al-Arabiya ) around
9976-411: The nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal cues. It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood. These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like Ray Birdwhistell , to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way. It has also been suggested that human communication
10092-528: The offspring depends on the parent for its survival. One central function of parent-offspring communication is to recognize each other. In some cases, the parents are also able to guide the offspring's behavior. North Central Association of Colleges and Schools The North Central Association of Colleges and Schools ( NCA ), also known as the North Central Association , was a membership organization, consisting of colleges, universities, and schools in 19 U.S. states engaged in educational accreditation . It
10208-431: The participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response. Models of communication are conceptual representations of
10324-445: The participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like courtship and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, maple trees release so-called volatile organic compounds into the air to warn other plants of a herbivore attack. Most communication takes place between members of
10440-493: The parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time. This happens when one person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said. Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express
10556-551: The present and future of Qatar's media landscape. In 2012, the school also established separate partnerships with the Doha Film Institute and Al Jazeera Network . NU-Q also partners with the Qatar Computer Research Institute . Northwestern University has come under fire for opening a campus in Qatar for various reasons including the country's poor human rights record, which was particularly scrutinized in
10672-451: The process of communication. Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test predictions . Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in
10788-624: The process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence. Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading. There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its phonology , orthography , syntax, lexicon , and semantics. Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships. Communicative competence
10904-572: The professionally staffed NU-Q library focus on media issues, and students and faculty also have access to all electronic resources available at the Northwestern University Evanston campus and to the services of inter-library loan. A production facilities department provides support for the media-intensive work of students and faculty at NU-Q. There are 44 faculty members at NU-Q. Many of the faculty and instructors at NU-Q are not tenured which puts some limits on academic freedom for
11020-479: The professors. This leaves these professors answerable to the Dean & CEO of NU-Q, a situation that is not dissimilar to faculty members at Northwestern's Evanston Campus. In Qatar, however, a report by Stephen Eiesenman, former President of Northwestern Faculty Senate, pointed out that the Dean has much more authority than in the United States. Additionally, if a faculty member is no longer employed by NU-Q, they must leave
11136-471: The right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which empirical phenomena are observed, how they are categorized, which hypotheses and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated. Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human behavior . Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling
11252-461: The same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. Interspecies communication happens mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where nectar is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with pets and working animals . Human communication has
11368-451: The school is about $ 52,000 per year. NU-Q's permanent home in Education City was designed by American architect Antoine Predock . Predock traveled around the world, deriving inspiration from desert structures to give NU-Q's new building a look and feel appropriate to Qatar's culture, climate, and location. Northwestern moved into its permanent facility in January 2017. The four-story building
11484-509: The school year. Similar to other universities with campuses in Education City, Northwestern's facilities are entirely paid for by Qatar. In 2014, Northwestern received $ 45.3 million to run the Doha campus. Also like other Doha campuses of U.S. universities, Qatari students at Northwestern have their tuition covered by Qatar. Students of other nationalities either pay for their own tuition or can sometimes receive scholarship money. As of 2016, tuition for
11600-412: The signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange". According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach
11716-416: The signs are physically inscribed on a surface. Sign languages , like American Sign Language and Nicaraguan Sign Language , are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning. Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make
11832-422: The speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants. Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act
11948-687: The story of a young boy in Pakistan who finds that his local religious school has served as a front for a radical extremists’ recruitment camp. Convict of 302 , a documentary by two NU-Q students about Pakistan's death penalty and anti-terrorism laws, screened at a consortium sponsored by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting in Washington, DC. Students have also written stories about working conditions at local development sites in Qatar, domestic abuse, and women's issues. Another NU-Q graduate, Ismaeel Naar,
12064-451: The transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally. A version of this view is given by philosopher Paul Grice , who identifies communication with actions that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention. One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication. For example, distortion may interfere with and change
12180-542: The trips are to connect students to the needs of the larger worldwide community, provide insight and understanding of the historical and socio-political context of the visited country, and build a strong sense of global citizenship and commitment. Students complete assigned projects and reflections as part of the experience. Trip destinations have included Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Brazil, China, India, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, and more. The Global Media Program (GME) enables NU-Q students to engage with individuals at
12296-565: The units into compound expressions are called grammar . Words are combined to form sentences . One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to concrete objects in the here-and-now but also to spatially and temporally distant objects and to abstract ideas . Humans have a natural tendency to acquire their native language in childhood . They are also able to learn other languages later in life as second languages . However, this process
12412-731: The university has established strong ties with local organizations, partnering with media groups and collaborating with a number of regional initiatives to generate additional educational and professional opportunities for its students. A number of notable journalists, scholars, and media professionals have addressed students and faculty at Northwestern University in Qatar, including Fareed Zakaria of CNN's Fareed Zakaria GPS ; NU-Q alumni and New York Times international reporter Ismaeel Naar; journalist Evan Osnos of The New Yorker ; television journalist Tim Sebastian ; Iranian-American journalist Roxana Saberi ; Carlos Van Meek, former head of output for Al Jazeera English ; Arthur Sulzberger, publisher of
12528-399: The use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables. Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information; crying indicates that an infant is distressed, and babbling conveys information about infant health and well-being. Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting. The physical appearance of
12644-456: The verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like
12760-410: The way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly. A closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events. Other explanations understand it in terms of the needs it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing
12876-475: The world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other. Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions, gestures , and postures . However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like Judee Burgoon , hold that it depends on
12992-502: The world. Approximately half the student body is Qatari; however, over 32 nationalities are represented across the student body. There are about 300 students enrolled in the school. NU-Q has worked to integrate western values into its Qatar campus. For example, there are many female students that attend NU-Q. There have been some concerns that this integration, which is not as common in Qatar, may be somewhat difficult to implement, as Qatar adheres to Salafism . NU-Q students have access to
13108-478: The years leading up to the 2022 World Cup . According to a UNHCR assessment from March 2022, Qatar had undergone significant legal and institutional changes to reinforce its human rights protections. Concerns have been raised over whether journalism can be taught effectively in a country with limited freedom of expression and where reports of censorship arise from time to time. Additionally, some members of Northwestern's faculty have expressed "dissatisfaction with
13224-458: Was Dr. John Margolis, an associate provost at Northwestern University who served from 2008 to 2011, who was succeeded by Dr. Everette E. Dennis from 2011 to 2020. The current Dean & CEO of NU-Q is Marwan M. Kraidy . S. Venus Jin is the Associate Dean for Education, Zachary Wright is the Associate Dean for Faculty, Maria Lombard is the Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, and Alex Schultes
13340-609: Was named Outstanding Young Arab Journalist of the year in 2016. Evanston Communication Exchange Program Students who are pursuing the BS degree in Communication can apply to participate in the Evanston Communication Exchange Program (more commonly known as Comm Exchange), and if selected, spend the spring semester of their junior year studying at Northwestern's home campus in Evanston , Illinois, USA, located near Chicago. Journalism residency (JR) Journalism juniors spend ten weeks working in
13456-556: Was one of six regional accreditation bodies in the U.S. and its Higher Learning Commission was recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) as a regional accreditor for higher education institutions. The organization was dissolved in 2014. The primary and secondary education accreditation functions of the association have been merged into AdvancED with
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