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124-419: On 31 March, at the beginning of the 2018 Armenian revolution , Nikol Pashinyan and a group of supporters began a march from Gyumri , Armenia's second largest city. The campaign, named "My Step", was declared with the intention to prevent Serzh Sargsyan 's election as prime minister on 17 April. On 23 September 2018, the alliance participated in the 2018 Yerevan City Council election with Hayk Marutyan as

248-703: A new Lebanese government was formed where ARF party members were appointed to two ministerial positions, including Ministry of Industry, as part of the March 8 alliance . The ARF Lebanon branch is headquartered in Bourj Hammoud in the Shaghzoian Centre, along with the ARF Lebanon Central Committee's Aztag Daily newspaper and "Voice Of Van" 24-hour radio station. During the French Mandate and under

372-745: A peaceful revolution akin to revolutions in other post-Soviet states . By the evening of April 25, the Republican Party's coalition partner, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , had withdrawn from the coalition. By April 28, all of the opposition parties in Armenia's parliament had announced they would support Pashinyan's candidacy. A vote was scheduled in the National Assembly for May 1; for Pashinyan to be elected prime minister, which required 53 votes, he would have had to win

496-598: A " state within a state ". The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France , in 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey , and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared. The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if

620-547: A candidate for Mayor and won 57 seats out of 65 in the Yerevan City Council . The alliance ran in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election . They won 88 of 132 seats, gaining a ruling majority in the National Assembly . The alliance dissolved in May 2021, following an announcement that Civil Contract would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections independently. The alliance, however, continued governing in

744-516: A dislocated economy, hundreds of thousands of refugees, and a mostly starving population. The ARF, led by General Andranik , tried several times to seize Shusha (known as Shushi by Armenians), a city in Karabakh. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. Andranik's forces got within 42 km (26 mi) of

868-599: A larger anti-Armenian policy. On 11 May 1905, Dashnak revolutionary Drastamat Kanayan assassinated Russian governor general Mikhail Nakashidze  [ ru ] , who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars. Unable to rely on the state for protection, the Armenian bourgeoisie turned to the ARF. Against

992-603: A major role in the Second Sasun Uprising . The ARF sent arms and fedayi to defend the region for the second time. Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as Kevork Chavush , Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk . Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower, Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians. In 1904, during an annual congress bringing together Armenian and Bulgarian representatives,

1116-511: A purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire's Armenian communities. The ARF, maintaining its ideological commitment to a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", led the defense of the Armenian people during the Armenian genocide, becoming leaders of the successful Van Resistance . Jevdet Bey , the Ottoman administrator of Van, tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders (Ishkhan and Vramian) and trying to imprison Aram Manukian, who had risen to fame and gained

1240-545: A purported secret terrorist cell within the ARF known as the "Dro Group" (named after the Dro Committee, the group that was allegedly behind the plot), which was allegedly led by ARF member Hrant Markarian . Another group of thirty-one ARF members, including ARF Bureau member Vahan Hovhannisyan , were also arrested and charged with attempting to stage an armed coup, among other crimes. Gerard Libaridian , an historian and close adviser of Ter-Petrosyan, collected and presented

1364-495: A significant shift in Armenia's domestic politics, with pro-Russian politicians being ousted from power and a reformist government taking their place. The change brought about a reevaluation of Armenia's relations with Russia . The reformist government sought to distance itself from Russia's aggressive tactics and realign Armenia with the Western values of democracy and human rights. Between 2012 and 2017, reported levels of trust in

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1488-527: A small rally. About 100 protesters stayed overnight in France Square after the first day of protests, and an equal number did the same on Saturday night, some sleeping in tents, others gathered around fires. By Sunday morning, the Armenian police had made no effort to disrupt the demonstrations. On Monday April 16, the "Take a Step, Reject Serzh" campaign began actions of civil disobedience. On April 17,

1612-501: A strong presence in the DRA government. Most of the important government posts, such as prime minister, defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members. The DRA wanted to recover the country's economy, and create new rules and regulations, but the situation required it to focus on overcoming widespread hunger in the country. The situation was complicated externally, provoked by Turkish and Azerbaijani Muslim riots. In 1920

1736-415: Is a multi-figure composition in a fabulous style inherent in the author, which includes people of different types who participated in the events of spring 2018. According to the author, this painting is very symbolic not only because it was created during a very emotional period and represents a concentrated reflection of these emotions, but also because it was sold on the day of the defeat of the Armenians in

1860-427: Is marked as the national day of remembrance of the Armenian genocide . The protesters gathered in masses and walked to Tsitsernakaberd , Armenia's national Genocide Memorial . No protest was held on that day. Pashinyan called for renewed protests on 25 April after talks with the Republican Party were cancelled due to Karapetyan's refusal to accept preconditions laid down by Pashinyan. Earlier, Pashinyan stated that

1984-552: The 2016 April War , have joined in the rallies for the first time. This information was later confirmed by the Ministry of Defence. Pashinyan was released at 3pm, and went directly to Republic Square where he spoke briefly, saying he would return at 6:30pm. By 4:30pm, Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan had posted a message on the official website of the prime minister announcing his resignation. Former prime minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting prime minister. April 24

2108-647: The Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians. At the end of World War I , members of the Young Turks movement, considered executors of the Armenian genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, were assassinated during Operation Nemesis . As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani leaders of

2232-664: The Armenian Institute of International and Security Affairs stated that Armenian authorities have been making progress to implement democratic reforms following the revolution. During the 2020 Belarusian protests , the Armenian revolution was brought up as a model for Belarus for its lack of anti-Russian or pro-Western geopolitical orientation by commentators such as Carl Bildt , Anders Åslund , Ian Bremmer , Yaroslav Trofimov , Ben Judah , and others. Belarusian journalist Franak Viačorka criticized this notion. Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan also rejected

2356-486: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation , supported the ruling Republican Party's decision, as did most of the opposition Prosperous Armenia party caucus. Meanwhile, the Way Out Alliance emerged as a pro-European and anti-Russian political alliance, which actively participated in street protests supporting Nikol Pashinyan following Serzh Sargsyan's nomination for prime minister. The alliance believed that Sargsyan

2480-628: The Armenian-Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities. Some sources claim that the Russian government incited the massacres in order to reinforce its authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905. The first outbreak of violence occurred in Baku , in February 1905. The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of massacres that were part of

2604-578: The Helsinki Citizens' Assembly–Vanadzor called for further strengthening Armenia's democracy and government transparency. The Europe in Law Association called for the elimination of corruption and for the government to strengthen Armenia's judicial system. Mamikon Hovespyan, Director of Pink Armenia , an LGBT rights group, stated "while LGBT+ people were present at previous protests, this time they were more visible and accepted." Following

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2728-491: The Iranian Constitutional Revolution . They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian-Iranians . The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia. From 1907 to 1908, during

2852-445: The Metn district, which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud, ARF decided to support Camille Khoury , the candidate backed by opposition leader Michel Aoun 's Free Patriotic Movement against Phalangist leader Amine Gemayel and subsequently won the seat. In the 2009 Lebanese general elections , the ARF won 2 seats in parliament which it holds presently. In June 2011,

2976-599: The National Assembly . During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests , the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election as part of a political alliance - the Armenia Alliance - with Reborn Armenia . In the 2021 election, the Armenia Alliance, led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan , won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly. In

3100-481: The Pan-Armenian National Movement . Subsequently, on 28 December 1994, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with Yerkir , the country's largest daily newspaper. The party's leader, Hrayr Maroukhian , was expelled from Armenia. Ter-Petrosyan introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by

3224-677: The Phalangist Party of Pierre Gemayel and generally ran joint tickets with the Phalangists, especially in Beirut constituencies with large Armenian populations. The refusal of the ARF, along with most Armenian groups, to play an active role in the civil war, however, soured relations between the two parties, and the Lebanese Forces (a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by Bachir Gemayel , Pierre Gemayel's son), responded by attacking

3348-522: The Second Artsakh War , which, in fact, may symbolize the failure of the hopes of the national awakening of 2018. In July 2018, in the exhibition hall "Albert and Tove Boyajyan" of the State Academy of Fine Arts of Armenia , art historian Meri Ghazaryan organized a photo exhibition entitled "Velvet Revolution: Between Picture and Reality", which presented the works of young photographers who caught

3472-583: The Soviet communists in 1920. After the communists exiled its leadership, the ARF established itself within Armenian-diaspora communities, where it helped Armenians to preserve their cultural identity. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ARF reestablished its presence in Armenia. Prior to Serzh Sargsyan 's election as President of Armenia in February 2008 and for a short time thereafter,

3596-692: The USA , where a large number of Armenians had settled. With political and geographic division came religious division. One part of the Armenian Church claimed it wanted to be separate from the head, whose seat was in Echmiadzin , Armenian SSR . Some Armenians in the US thought Moscow tried to use the Armenian Church to promote Communists' ideas outside the country. The Armenian Church thus separated into two branches, Echmiadzin and Cilician, and started to operate separately. In

3720-560: The Velvet Revolution . By the evening of 25 April 2018, ARF-Dashnaktsutyun had withdrawn from the coalition. Following the Velvet Revolution, the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1–2%. The party lost political representation in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in

3844-409: The Yerevan City Council until the end of its mandate. Following the 2023 Yerevan City Council elections , the alliance had completely dissolved. The coalition was perceived as maintaining a big tent ideology rather than supporting any one particular political position. The coalition's main focus was on anti-corruption efforts while developing Armenia's civil society and democracy and promoting

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3968-568: The "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" or "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1890. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party , an existing Armenian socialist and revolutionary party, initially agreed to join the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries." However, the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions, such as the role of socialism in the party's program. Another faction of non-socialists led by Konstantin Khatisian split from

4092-651: The 1890s the party used terrorism against the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the goal of gaining an independent nation, more well known attacks occurred against Bedros Kapamajian , the mayor of Van who was assassinated in December 1912, and the assassination of archbishop Leon Tourian in New York City on December 24, 1933. Together with the Committee of Union and Progress , a group of mostly European-educated Turks,

4216-428: The 9 hour session being broadcast live at Republic Square. However, the majority party blocked his nomination by voting against him with one exception. After the election, prominent Armenian singers such as Iveta Mukuchyan and Sona Shahgeldyan performed for the crowd and made inspiring speeches. Pashinyan walked to Republic Square and told the crowd to go on strike the next day, and block all transportation from 8:15 in

4340-587: The ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres. The ARF, however, argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks. The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus. During that period, the ARF regarded armed activity, including terror , as necessary for

4464-492: The ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991. In the leadup to the reestablishment of independent Armenia, the ARF was opposed to Armenia's immediate independence from the Soviet Union, considering the threat of neighboring Turkey to be too great. When independence was achieved in 1991, the ARF soon became one of the major and most active political parties , rivaled mainly by

4588-698: The ARF cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912. Between December 1912 and 1914 ARF politicians held negotiations with the CUP about political reforms in the eastern provinces. The Armenians had the support of the Russians and the CUP accused the Armenians that their actions caused further division between Turks and Armenians. The CUP and ARF continued a close cooperation throughout the Second Constitutional Era up until 1914. In 1915, Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during

4712-519: The ARF had been one of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as

4836-530: The ARF has usually controlled a majority of the Armenian vote and won most of the ethnic Armenian seats in the National Assembly. A major change occurred in the parliamentary election of 2000. With a rift between ARF and the Mustaqbal (Future) party of Rafik Hariri and the ARF was left with only one parliamentary seat, its worst result in many decades. The ARF called for a boycott of the 2005 Beirut elections. Relations soured further when on 5 August 2007 by-election in

4960-489: The ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration, endanger Armenia's national security and overthrow the government. Throughout the evening, government security forces arrested leading ARF figures, and police seized computers, fax machines, files and printing equipment from ARF offices. In addition to Yerkir , government forces also closed several literary, women's, cultural, and youth publications. A group of eleven ARF members were arrested and accused of being members of

5084-685: The ARF took part in the Sasun Resistance , supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges. In June 1896, the Armenakan Party organized the Van Rebellion in the province of Van . The Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties, supplied all able-bodied men of Van with weapons. They rose to defend the civilians from

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5208-663: The ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the 2008 presidential elections . ARF reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies. The ARF then approved of Sargsyan's nomination in April 2018 as Prime Minister , from which post he resigned six days later (23 April 2018) amid large-scale protests in what came to be known as

5332-406: The ARF's stance towards the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903. On 12 June 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to

5456-470: The ARF, as well as Parliament's second largest faction, Prosperous Armenia. In an interview on the same day, the president hailed the "New Armenia" that has come about due to the protests, and the chance for "a real democratic state". Meanwhile, the ruling Republican party announced that they do not see any regime change occurring in Armenia. On 28 April, Pashinyan held rallies in Vanadzor and Ijevan , while

5580-556: The ARF, supported the newly established Soviet rule in Armenia. From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty-town of Bourj Hammoud in Lebanon; ARF member Vahan Vartabedian was assassinated. The assassination of Hunchakian members Mihran Aghazarian and S. Dekhrouhi followed in 1929 and 1931 respectively. In 1956, when Bishop Zareh

5704-456: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation decided to assassinate Sultan Abdul Hamid II in response to the Hamidian massacres . Pierre Quillard , a French anarchist linked with the ARF attended and reported to his anarchist colleagues that the Armenians intended to use "extreme methods." One of Dashnaksutiun's founders Kristapor Mikaelian was killed by an accidental explosion during the planning of

5828-417: The Armenian diaspora, having established affiliates in more than 20 countries. Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism . The party campaigns for the recognition of the Armenian genocide and

5952-539: The Armenian national existence. As a result, the ARF leadership decided to defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and by holding mass demonstrations. In 1904, the party broke with its old policy of non-struggle against the Tsarist authorities, engaging in acts of terrorism against the imperial bureaucracy and establishing separate schools, courts, and prisons in Russian Armenia. In 1905–06,

6076-685: The Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns, including Bourj Hammoud. Many Armenians affiliated with the ARF took up arms voluntarily to defend their quarters. In the midst of the Lebanese civil war, the shadowy guerrilla organization Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide emerged and carried out assassinations from 1975 to 1983. The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks. Ethnic Armenians are allocated six seats in Lebanon's 128-member National Assembly . The Lebanese branch of

6200-590: The Caucasus united to create the Transcaucasian Federation in the winter of 1918. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had drastic consequences for the Armenians: Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia. The federation lasted for only three months, eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF. With the collapse of

6324-522: The Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane. Ninety-four of the accused were acquitted, while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods, the most severe being six years. The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on 26 April 1907, dubbed the Fourth General Congress, at which ARF leaders such as Aram Manukian , Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian discussed their engagement in

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6448-549: The Erebuni district, where they were met by riot police and stun grenades as Pashinyan was detained followed by mass detentions of protestors, including opposition lawmakers Sasun Mikayelyan and Ararat Mirzoyan . Protests continue throughout the city. By the evening 232 protestors had been detained or arrested, and, according to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty , tens of thousands gathered in Republic Square to continue to demand

6572-537: The German-occupied areas and to protect Armenia from a potential Turkish invasion in the event of a German victory over the Soviet Union. During the 1950s, tensions arose between the ARF and the Armenian SSR. The death of Catholicos Garegin of the Holy See of Cilicia prompted a struggle for succession. The National Ecclesiastic Assembly, which was largely influenced by the ARF, elected Zareh of Aleppo . This decision

6696-405: The Nazi government recognized the Armenian National Council ( Armenisches Nationales Gremium ), a collaborationist body directed against the Soviet Union whose vice-president was ARF member Abraham Gyulkhandanyan and whose members included ARF member Vahan Papazian and former ARF member Garegin Nzhdeh . The main motivation for this collaboration was likely a desire to protect Armenians living in

6820-421: The Republican Party had no right to hold power in Armenia, and that a "people's candidate" should be appointed prime minister prior to holding snap elections. He added that the protest movement should nominate this transitional prime minister, a position that was rejected by the current government as it would violate the law. Protesters took to the streets to block the road to Yerevan's international airport and

6944-486: The Republican party. On April 4 Edmon Marukyan , leader of the Bright Armenia party, which cooperated with the Civil Contract party led by Nikol Pashinyan in the Way Out Alliance published an article in Aravot newspaper, in which he stated his preference for formal means of counteracting the ruling coalition rather than civil disobedience actions. Leader of the Free Democrats party and former MP Khachatur Kokobelyan attended protests and expressed his support for

7068-471: The Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov , Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar . Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment. Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant, while at other times he was dubbed a great hero. Nonetheless, the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including

7192-476: The Transcaucasian Federation, the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of Yerevan . At first, fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia, the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan. Instead, the Military Council headed by Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and would confront the Turkish army. The opposing armies met on 28 May 1918, near Sardarapat . The battle

7316-494: The US, Echmiadzin branch churches of the Armenian Apostolic Church would not admit members of the ARF. This was one of the reasons why the ARF discouraged people from attending these churches and brought the representatives from a different wing of the church, the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia , from Lebanon to the US. In 1933, members of ARF were convicted in the assassination of Armenian archbishop Levon Tourian with large butcher knives in New York City. Prior to his murder,

7440-487: The Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians. In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution , which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire . Dashnaktsutiun became a legal political party and Armenians gained more seats in the 1908 parliament, but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for. The Adana massacre in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks, and

7564-434: The achievement of political goals. In January 1912, 159 ARF members, being lawyers, bankers, merchants and other intellectuals, were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party. They were defended by then-lawyer Alexander Kerensky , who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the "original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means" to convict

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7688-582: The actions. Many cultural figures had already declared solidarity with the opposition movement. In particular, well-known musician Serj Tankian of System of a Down addressed the activists declaring his solidarity and support, stressing the impermissibility of one-party rule in Armenia. Some organizations of the diaspora , in particular the Assembly of Armenians of Europe , also expressed support for the opposition. The Helsinki Committee of Armenia noted that freedom of expression and media had improved significantly. Meanwhile,

7812-443: The archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro-Soviet by the ARF. The ARF was legally exonerated of any direct involvement in the assassination, but the incident weakened the party in the United States and led to its members being ostracized by the other Armenian political parties. During World War II , some ARF members, specifically those living in areas under German occupation, collaborated with Nazi Germany. However, this

7936-399: The attack and subsequent massacre. To raise awareness of the massacres of 1895–96 , members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by Papken Siuni , occupied the Ottoman Bank on 26 August 1896. The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in

8060-450: The bank. The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan Abdul Hamid II . During this period, many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, including Harutiun Shahrigian , Avetik Isahakyan , Hakob Zavriev , Levon Shant , Karekin Khajag , Vartkes Serengülian , Abraham Gyulkhandanyan , Vahan Papazian , Siamanto , Nikol Aghbalian and many others. The Khanasor Expedition

8184-429: The borders of Armenia recognized by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and outlined in the Treaty of Sèvres . After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920, the ARF within the Armenian diaspora opposed Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence. It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity. However, because of tight communist control,

8308-480: The capture of Rasht in February 1909. At the end of June 1909, the fighters arrived in Tehran and after several battles, took over the Majles building and the Sepahsalar Mosque . Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police. This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan. The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. The ARF

8432-400: The chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly , freedom of speech , freedom of religion and agrarian reform . The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians . Mainly because of

8556-405: The city when the First World War ended, and Turkey, along with Germany and Austria-Hungary , surrendered to the Allies . British forces ordered Andranik to stop all military advances, assuring him that the conflict would be solved with the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 . Andranik, not wanting to antagonize the British, retreated to Goris, Zangezur . The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had

8680-446: The communists took over the short-lived First Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled, the Dashnaks moved their base of operations to where the Armenian diaspora had settled. With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the Levant , the ARF established a strong political structure in Lebanon and to a lesser extent, Syria . From 1921 to 1990, the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in more than 200 states, including

8804-450: The comparisons. "Armenia followed its own path and it's not quite correct to draw parallels based on that. True, there might be some common parameters, but on the whole these are different situations," he said. The Armenian velvet revolution almost immediately found its response in modern Armenian art . One of the first artists who touched on the topic was the artist Anna Soghomonyan with her painting "The Armenian Velvet Revolution". This

8928-441: The constitution in 2015 to remove term limits which would have prevented him doing this. Protesters had vowed to block the party's headquarters on April 14, where leaders were going to gather to formally nominate Serzh Sargsyan for prime minister. The Republican Party held its meeting outside of the capital Yerevan and unanimously voted to formally nominate Serzh Sargsyan for the office of prime minister . The coalition partner,

9052-464: The criticisms of their rivals to the left (the Hunchaks, Bolsheviks and Specifists ), the Dashnak leaders argued that, given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non-Armenian concerns, the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers. The Russian Tsar's envoy in the Caucasus , Vorontsov-Dashkov, reported that

9176-512: The day that the prime minister's election was scheduled, the protesters intended to block entrances to the building of the National Assembly in order to prevent the vote from taking place. Lines of riot police stopped them from advancing further towards the National Assembly building. After the election of the former president Serzh Sargsyan as the new prime minister, the protests continued to grow, despite hundreds of people being detained by police. The prime minister in response asked

9300-459: The decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903. Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires, the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919. In 1918, the party was instrumental in the formation of the First Republic of Armenia , which fell to

9424-919: The development of bilateral relations with the European Union and the United States . The alliance was composed of the following parties, as well as some independents. 2018 Armenian revolution [REDACTED] Political opposition Supported by: Non-political groups: [REDACTED] Armenian government Political parties: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Nikol Pashinyan MP (detained from 22 to 23 April) [REDACTED] Serzh Sargsyan (ex-president, resigned Prime Minister) [REDACTED] Karen Karapetyan (ex-prime Minister, acting Prime minister) The 2018 Armenian Revolution , most commonly known in Armenia as # MerzhirSerzhin ( Armenian : #ՄերժիրՍերժին , meaning "#RejectSerzh"),

9548-405: The economic development of the country. However, Nikol Pashinyan has been described as a centrist politician with a liberal outlook. In terms of foreign policy, before coming to power, Pashinyan was a skeptic of Russia . However, following his victory, Pashinyan changed his official opinion and opted to maintain strong relations between Armenia and Russia . Despite this, Pashinyan also supported

9672-509: The elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices. Three men from the "Dro Group" case (Arsen Artsruni, Armenak Mnjoyan, Armen Grigoryan) and one man from the group of 31 (Tigran Avetisyan) were sentenced to death for murder. Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in 2003. Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019, while Artsruni and Avetisyan continue to serve their sentences. The ban on

9796-493: The evidence against the defendants. He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true, inviting the notion that the party was banned because of its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections. The trials were marked by accusations of misconduct, including forced confessions, and were regarded as politically motivated by the opposition and human rights groups. Several months after

9920-550: The federation early on. Despite this, the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892, where a program containing socialist principles was adopted. The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion. At the First Congress, the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which

10044-495: The framework of the 59th Venice Biennale of Art , the Armenian pavilion was opened, where the project "Revolutionary Sensorium" was presented under the curatorship of art critic Susanna Gulamiryan . The participants of the project were a group of artists "Artlab Yerevan" (Hovhannes Margaryan, Vardan Jaloyan, Artur Petrosyan, Gagik Charchyan) and artist Narine Arakelyan. In November 2018, the literary website "Groghutsav", founded by writers Arpi Voskanyan and Hambartsum Hambartsumyan,

10168-497: The fresh breath of the revolution, known and unknown pages of spring events, impressive episodes and faces. In October 2018, art critic Vardan Jaloyan and a group of artists organized an exhibition of contemporary art "Revolutionary Sensorium" at the History Museum of Armenia , where the key events of the revolution were presented to museum visitors in a combination of photographs and video installations. On May 9, 2019, within

10292-659: The government coalition , the Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia Party. The Country of Law party was also a member of the governing coalition until it pulled out in May 2006. With 16 of the 131 seats in the National Assembly of Armenia , the Armenian Revolutionary Federation became the third-largest party in parliament. In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian; Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian; Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Aghvan Vardanian ; Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian. On 13 July 2007,

10416-407: The government to take back the presidential mansion which it had given him a few weeks earlier. The crowds reached 50,000 on the night of April 21, with countless sporadic street closures in the capital, which also began to spread across the country. As the crowds grew, the new prime minister called repeatedly for talks with the leader of the protest movement, Nikol Pashinyan, but Pashinyan said he

10540-538: The late 19th century, the Russian Empire became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire . In 1890, recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient, Christapor Mikaelian , Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries" ( Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն , Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun), which would eventually be called

10664-495: The leader of the resistance, and lasted for two months. In May, the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van. The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less-successful resistance movements in Zeitun , Shabin-Karahisar , Urfa , and Musa Dagh . After the end of the Van resistance, ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of

10788-443: The lessons of March 1", a reference to the protestors killed by police while contesting the validity of the election results of Sargsyan's election 10 years earlier, amounting to an open threat of violence against the protesters gathering daily in around the nation. Immediately after the meeting, Pashinyan led a group of supporters from the site of the meeting by Republic Square on a long march down Tigran Mets and Artsakh streets to

10912-403: The men. Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. He and several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators. The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought the charges against

11036-582: The morning until 5 in the evening, then gather for another rally at 7pm in Republic Square. The nation ground to a halt as countless streets and highways were peacefully blocked throughout the nation, and many workers and businesses went on strike. The main airport access road was cut off, with some workers striking, and even land crossings were blocked. Approximately 150,000 people gathered in another evening rally in Republic Square to listen to Pashinyan speak, and were told that he had been informed that due to

11160-518: The national government was at 25%, while confidence in the judicial system was at 29%, figures which were below all of Armenia's neighbouring countries at the time. Demonstrations and protests began in March 2018, when members of the Republican Party did not exclude the option of nominating Serzh Sargsyan for the prime minister's post. This meant a continuation of Sargsyan's rule (as either prime minister or president) since March 2007. He had amended

11284-463: The nickname "Aram of Van". Moreover, on 19 April, he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians, and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them. About 185,000 Armenians lived in Vaspurakan . In the city of Van itself, there were around 30,000 Armenians, but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive. The battle started on 20 April 1915, with Aram Manukian as

11408-607: The operation. In 1905, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the failed Yıldız Attempt , an assassination plot on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul ); the explosion missed its target by a few minutes and was helped by Belgian anarchist Edward Joris . He was arrested and sentenced to death, prompting Pierre Quillard to use his journal, Pro Armenia , to advocate for his release —a stance shared by his colleague Jean Grave in Les Temps nouveaux . In

11532-505: The opposition of "blackmail" when Pashinyan stated he had only agreed to discuss terms of the Prime Minister's resignation and nothing else. During the meeting, Sargsyan asked Pashinyan not to speak on behalf of the people and not to issue ultimatums to the government, given the low level of support for his political alliance (less than 10 percent of the vote in the past parliamentary elections). He also warned that Pashinyan had not "learned

11656-495: The parliamentary régime in Syria , there were reserved seats for the various religious communities, like in Lebanon, including for Armenians. This system is unofficially still living. Even when they didn't take part as such in elections, Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them. The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia". The term United Armenia refers to

11780-559: The party operates in Armenia , Lebanon , Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. The party was also active in Artsakh until the Azerbaijani offensive in September 2023. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller proportional presence in modern-day Armenia . As of October 2023 , the party

11904-445: The party was lifted less than a week after Ter-Petrosyan fell from power in February 1998 and was replaced by Robert Kocharyan , who was backed by the Dashnaks. Most of the ARF members convicted in relation to the "Dro Group" and "Group of 31" cases were released after the relegalization of the party. In 2007, the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition, which consisted of two parties in

12028-520: The recognition of large territorial losses to Turkey. The Armenia military-revolutionary committee formed in Soviet Azerbaijan . Despite their tight grip on power, the ARF ceded power to the Communist Red Army troops invading from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover. The ARF was banned, its leaders exiled, and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world. After

12152-533: The resignation of PM Serzh Sargsyan. The police issued a statement saying that Pashinyan, Mikaelyan and Mirzoyan had been detained for 72 hours; however criminal charges could only be brought against them if the Republican-controlled National Assembly stripped them of their parliamentary immunity. Protests resumed on April 23, with media outlets reporting that former and current members of the Armenian armed forces , including participants of

12276-497: The revolution, it was recommended that an EU Advisory Group to Armenia be reestablished as a way to counter Russian influence in Armenia, tackle corruption, and to assist post-revolutionary Armenia to build closer ties with the EU and continue implementing its reform agenda. Many called for prime minister Nikol Pashinyan to increase engagement with Europe as a way to reduce the country's overdependence on Russia. Styopa Safaryan , founder of

12400-452: The right to reparations . It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia , partially based on the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups, mainly from the Russian Empire , with the declared goal of achieving "the political and economic freedom of Turkish Armenia " by means of armed rebellion. In the 1890s, the party sought to unify

12524-541: The road leading to the border with Georgia . Meanwhile, the Prosperous Armenia Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation both declared their support for Pashinyan's movement, with the latter pulling out of the ruling coalition. Pashinyan vowed to continue the protests until he was appointed prime minister. Tens of thousands continued to protest on 26 April, though Pashinyan asked protestors to stop blocking streets. The ruling Republican party announced it

12648-406: The ruling Republican Party , who were in power since 1999. Pashinyan declared it a Velvet Revolution ( Թավշյա հեղափոխություն , T'avshya heghap'vokhut'yun ). On April 22, Pashinyan was arrested and held in solitary confinement overnight, then released on April 23, the same day that Sargsyan resigned, saying "I was wrong, while Nikol Pashinyan was right". The event is referred to by some as

12772-475: The second and third largest parties in Parliament – Prosperous Armenia and the ARF – announced they would support his candidacy for PM, and the ruling Republican party announced they would not block Pashinyan's candidacy, and that they would not put forward their own candidate. Parliament held elections for a new prime minister, with the opposition leader Pashinyan the only nominee, as over 100,000 people watched

12896-491: The situation in the country became worse, with apparent rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemal's Turkey. When the Turkish-Armenian war started in autumn 1920, Armenia was isolated and abandoned by Western allies. The newly formed League of Nations did not provide any help. Soviet Russia intensified its pressure on Armenia. Losing the war, Armenia signed the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920, which resulted in

13020-468: The strike, the ruling party had decided to support his candidacy in the next round of voting on May 8. Protests were suspended in the meantime. On May 8, Parliament had another vote for a new prime minister, and again Nikol Pashinyan was the only candidate. This time, the majority Republican party gave Pashinyan enough votes to win with a 59–42 margin. All the votes against Pashinyan still came from

13144-465: The time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians from the Caucasus , Western Armenia , and Iran started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries. Political parties, notably the Dashnaktsutiun, wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved. The Dashnak contribution to the fight

13268-403: The various small groups in the Ottoman Empire that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members formed groups of partisans ( fedayi ) that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until

13392-631: The velvet revolution in Armenia in 2018 with its results and consequences. Armenian Revolutionary Federation The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( Armenian : Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն , romanized :  Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun , abbr. ARF (ՀՅԴ) or ARF-D ), also known as Dashnaktsutyun ( Armenian : Դաշնակցություն, lit. "Federation" ), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis , Russian Empire by Christapor Mikaelian , Stepan Zorian , and Simon Zavarian . As of 2023 ,

13516-409: The votes of at least six members of the Republican Party. Pashinyan was the only candidate who was put forward for the vote. However, the Republican Party unanimously voted against Pashinyan – 102 MPs were present, out of which 56 voted against his candidacy and 45 voted for it. One week later, on May 8, the second vote took place. Pashinyan was elected prime minister with 59 votes. The revolution

13640-496: Was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces. The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran . The creation of the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat, and the ARF became the ruling party. However, the new state was devastated, with

13764-460: Was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of Armenia, later broadening against

13888-627: Was consecrated Catholicos of Cilicia, the Catholicos of Echmiadzin refused to recognize his authority. This controversy polarized the Armenian community of Lebanon. As a result, in the context of the Lebanese civil strife of 1958 , an armed conflict erupted between supporters (the ARF) and opponents (Hunchakians, Ramgavars) of Zareh. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War of 1975–90, the party was closely allied to

14012-473: Was especially influential due to their ability to educate the population through a system of "educating, explaining,and encouraging". This was a tactic used to disseminate information to gain support in terms of political elections, campaigns, or alliances to strengthen the ARF's social relations. When they weren't educating their youth and preparing the new generation for revolution, they themselves were taking part in revolutionary activities. For example, in 1894,

14136-483: Was largely controlled by Moscow and labelled him a 'dictator' who rigged elections. Noting the rise of anti-Russian sentiments in the country, the alliance called for Armenia to develop closer ties with the European Union . On March 31, Nikol Pashinyan began his Im Qayl (my step) protest walk, starting in the city of Gyumri , and walking through cities and towns such as Vanadzor , Dilijan , Hrazdan , and Abovyan , before finally reaching Yerevan on April 13 and holding

14260-562: Was mostly military, as it sent some of its well-known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire ended with the rise of the Young Turks. A notable ARF member already in Iran was Yeprem Khan , who had established a branch of the party in the country. Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by

14384-676: Was not the position of the entire party, and the party bureau in Cairo declared its loyalty to the Allies. The Armenian Legion , composed largely of former Soviet Red Army POWs, was led by Drastamat Kanayan. It participated in the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula and the North Caucasus. but was later based in the Netherlands and France a result of Adolf Hitler's distrust of their loyalty. In 1942,

14508-522: Was only willing to discuss the terms of the Prime Minister's resignation. After Pashinyan's rally was visited by the Armenian President on the evening of April 21 for a brief chat with Pashinyan, Pashinyan agreed to meet the prime minister at 10 am on April 22, saying he believed the topic would be Serzh Sargsyan's resignation. The meeting, which lasted for a mere three minutes, failed to achieve anything, with Sargsyan walking out of it and accusing

14632-456: Was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two "camps" of the Armenian diaspora. The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the Red Army took control, and the ARF leaders supported the creation of a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", free from both Soviet and Turkish hegemony. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and Ramgavar Party , the main rivals of

14756-560: Was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on 25 July 1897. During the Defense of Van, the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them. The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF's retaliation. Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance. On 30 March 1904, the ARF played

14880-533: Was ready to meet with Pashinyan without any preconditions, while Pashinyan offered to negotiate with them while insisting he must become prime minister. Pashinyan called on his supporters to suspend their rallies in Yerevan for 2 days while he held rallies in Gyumri on 27 April and Vanadzor on 28 April. In the morning he met with Armenia's largely ceremonial president, leaders of the governing party's former coalition partner

15004-526: Was rejected by the Echmiadzin-based Catholicos of All Armenians , the anti-ARF coalition, and Soviet Armenian authorities. Zareh extended his administrative authority over a large part of the Armenian diaspora, furthering the rift that had already been created by his election. This event split the large Armenian community of Lebanon , creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election. Religious conflict

15128-439: Was relaunched. Since 2011, Groghutsav has rallied writers involved in the opposition, political struggle and not disdaining to bring political and social problems to literature on one platform, but in July 2017, due to lack of financial resources, it ceased its activities. The restarted project has a number of subprojects, one of which is called the "Revolutionary Program". This program is carried out by publishing works that focus on

15252-607: Was represented in two national parliaments, with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon as part of the March 8 Alliance . The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy and has been a full member of the Socialist International since 2003; it joined the Second International in 1907. It has the largest membership of the political parties present in

15376-498: Was seen as an opportunity for Armenia to realign its foreign policy in the European direction. The revolution contradicted Russian policy, as it opposed the notion of the irreplaceability of post-Soviet leaders and posed a threat to authoritarianism in the post-Soviet space. The revolution in Armenia was deemed "European" in nature as it corresponded to European values and principles, both societal and political. The revolution signaled

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