157-600: Musikmarkt was a magazine of the music industry in Germany , Austria and Switzerland , based in Munich . Die Welt , a German newspaper, described the magazine as the music industry’s thermometer. Musikmarkt was established by publisher Josef Keller Verlag in 1959. Uwe Lencher served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine for 23 years from 1973 to his death in April 1996. The magazine had its headquarters in Munich . The magazine
314-577: A cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum . The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons , hymns , and sequences , to responsories . Her music is described as monophonic , using soaring melodies that pushed the boundaries of the more traditional Gregorian chant . Maddalena Casulana (1544–1590) was an Italian composer, lutenist and singer. Her first work dates from 1566: four madrigals in
471-420: A disruptive technology to the commercial interests which published sheet music. During the sheet music era, if a regular person wanted to hear popular new songs, he or she would buy the sheet music and play it at home on a piano, or learn the song at home while playing the accompaniment part on piano or guitar. Commercially released phonograph records of musical performances, which became available starting in
628-483: A motet , Audite verbum Dominum , for four voices in 1618. She composed both traditional pieces and more innovative works. Among the latter is Duo seraphim . Her motet O Salutaris hodie , included in Motetti op. 2, was one of the first pieces to include the violone , a bowed stringed instrument. Francesca Caccini (1587–1641) was an Italian composer, singer, lutenist , poet, and music teacher. Her singing for
785-638: A popular music genre such as pop, rock, or country music . A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be mainly used for individuals from the classical music genre. A co-writer can help a songwriter balance out their own strengths and shortcomings by specializing in a particular area, such as lyrics or arranging. Many of the Top 40 songs that are consistently heard on streaming sites like Spotify or Pandora are written by seasoned songwriters who then provide their tune to top-tier talent for recording. Not all songwriters are singers. "Only
942-487: A road crew : a semi-permanent touring organization that travels with the artist during concert series. The road crew is headed by a tour manager . Crew members provides stage lighting , live sound reinforcement , musical instrument maintenance and transportation . On large tours, the road crew may also include an accountant, stage manager, bodyguard, hairdressers, makeup artists and catering staff. Local crews are typically hired to help move equipment on and off stage. On
1099-422: A biography of Mozart. In the 19th century, sheet-music publishers dominated the music industry. Before the invention of sound recording technologies, the main way for music lovers to hear new symphonies and opera arias (songs) was to buy the sheet music (often arranged for piano or for a small chamber music group) and perform the music in a living room, using friends who were amateur musicians and singers. In
1256-415: A certain market niche. Only the industry's most popular artists are signed directly to the major label. These companies account for more than half of US market share. However, this has fallen somewhat in recent years, as the new digital environment allows smaller labels to compete more effectively. Total album sales have declined in the early decades of the 21st century, leading some music critics to declare
1413-505: A child, her considerable vocal talents were displayed to a wide audience. She was also compositionally gifted, and her father arranged for her to study with composer Francesco Cavalli . Strozzi was said to be "the most prolific composer – man or woman – of printed secular vocal music in Venice in the Middle of the century." Her output is also unique in that it only contains secular vocal music, with
1570-467: A collection of Scottish songs and glees harmonized for two and three voices, and more than a dozen songs, mainly sentimental ballads . A collection of songs published in 1803 was dedicated by Harriett to Queen Charlotte . Maria Teresa Agnesi (1720–1795) was an Italian composer. Though she was most famous for her compositions, she was also an accomplished harpsichordist and singer. The majority of her surviving compositions were written for keyboard,
1727-564: A collection, Il Desiderio , which she produced in Florence . Two years later, in Venice , she published her first book of madrigals for four voices, Il primo libro di madrigali , which is the first printed, published work by a woman in Western music history. She was close to Isabella de' Medici and dedicated some of her music to her. In 1570, 1583, and 1586 she published other books of madrigals. In
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#17328521874121884-419: A composer's music might only be known in the city she lived in and its surrounding towns, because only wealthy aristocrats would be able to afford to have hand copies made of her music. With music printing, though, a composer's music could be printed and sold at a relatively low cost to purchasers from a wide geographic area. As sheet music of major composer's pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in
2041-585: A composition performed at the Paris Opéra. Previously the Paris Opera had staged the tragédie-lyrique Céphale et Procris by Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre , in 1694. Anacréon , her first opera, received a private performance at the residence of the Count of Provence in 1781. In 1784, her opera Tibulle et Délie was performed at the Paris Opera. In 1792, her two-act opéra comique , Plaire, c'est commander
2198-464: A daily or hourly rate) in a recording session . In the 21st century, advances in digital recording technology have allowed many producers and artists to create " home studios " using high-end computers and digital recording programs like Pro Tools , bypassing the traditional role of the commercial recording studio. The record producer oversees all aspects of the recording, making many of the logistic, financial and artistic decisions in cooperation with
2355-512: A few of the many women [who were songwriters] in America had their music published and heard during the late 19th and early 20th centuries." According to Richard A. Reublin and Richard G. Beil, the "lack of mention of women [songwriters] is a glaring and embarrassing omission in our musical heritage." Women "struggled to write and publish music in the man's world of the 20th century Tin Pan Alley ." It
2512-514: A fixed price per song or album, Spotify pays artists based on their "market share" (the number of streams for their songs as a proportion of total songs streamed on the service). Spotify distributes approximately 70% to rights-holders, who will then pay artists based on their agreements. The variable, and (some say) inadequate nature of this compensation, has led to criticism. Spotify reports paying on average US$ 0.006 to US$ 0.008 per stream. In response to concerns, Spotify claims that they are benefiting
2669-545: A label continues to be a popular choice for up-and-coming musicians, especially in genres like hardcore punk and extreme metal , even though indies cannot offer the same financial backing of major labels. Some bands prefer to sign with an indie label, because these labels typically give performers more artistic freedom. In the first decade of the 2000s, digitally downloaded and streamed music became more popular than buying physical recordings (e.g. CDs , records and tapes ). This gave consumers almost "friction-less" access to
2826-510: A laptop in a bedroom and to distribute it over the Internet to a worldwide audience. This, in turn, has caused problems for recording studios, record producers and audio engineers : the Los Angeles Times reports that as many as half of the recording facilities in that city have failed. Changes in the music industry have given consumers access to a wider variety of music than ever before, at
2983-542: A large amount of data is processed. Access to big data may increase transparency in the industry. Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music publication followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books . After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing sheet music were first developed. The earliest example,
3140-467: A letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale . She was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso"), Austria 's highest musical honor. She was also instrumental in changing the kind of programs expected of concert pianists. In her early career, she played what was then customary, mainly bravura pieces designed to showcase
3297-410: A male-dominated publishing world, female songwriters such as Joni Mitchell want to be seen outside categories of race and gender, and into the category of pure artistry. In her 1994 interview with Alice Echol , Joni Mitchell rejected feminism but voiced her animosity towards discrimination, sex-based exclusion, and gratuitous sexualization. Echol places Mitchell's "discomfort with the feminist label into
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#17328521874123454-588: A motet, " Eia in preces et veloces ", for alto, two violins, viola, and basso continuo and an opera. Jane Mary Guest (1762–1846) was an English composer and pianist. A pupil of Johann Christian Bach , and initially composing in the galante style, she composed keyboard sonatas , other keyboard works and vocal works with keyboard accompaniment. She was piano teacher to Princess Amelia and Princess Charlotte of Wales . She performed in London from 1779, giving subscription concerts there in 1783/84. She
3611-412: A nationwide and sometimes even a worldwide scale. Moreover, whereas attendance at the top symphony and opera concerts was formerly restricted to high-income people in a pre-radio world, with broadcast radio , a much larger wider range of people, including lower and middle-income people could hear the best orchestras , big bands , popular singers and opera shows. The "record industry" eventually replaced
3768-450: A number of songs with keyboard accompaniment. Marianne von Martínez (1744–1812) was an Austrian composer, singer and pianist. Metastasio noticed her precocious talents and came to oversee her musical education, which included keyboard lessons from Haydn , singing lessons with Porpora and composition lessons with Johann Adolph Hasse and the Imperial court composer Giuseppe Bonno . She
3925-467: A percentage of the artist's income. An entertainment lawyer assists them with the details of their contracts with record companies and other deals. A business manager handles financial transactions, taxes, and bookkeeping. Unions, such as AFTRA and the American Federation of Musicians in the U.S. provide health insurance and instrument insurance for musicians. A successful artist functions in
4082-542: A performing artist and a venue owner and arranges contracts. A booking agency represents the artist to promoters, makes deals and books performances. Consumers usually buy tickets either from the venue or from a ticket distribution service such as Ticketmaster . In the US, Live Nation is the dominant company in all of these roles: they own most of the large venues in the US, they are the largest promoter, and they own Ticketmaster . Choices about where and when to tour are decided by
4239-613: A piano concerto, a piano trio , choral pieces, and three Romances for violin and piano. Katherine Hoover (1937–2018) studied music at the University of Rochester and the Eastman School of Music, where she earned a Performance Certificate in Flute and a Bachelor's of Music in Music Theory in 1959. She started publishing professional works in 1965, with her Duet for Two Violins . Hoover was
4396-430: A place on his Mount Parnassus when she was only 26 years old, next to Lalande and Marais and directly below Lully. Her works include a ballet, an opera ( Céphale et Procris ), trio sonatas , harpsichord pieces, Sonates pour le viollon et pour le clavecin and vocal works such as her Cantates françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture . Harriett Abrams (1758–1821) was an English composer and soprano . As
4553-504: A price that gradually approaches zero. However, consumer spending on music-related software and hardware increased dramatically over the last decade, providing a valuable new income-stream for technology companies such as Apple Inc. and Pandora Radio . According to IFPI, the global digital album sales grew by 6.9% in 2014. Source: Nielsen SoundScan, Official Charts Company/BPI, GfK and IFPI estimate. World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005) Prior to December 1998,
4710-531: A printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the major business and music centers during this period. His Harmonice Musices Odhecaton , a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. That distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum of 1476. Nevertheless, Petrucci's later work
4867-433: A record company. In the 2000s, consumer electronics and computer companies such as Apple Computer have become digital music retailers . New digital music distribution technologies and the trends towards using sampling of older songs in new songs or blending different songs to create "mashup" recordings have also forced both governments and the music industry to re-examine the definitions of intellectual property and
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5024-402: A renowned Polish poet. Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847) was one of the best-known women composers of the 1800s. She showed prodigious musical ability as a child and began to write music at a young age. Even though famous visitors to her family home were equally impressed by Fanny and her brother Felix Mendelssohn , Fanny was limited by the prevailing attitudes of the time toward women. Her father
5181-480: A report in 2012, noting that these labels controlled 88.5% of the market, and further noted: Note: the IFPI and Nielsen Soundscan use different methodologies, which makes their figures difficult to compare casually, and impossible to compare scientifically. Market shares as of September 2018 are as follows: The largest players in this industry own more than 100 subsidiary record labels or sublabels, each specializing in
5338-549: A set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the Gutenberg Bible was printed. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. To copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular (non-religious) music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include
5495-600: A significant contribution to Western culture . Elisabeth Olin (1740–1828) was a Swedish opera singer and composer. She debuted as Alfhild in Syrinx , referred to as Sweden's first native opéra comique , at Bollhuset in 1747. She became a famed vocalist in the regular public concerts at Riddarhuset in Stockholm , and published her own compositions; she was one of the Swedish composers who wrote one composition each–in her case,
5652-580: A singer, she was praised for her performances of George Frideric Handel 's work. She studied singing, music theory , and composition with composer Thomas Arne before making her opera début in 1775 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. Abrams became a principal singer at London concerts and provincial festivals, appearing regularly from 1780 to 1790. Abrams composed several songs, two of which–"The Orphan's Prayer" and "Crazy Jane"– became popular. She published two sets of Italian and English canzonets ,
5809-627: A single composition and a single recording will typically be distributed via many media. For example, the song " My Way " is owned by its composers, Paul Anka and Claude François , Frank Sinatra 's recording of "My Way" is owned by Capitol Records , Sid Vicious 's recording of "My Way" is owned by Virgin Records , and the millions of CDs and vinyl records that can play these recordings are owned by millions of individual consumers. Songs , instrumental pieces and other musical compositions are created by songwriters or composers and are originally owned by
5966-481: A small tour with less financial backing, all of these jobs may be handled by just a few roadies or by the musicians themselves. Bands signed with small "indie" labels and bands in genres such as hardcore punk are more likely to do tours without a road crew, or with minimal support. Artists such as singers and musicians may hire several people from other fields to assist them with their career. The artist manager oversees all aspects of an artist's career in exchange for
6123-460: A very male-dominated career until the 1920s allowed more women to be in a performing arts career. In return for this increase , Showboat , the first jazz Broadway musical which discusses the hardships of family in Mississippi and family reunification, was produced.. Jazz music was an influence in helping women get jobs, as well as opening the environment for post-war equality and freer sexuality in
6280-424: A very young age. However, King challenged the date, marriage, sex sequence by demonstrating that sex after marriage and the conventional practice of dating, is not captivating. She promoted the casualness of relationships between people and highlighted the trend of those of the opposite sex "becoming friends" with her song " You've Got a Friend ." By the late 1960s, a new wave of female singer-songwriters broke from
6437-572: A wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and an Italian composer could buy pieces written by Dutch composers and learn how they wrote music. This led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of modern music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci (born in Fossombrone in 1466 – died in 1539 in Venice),
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6594-590: A wider variety of music than ever before, across multiple devices. At the same time, consumers spent less money on recorded music (both physically and digitally distributed) than they had in the 1990s. Total "music-business" revenues in the U.S. dropped by half, from a high of $ 14.6 billion in 1999 to $ 6.3 billion in 2009, according to Forrester Research . Worldwide revenues for CDs, vinyl , cassettes and digital downloads fell from $ 36.9 billion in 2000 to $ 15.9 billion in 2010 according to IFPI. The Economist and The New York Times reported that
6751-509: A writer and composer, the Ordo Virtutum , is an early example of liturgical drama and an early morality play . Writers have speculated that the Ordo Virtutum was a precursor to opera, though this theory lacks evidence. Seventy-seven of von Bingen's sequences, each with its own original poetic text, survive. This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers. Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into
6908-469: Is "A Good Man is Hard to Find". More women such as Billie Pierce , Lovie Austin , Jeanette Kimball , Mary Lou Williams , Alice Coltrane , and Hazel Scott , all had an impact in the jazz genre. These women made their mark especially by being women in a very male-dominated genre. Women would often begin their careers playing in an all-women's jazz group, but when they would step into the "professional jazz world" they would be an instant hit. One woman, by
7065-759: Is considered one of the most influential female composers of the 20th century. Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (born 1939) was the first woman to receive a doctorate in composition from Juilliard . The same year, she won a gold medal at the International Composition Competition in Italy. In 1983 Zwilich made history again, becoming the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music for Symphony No. 1. Since this success, she has received many commissions, and her piece Millennium has been performed by twenty-seven orchestras since its premiere in 2000. She has been
7222-539: Is created by and for women, can explore women's rights and feminism . Women in music impact and influence creativity, activism, and culture. In the 21st Century, a significant percentage of popular and classical musicians are women, and a significant proportion are songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters ). Despite this, few record producers, rock critics , or rock instrumentalists are women. Female artists in pop music, including figures like Madonna , Billie Eilish , and Lady Gaga , have openly addressed
7379-508: Is less clear-cut. Some date it to the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph and radio supplanted sheet music as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of rock & roll . At the dawn of the early 20th century, the development of sound recording began to function as
7536-564: Is paid to songwriters, composers and recording artists. This royalty is typically much smaller than publishing or mechanical royalties . Within the past decade, more than "15 to 30 percent" of tracks on streaming services are unidentified with a specific artist. Jeff Price says "Audiam, an online music streaming service, has made over several hundred thousand dollars in the past year from collecting royalties from online streaming. According to Ken Levitan, manager from Kings of Leon, Cheap Trick and others, "Youtube has become radio for kids". Because of
7693-504: Is signed. A publishing company will also promote the compositions, such as by acquiring song "placements" on television or in films . Recordings are created by recording artists , which includes singers , musicians (including session musicians ) and musical ensembles (e.g. backing bands , rhythm sections , orchestras , etc.) usually with the assistance and guidance from record producers and audio engineers . They were traditionally made in recording studios (which are rented for
7850-624: Is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States . In the first decades of the 2000s, the music industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet (which includes both illegal file sharing of songs and legal music purchases in online music stores ). A conspicuous indicator of these changes is total music sales: since 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially while live music has increased in importance. In 2011,
8007-402: Is too much all that a woman ought to be for this. She regulates her house, and neither thinks of the public nor of the musical world, nor even of music at all, until her first duties are fulfilled. Publishing would only disturb her in these, and I cannot say that I approve of it. Clara Schumann (1819–1896) was a German composer and concert pianist who had a 61-year concert career, which changed
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#17328521874128164-571: The Concise Oxford History of Music , one of the only female composers mentioned is Clara Schumann . While women constitute a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing, a 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras indicated that 84% of the soloists with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra were men. In 2012, women made up just 6% of
8321-595: The Esterházy court at Eisenstadt , where she remained until 1765. She dedicated her published set of six harpsichord sonatas , op. 2 (1757), to Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar , and the set of six divertimenti ( trio sonatas ), op. 3 (1759), to Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria . She also wrote six divertimenti for two flutes and basso continuo ; an aria, " Astra coeli ", for soprano, two violins, viola, and basso continuo; an offertory, " Ardete amore ", for singers, instruments and basso continuo; and
8478-427: The Renaissance music era. His printing shop used the triple-impression method, in which a sheet of paper was pressed three times. The first impression was the staff lines, the second the words, and the third the notes. This method produced very clean and readable results, although it was time-consuming and expensive. Until the 18th century, the processes of formal composition and of the printing of music took place for
8635-547: The Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music. The use of printing enabled sheet music to be reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to other cities and countries more quickly, and it also enabled music to be spread to more distant areas. Before the invention of music printing,
8792-705: The St. Louis Symphony . In 1990 she was the first woman to win the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition , which included a $ 150,000 prize. Since then, Tower has been the composer-in-residence at numerous music festivals, including the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival and the Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower has been a professor of music at Bard College in New York since 1982 and
8949-655: The University of Minnesota and her PhD from the same school in 1978. In 1973 she co-founded the Minnesota Composers Forum, now known as the American Composers Forum . Larsen was the composer-in-residence at the Minnesota Orchestra from 1983 to 1987. Larsen composed over 220 works, including orchestra, dance, opera, choral, theater, chamber, and solo repertoire. Her pieces have been performed across
9106-418: The artist's management and the artist, sometimes in consultation with the record company . Record companies may finance a tour in the hopes that it will help promote the sale of recordings. However, in the 21st century, it has become more common to release recordings to promote ticket sales for live shows, rather than book tours to promote the sales of recordings. Major, successful artists will usually employ
9263-415: The audio console acting as music producers (the individuals who direct and manage the recording process). American musicologist Marcia Citron asked "why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received ' canon ' of performed musical works." She argues that in
9420-654: The booking agents , promoters , music venues , road crew , and audio engineers who help organize and sell concerts. The industry also includes a range of professionals who assist singers and musicians with their music careers. These include talent managers , artists and repertoire managers, business managers , entertainment lawyers ; those who broadcast audio or video music content ( satellite , Internet radio stations , broadcast radio and TV stations ); music journalists and music critics ; DJs ; music educators and teachers ; manufacturers of musical instruments and music equipment; as well as many others. In addition to
9577-534: The death of the album . (For instance, the only albums that went platinum in the US in 2014 were the soundtrack to the Disney animated film Frozen and Taylor Swift's 1989 , whereas several artists did in 2013.) The following table shows album sales and market value in the world in 2014. Source: IFPI 2014 annual report. In its June 30, 2000 annual report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , Seagram reported that Universal Music Group made 40% of
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#17328521874129734-433: The 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. Women musicians have faced difficulty receiving credit for their work. During
9891-402: The 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, "the recording industry"—a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces and selling the recordings–began to be used as a loose synonym for "the music industry". In the 2000s, a majority of the music market is controlled by three major corporate labels:
10048-455: The 1960s, both King and Goffin demonstrated the changing nature of American music as well as the emergence of new romantic and sexual patterns. "Musicians represented one of the leading edges of sexual and romantic change in American society", impacting and shifting the youth's social standards. During the late 1940s and 1950s, young people began settling into marriages and adult responsibilities at
10205-482: The 1976 piece Black Topaz , which features many tonal melodies and harmonies. She received her Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition from Columbia University in 1978. She was commissioned in 1979 by the American Composers Orchestra , resulting in her first orchestral work, Sequoia , which has been performed by numerous orchestras worldwide. From 1985 to 1988 Tower was the composer-in-residence at
10362-627: The 19th century, and there were few female musicologists , women did become involved in music education , becoming more prominent in the field than men from the later half of the 19th century to the 20th century. According to Jessica Duchen , a music writer for London's The Independent , female musicians in classical music are "too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "to look sexy onstage and in photos." Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks...the ones who do tend to be more materially successful." According to
10519-621: The 2000s, traditional lines that once divided singers, instrumentalists, publishers, record companies, distributors, retail and consumer electronics have become blurred or erased. Artists may record in a home studio using a high-end laptop and a digital recording program such as Pro Tools or use Kickstarter to raise money for an expensive studio recording session without involving a record company. Artists may choose to exclusively promote and market themselves using only free online video sharing services such as YouTube or using social media websites, bypassing traditional promotion and marketing by
10676-567: The Francis Eppes Professor of Music at Florida State University since 1999. Zwilich is known to have an 'eclectic millennial voice' in her compositions, utilizing a clear design and rich timbres. Though her music, which was influenced by the Second Viennese School , was originally very dissonant, her style became more emotional after the death of her husband. Libby Larsen (born 1950) earned her Master of Music in 1975 from
10833-666: The French-owned Universal Music Group , the Japanese-owned Sony Music Entertainment , and the US-owned Warner Music Group . Labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels (or "indies"). The largest portion of the live music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation , the largest promoter and music venue owner. Live Nation is a former subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc , which
10990-428: The Internet. With streaming services, the user pays a subscription to a company for the right to listen to songs and other media from a library. Whereas with legal digital download services, the purchaser owns a digital copy of the song (which they can keep on their computer or on a digital media player), with streaming services, the user never downloads the song file or owns the song file. The subscriber can only listen to
11147-686: The Italian style, as was typical for the early Classical period in Vienna. Her harpsichord performance practice was compared to the style of C. P. E. Bach . Her Italian oratorio Isacco figura del redentore was premiered by massive forces in 1782. Maria Szymanowska (1789–1831) was a well-known Polish composer and pianist. She wrote in many of the same genres as fellow Pole Frederic Chopin (1810–1849). Szymanowska maintained connections with several famous nineteenth-century people, including Gioacchino Rossini , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and Adam Mickiewicz ,
11304-505: The Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (or otherwise religious) purposes; due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with musicians such as Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music almost exclusively discuss the role of male composers, while very few works by women composers are part of
11461-567: The Pulitzer Prize for Music for her composition Violin Concerto , premiered by Hilary Hahn. Additional female composers are listed below. Some are also performers (e.g. Agnes Tyrrell , Amy Beach and Verdina Shlonsky were noted pianists). For a full list, see List of female composers by birth year . [l]ike most aspects of the... music business [in the 1960s], songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on
11618-514: The Suzie Q", "Just for a Thrill" and "Bad Boy." Billie Holiday (1915–1959) was a singer who co-wrote " God Bless the Child " and " Don't Explain " with Arthur Herzog, Jr. and she penned the blues song " Fine and Mellow ." Many women influenced jazz music by producing, composing, and performing it, although many did not get the credit that their male counterparts did. An influential woman in jazz music
11775-613: The United States and Europe. Larsen is a strong supporter of contemporary music and female musicians, and she won a Grammy Award for her CD The Art of Arleen Auger in 1994. Larsen won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2000 and published her book The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio in 2007. Jennifer Higdon (born 1962) earned an MA and PhD from
11932-480: The United States became known as Tin Pan Alley . The name originally referred to a specific place: West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan , and a plaque (see below ) on the sidewalk on 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth commemorates it. The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when several music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan . The end of Tin Pan Alley
12089-476: The United States, the music industry arose in tandem with the rise of " black face " minstrelsy . Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a black person . The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of negative racial stereotypes of African-American people. In the late part of the century the group of music publishers and songwriters which dominated popular music in
12246-583: The University of Philadelphia in 1994. Higdon has received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, American Academy of Arts and Letters, International League of Women Composers , and others. Her 1996 work Shine was named Best Contemporary Piece by USA Today . Of Higdon's many pieces, blue cathedral is most frequently performed. In 2010, Higdon won the Grammy award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition for her Percussion Concerto . Also in 2010 she won
12403-415: The artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg , Herz , or Henselt . As it was also customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, works such as her Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and her popular Scherzo (Op. 10). Her works include songs, piano pieces,
12560-450: The artists. The record producer has a range of different responsibilities including choosing material and/or working with the composers, hiring session musicians, helping to arrange the songs, overseeing the musician performances, and directing the audio engineer during recording and mixing to get the best sound. Audio engineers (including recording , mixing and mastering engineers ) are responsible for ensuring good audio quality during
12717-420: The business relationship between a recording artist and the record company. In a traditional contract, the company provides an advance to the artist who agrees to make a recording that will be owned by the company. The A&R department of a record company is responsible for finding new talent and overseeing the recording process. The company pays for the recording costs and the cost of promoting and marketing
12874-519: The businesses and artists there are organizations that also play an important role, including musician's unions (e.g. American Federation of Musicians ), not-for-profit performance-rights organizations (e.g. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ) and other associations (e.g. International Alliance for Women in Music , a non-profit organization that advocates for women composers and musicians ). The modern Western music industry emerged between
13031-499: The composer, although they may be sold or the rights may be otherwise assigned. For example, in the case of work for hire , the composition is owned immediately by another party. Traditionally, the copyright owner licenses or "assigns" some of their rights to publishing companies , by means of a publishing contract . The publishing company (or a collection society operating on behalf of many such publishers, songwriters and composers) collects fees (known as " publishing royalties ") when
13188-417: The composition is used. A portion of the royalties are paid by the publishing company to the copyright owner, depending on the terms of the contract. Sheet music provides an income stream that is paid exclusively to the composers and their publishing company. Typically (although not universally), the publishing company will provide the owner with an advance against future earnings when the publishing contract
13345-592: The composition number 8–for the 1768 collection Gustaviade. En hjältedikt i tolv sånger ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs'). At the inauguration performance and foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera on 18 January 1773, she sang the role of the Sea Goddess Thetis in Francesco Uttini 's opera Thetis och Pélée . She was the primadonna of the Swedish opera for a decade. In 1773, she became
13502-559: The confines of pop, writing more personal songs in the confessional style of poets like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath . The artists spearheading this movement were featured in Newsweek , July 1969, "The Girls: Letting Go": "What is common to them – to Joni Mitchell and Lotti Golden , to Laura Nyro, Melanie , Janis Ian and to Elyse Weinberg, are the personalized songs they write, like voyages of self-discovery." While innovating, these women also faced many struggles such as discrimination. In
13659-543: The consumers after they buy them. Buyers do not typically have the right to make digital copies from CDs or other media they buy, or rent or lease the CDs, because they do not own the recording on the CD, they only own the individual physical CD. A music distributor delivers crates of the packaged physical media from the manufacturer to the retailer and maintains commercial relationships with retailers and record companies. The music retailer pays
13816-512: The context of her artistry." Women songwriters want to be seen as good musicians without having their talents marginalized because of their gender. Moreover, Grace Slick , a former model, was widely known in rock and roll history for her role in San Francisco's burgeoning psychedelic music scene in the mid-1960s. In The Guardian , 26 January 2017, author Laura Barton describes the radical shift in subject matter – politics, drugs, disappointment,
13973-630: The debut of the Apple iTunes Store in 2003. The popularity of music distribution over the Internet has increased, and by 2011 digital music sales topped physical sales of music. In 2008, Atlantic Records reports that digital sales have surpassed physical sales. However, as The Economist reported, "paid digital downloads grew rapidly, but did not begin to make up for the loss of revenue from CDs". After 2010, Internet-based services such as Deezer , Pandora , Spotify , and Apple's iTunes Radio began to offer subscription-based " pay to stream " services over
14130-560: The decline in sales of recordings. The 2008 British Music Rights survey showed that 80% of people in Britain wanted a legal peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing service, however only half of the respondents thought that the music's creators should be paid. The survey was consistent with the results of earlier research conducted in the United States, upon which the Open Music Model was based. Legal digital downloads became widely available with
14287-456: The dedication to her first book of madrigals, she wrote about her feelings about being a female composer at a time when this was rare: "[I] want to show the world, as much as I can in this profession of music, the vain error of men that they alone possess the gifts of intellect and artistry, and that such gifts are never given to women." Other composers of the time, such as Philippe de Monte , thought highly of her. Caterina Assandra (1590–1618)
14444-586: The distributor, who in turn pays the record company for the recordings. The record company pays mechanical royalties to the publisher and composer via a collection society. The record company then pays royalties, if contractually obligated, to the recording artist. When music is digitally downloaded or streamed , there is no physical media other than the consumer's computer memory on his or her portable media player or laptop. For this reason, artists such as Taylor Swift, Paul McCartney, Kings of Leon, and others have called for legal changes that would deny social media
14601-451: The downward trend was expected to continue for the foreseeable future. This dramatic decline in revenue has caused large-scale layoffs inside the industry, driven some more venerable retailers (such as Tower Records ) out of business and forced record companies, record producers, studios, recording engineers and musicians to seek new business models . In response to the rise of widespread illegal file sharing of digital music-recordings,
14758-415: The early illegal file sharing days. However, the multitude of service offerings and revenue models make it difficult to understand the true value of each and what they can deliver for musicians and music companies. As well, there are major transparency problems throughout the music industry caused by outdated technology. With the emerging of new business models as streaming platforms, and online music services,
14915-551: The early twentieth century. Women in jazz music (many of whom were Black) helped shape what the genre has become today. While jazz songwriting has long been a male-dominated field, there have also been female jazz songwriters . In the 1930s, Ann Ronell (1905–1993) wrote the songs "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" and " Willow Weep for Me ." Irene Higginbotham (1918–1988) wrote almost 50 songs, her best-known being "Good Morning Heartache." Dorothy Fields (1905–1974) wrote
15072-456: The editor of BBC Radio 3 , Edwina Wolstencroft, the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women have been much less likely to have positions of authority such being the conductor of an orchestra , a profession which has been called "one of the last glass ceilings in the music industry ." In popular music, while there are many female singers recording songs, there are very few women behind
15229-483: The end of the 1980s, the "Big six" — EMI , CBS , BMG , PolyGram , WEA and MCA — dominated the industry. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987 and changed its name to Sony Music in 1991. In mid-1998, PolyGram Music Group merged with MCA Music Entertainment creating what we now know as Universal Music Group . Since then, Sony and BMG merged in 2004, and Universal took over the majority of EMI's recorded music interests in 2012. EMI Music Publishing , also once part of
15386-402: The exception of one volume of sacred songs. She was renowned for her poetic ability as well as her compositional talent, as her lyrics were often poetic and well-articulated. Nearly three-quarters of her printed works were written for the soprano voice, but she also published works for other voices. Her compositions are firmly rooted in the seconda pratica tradition. Strozzi's music evokes
15543-524: The first woman to be granted the title Hovsångare , and in 1782, she was inducted as the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music . Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748–1813) was a French composer and opera singer . She began working in minor comedy roles from the age of seven and debuted as a soloist at the Paris Opera in 1766. She was the second woman to have
15700-553: The format and repertoire of the piano recital and the tastes of the listening public. From an early age, she had a one-hour lesson in piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint. In 1830, at the age of eleven, she had become a skilled soloist, and she left on a concert tour of European cities. In the late 1830s, she performed to sell-out crowds and commendatory critical reviews. Frédéric Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt , who came to hear one of her concerts and subsequently "praised her extravagantly" in
15857-473: The industry was dominated by the "Big Six": Sony Music and BMG had not yet merged, and PolyGram had not yet been absorbed into Universal Music Group. After the PolyGram-Universal merger, the 1998 market shares reflected a "Big Five", commanding 77.4% of the market, as follows, according to MEI World Report 2000: In 2004, the joint venture of Sony and BMG created the 'Big Four' at a time the global market
16014-521: The isolation of the itinerant performer, and urban life. Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden , in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle , chronicled her life in NYC's East Village in the late 1960s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity ("The Space Queens [Silky is Sad]") and excessive drug use ("Gonna Fay's"). The women in the 1969 Newsweek article ushered in a new age of the singer-songwriter, informing generations of women singer-songwriters from
16171-425: The issue of sexism within the music industry . A 2021 study stated that "over the last six years, the representation of women in the music industry has been even lower." Despite their substantial contributions from the medieval period to the present day, women composers are under-represented in the commonly performed classical music repertoire , music history textbooks, and music encyclopedias. For example, in
16328-429: The largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet -based platform operated by a computer company: Apple Inc. 's online iTunes Store . Since 2011, the music industry has seen consistent sales growth with streaming now generating more revenue per year than digital downloads. Spotify , Apple Music , and Amazon Music are the largest streaming services by subscriber count. The main branches of
16485-399: The late 1880s, and later the onset of widespread radio broadcasting , starting in the 1920s, forever changed the way music was heard and listened to. Opera houses, concert halls, and clubs continued to produce music and musicians and singers continued to perform live, but the power of radio allowed bands, ensembles and singers who had previously performed only in one region to become popular on
16642-739: The lyrics for over 400 songs, some of which were played by Duke Ellington . She co-wrote " The Way You Look Tonight " with Jerome Kern , which won the 1936 Oscar for Best Song. She co-wrote several jazz standards with Jimmy McHugh , such as " Exactly Like You ", " On the Sunny Side of the Street " and " I Can't Give You Anything but Love ." Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898–1971) played piano in King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band. Her song "Struttin' with Some Barbecue" has been recorded 500 times. Armstrong also recorded "Doin'
16799-461: The majority of their income, which in turn has made them more dependent – like pre-20th-century musicians – on patrons, now exemplified by music promoters such as Live Nation (which dominates tour promotion and owns or manages a large number of music venues ). In order to benefit from all of an artist's income streams, record companies increasingly rely on the " 360 deal ", a new business-relationship pioneered by Robbie Williams and EMI in 2007. At
16956-491: The market as a brand and, as such, they may derive income from many other streams, such as merchandise , personal endorsements, appearances (without performing) at events or Internet-based services. These are typically overseen by the artist's manager and take the form of relationships between the artist and companies that specialize in these products. Singers may also hire a vocal coach , dance instructor , acting coach , personal trainer or life coach to help them. In
17113-521: The market: After the absorption of EMI by Sony Music Entertainment and Universal Music Group in December 2011 the "big three" were created and on January 8, 2013, after the merger there were layoffs of forty workers from EMI. European regulators forced Universal Music to spin off EMI assets which became the Parlophone Label Group which was acquired by Warner Music Group. Nielsen SoundScan issued
17270-442: The men came home from being deployed, female jazz musicians were then faced with difficulties such as sexual harassment and harsh criticism from their other band members and fellow jazz musicians. In the 1960s pop music scene, "[l]ike most aspects of the...music business [in the 1960s], songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio, women ...were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing
17427-403: The mid-19th century, female songwriters emerged, including Faustina Hasse Hodges , Susan McFarland Parkhurst , Augusta Browne and Marion Dix Sullivan . By 1900, there were significantly more female songwriters, but many used pseudonyms or their initials to hide the fact that they were women. Carrie Jacobs-Bond was the "preeminent woman composer of the late 1800s and well into the middle of
17584-528: The most part with the support of patronage from aristocracies and churches . In the mid-to-late 18th century, performers and composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to seek more commercial opportunities to market their music and performances to the general public. After Mozart's death, his wife ( Constanze Weber ) continued the process of commercialization of his music through an unprecedented series of memorial concerts, selling his manuscripts, and collaborating with her second husband, Georg Nissen , on
17741-426: The music business by migrating "them away from piracy and less monetized platforms and allowing them to generate far greater royalties than before" by encouraging users to use their paid service. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) revealed in its 2015 earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's U.S. recorded-music-industry revenue, growing 29 percent from
17898-504: The music industry are the live music industry, the recording industry , and all the companies that train, support, supply and represent musicians. The recording industry produces three separate products: compositions (songs, pieces, lyrics), recordings (audio and video) and media (such as CDs or MP3s , and DVDs ). These are each a type of property : typically, compositions are owned by composers, recordings by record companies, and media by consumers. There may be many recordings of
18055-441: The name of Valaida Snow , was also known as the "queen of the trumpet." Another woman, Nona Hendryx , was a jazz vocalist who also played many instruments and got the chance to work with many talented hip-hop artists like Prince. There are many such accomplished women whose names are not known. These women had a lot of success, but for some it was short-lived. Mant of them rose to fame when men were drafted into World War II; once
18212-683: The now defunct British conglomerate, is now co-owned by Sony as a subsidiary of Sony/ATV Music Publishing . As in other industries, the record industry is characterised by many mergers and/or acquisitions, for the major companies as well as for middle sized business (recent example is given by the Belgium group PIAS and French group Harmonia Mundi ). Genre-wise, music entrepreneurs expanded their industry models into areas like folk music , in which composition and performance had continued for centuries on an ad hoc self-supporting basis. Forming an independent record label , or "indie" label, or signing to such
18369-543: The organizations that aid, train, represent and supply music creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who write songs and musical compositions; the singers , musicians , conductors , and bandleaders who perform the music; the record labels , music publishers , recording studios , music producers , audio engineers , retail and digital music stores , and performance rights organizations who create and sell recorded music and sheet music; and
18526-536: The other extreme, record companies can offer a simple manufacturing- and distribution-deal , which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but does not cover the expenses of marketing and promotion. Companies like Kickstarter help independent musicians produce their albums through fans funding bands they want to listen to. Many newer artists no longer see a record deal as an integral part of their business plan at all. Inexpensive recording-hardware and -software make it possible to record reasonable-quality music on
18683-465: The overuse of YouTube and offline streaming, album sales have fallen by 60 percent in the past few years. When recordings are used in television and film , the composer and their publishing company are typically paid through a synchronization license . In the 2000s, online subscription services (such as Rhapsody ) also provide an income stream directly to record companies, and through them, to artists, contracts permitting. A promoter brings together
18840-414: The previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $ 2.4 billion. US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $ 1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales. This contrasts with the $ 14.6 billion in revenue that was received in 1999 by the U.S. music industry from the sale of CDs. The turmoil in the recorded-music industry in the 2000s altered
18997-589: The publishing royalties described above. This portion is similar to a percentage, but may be limited or expanded by a number of factors (such as free goods, recoupable expenses, bonuses, etc.) that are specified by the record contract. Session musicians and orchestra members (as well as a few recording artists in special markets) are under contract to provide work for hire ; they are typically only paid one-time fees or regular wages for their services, rather than ongoing royalties. Physical media (such as CDs or vinyl records) are sold by music retailers and are owned by
19154-492: The radio, women... were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done... [and women] were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]. Erika Abrams in Rebeat , 28 January 2015 A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics , melodies , and chord progressions for songs, typically for
19311-444: The record industry took aggressive legal action. In 2001 it succeeded in shutting down the popular music-website Napster , and threatened legal action against thousands of individuals who participated in sharing music-song sound-files. However, this failed to slow the decline in music-recording revenue and proved a public-relations disaster for the music industry. Some academic studies have even suggested that downloads did not cause
19468-415: The record. For physical media (such as CDs ), the company also pays to manufacture and distribute the physical recordings. Smaller record companies (known as " indies ") will form business relationships with other companies to handle many of these tasks. The record company pays the recording artist a portion of the income from the sale of the recordings, also known as a "royalty", but this is distinct from
19625-555: The recording, but others may restrict the user to storing the music on a specific number of hard drives or devices. When a recording is broadcast (either on radio or by a background music service such as Muzak ), performance rights organisations (such as the ASCAP and BMI in the US, SOCAN in Canada, or MCPS and PRS in the UK), collect a third type of royalty known as a performance royalty, which
19782-524: The recording. They select and set up microphones and use effects units and mixing consoles to adjust the sound and level of the music. A recording session may also require the services of an arranger , orchestrator , studio musicians , session musicians , vocal coaches , or even a discreetly hired ghostwriter to help with the lyrics or songwriting . Recordings are (traditionally) owned by record companies . Some artists own their own record companies (e.g. Ani DiFranco ). A recording contract specifies
19939-555: The right to stream their music without paying them royalties. In the digital and online music market of the 2000s, the distributor becomes optional. Large online shops may pay the labels directly, but digital distributors do exist to provide distribution services for vendors large and small. When purchasing digital downloads or listening to music streaming, the consumer may be required to agree to record company and vendor licensing terms beyond those which are inherent in copyright ; for example, some services may allow consumers to freely share
20096-435: The rights of all the parties involved. Also compounding the issue of defining copyright boundaries is the fact that the definition of "royalty" and "copyright" varies from country to country and region to region, which changes the terms of some of these business relationships. After 15 or so years of the Internet economy, the digital music industry platforms like iTunes , Spotify , and Google Play are major improvements over
20253-461: The sheet music publishers as the music industry's largest force. A multitude of record labels came and went. Some noteworthy labels of the earlier decades include the Columbia Records , Crystalate, Decca Records , Edison Bell, The Gramophone Company , Invicta, Kalliope, Pathé , Victor Talking Machine Company and many others. Many record companies died out as quickly as they had formed, and by
20410-537: The song for as long as they continue to pay the streaming subscription. Once the user stops paying the subscription, they cannot listen to audio from the company's repositories anymore. Streaming services began to have a serious impact on the industry in 2014. Spotify , together with the music-streaming industry in general, faces some criticism from artists claiming they are not being fairly compensated for their work as downloaded-music sales decline and music-streaming increases. Unlike physical or download sales, which pay
20567-409: The spirit of Cavalli , heir of Monteverdi . Her style, however, is more lyrical, and more dependent on sheer vocal sound. Many texts of her early pieces were written by her father Giulio. Later texts were written by her father's colleagues, but she wrote her own texts for many of her compositions.. Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1665–1729) was a French composer, musician and harpsichordist . She
20724-404: The standard repertoire of classical music. In the Concise Oxford History of Music , for example, Clara Schumann is one of the only women composers mentioned. In the 20th century, women involved in music gained significantly less attention than their male counterparts. Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) was a German Benedictine abbess , composer, writer, and philosopher . One of her works as
20881-460: The text of Ramler's Passion cantata Der Tod Jesu ('The Death of Jesus') to music. In 1758, she studied musical theory and composition with Johann Philipp Kirnberger , a student of Johann Sebastian Bach . She was also a collector of music, preserving over 600 volumes of works by Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel , Georg Philipp Telemann , Karl Heinrich Graun and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , among others. Her works of curation are
21038-498: The top-ranked Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Few of the prominent instrumentalists in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal are women, and women are particularly underrepresented in extreme metal genres, although there have been various female instrumentalists and singers in all-female bands . Women are also under-represented in orchestral conducting, music criticism and journalism, music production, and sound engineering . While women were discouraged from composing in
21195-610: The twentieth century... [making her] the first million-selling woman" songwriter. Maude Nugent (1877–1958) wrote "Sweet Rosie O'Grady" in 1896. She also penned "Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat", "My Irish Daisy" and "Mary From Tipperary". Charlotte Blake (1885–1979) was a staff writer for the Whitney Warner Publishing Co., in Detroit, Michigan. Initially, the company billed her as "C. Blake" to hide her gender, but by 1906 advertisements used her full name. Caro Roma (1866–1937)
21352-404: The twentieth-century balance between artists, record companies, promoters, retail music-stores and consumers. As of 2010 , big-box stores such as Wal-Mart and Best Buy sell more records than music-only CD stores, which have ceased to function as a major player in the music industry. Music-performing artists now rely on live performance and merchandise sales (T-shirts, sweatshirts, etc.) for
21509-632: The voice, or both. Her career was made possible by the Austrian Lombardy, which was progressive around women's rights . Her patrons were Maria Theresia , Holy Roman Empress and sovereign of Lombardy , and Maria Antonia Walpurgis , a gifted composer and contemporary. Her early works are simple and clean, while her later works are more virtuosic, complex, and melodramatic. She composed operas, including heroic drama and serious drama styles; she also wrote arias, concertos, and sonatas for keyboard, small ensemble and voice. Princess Anna Amalia (1723–1787)
21666-559: The wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de Medici in 1600 was praised by Henry, who called her the "best singer in all of France". She worked in the Medici court as a teacher, chamber singer, rehearsal coach and composer of both chamber and stage music until 1627. By 1614 she was the court's most highly paid musician, because her musical virtuosity exemplified the idea of female excellence projected by Tuscany's de facto regent , Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine . Most of her stage music
21823-524: The winner of the National Flute Association 's Newly Published Music Competition twice, first in 1987 with her piece Medieval Suite and second in 1991 with her piece Kokopelli for solo flute. These pieces use many extended techniques for flute, such as pitch bending. Many of her works have been recorded by renowned musicians and performed in Carnegie Hall . Joan Tower (born 1938) wrote
21980-437: The worldwide classical music sales over the preceding year. Interim physical retail sales in 2005. All figures in millions. Women in music Women in Music play many roles and are responsible for a broad range of contributions. Women shape and have shaped music movements, genres and trends as composers , songwriters , instrumental performers , singers, conductors , and music educators . Women's music , which
22137-632: Was Bessie Smith , also known as the Empress of the Blues, who lived from 1894 to 1937. She is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee; in 1989, Smith was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Another woman who made history in the jazz industry is Dolly Jones , the first woman jazz trumpeter to be recorded. Women like Sweet Emma Barrett , who performed in the Original Tuxedo Orchestra, toured domestically and internationally. One of Barrett's hit songs
22294-614: Was a Prussian composer and score curator. She learned to play the harpsichord, flute, and violin as a young woman. She became the Abbess of Quedlinburg in 1755. She spent most of her time in Berlin, where she devoted herself to music, and became a musical patron and composer. As a composer, she achieved a modest amount of fame in her career, and is known for her smaller chamber works, which included trios, marches , cantatas , songs and fugues . She also composed chamber music such as flute sonatas and set
22451-588: Was a native speaker of both Italian and German and knew French and English. As a child, she played for the Imperial court, where she gained attention with her voice and keyboard playing. As an adult, she was frequently asked to perform before the Empress Maria Theresa . A number of the works that Marianna composed are set for solo voice. She wrote a number of secular cantatas and two oratorios to Italian texts. Surviving compositions include four masses , six motets , and three litanies for choir. She wrote in
22608-462: Was an Italian composer and Benedictine nun . She became famous as an organist and published various works, composing a number of motets and organ pieces. She studied counterpoint with Benedetto Re, one of the leading teachers of the time, at Pavia Cathedral . She composed a collection of motets in the new concertato style in Milan in 1609, an imitative eight-voice Salve Regina in 1611, and
22765-559: Was born into a family of musicians and master instrument-makers. A child prodigy, she performed on the harpsichord in front of King Louis XIV . She became a musician in the Royal Court: taught, composed, and gave concerts at home and throughout Paris, to great acclaim. She was one of the few well-known female composers of her time, and unlike many of her contemporaries, she composed in a wide variety of forms. Her talent and achievements were acknowledged by Titon du Tillet , who accorded her
22922-439: Was composed for performance in comedies. In 1618 she published a collection of thirty-six solo songs and soprano/bass duets; in 1625, she composed a 75-minute "comedy-ballet." In all, she wrote sixteen staged works. She was a master of dramatic harmonic surprise–in her music, harmony changes, rather than counterpoint, most powerfully communicates emotion. Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677) was an Italian Baroque composer and singer. As
23079-452: Was estimated at $ 30–40 billion. Total annual unit sales (CDs, music videos, MP3s ) in 2004 were 3 billion. Additionally, according to an IFPI report published in August 2005, the big four accounted for 71.7% of retail music sales: US music market shares, according to Nielsen SoundScan (2011) Nielsen SoundScan in their 2011 report noted that the "big four" controlled about 88% of
23236-530: Was expected that women would perform music, not make it. In 1880, Chicago music critic George P. Upton wrote the book Women in Music , in which he argued that "women lacked the innate creativity to compose good music" due to their "biological predisposition", although it was later accepted that women would have a role in music education . As part of women's role in music education, women wrote hymns and children's music. Only around 70 works by women can be found in all American secular music in print before 1825. In
23393-522: Was extraordinary for the complexity of his white mensural notation and the smallness of his font. He printed the first book of polyphony (music with two or more independent melodic lines) using movable type. He also published numerous works by the most highly regarded composers of the Renaissance, including Josquin des Prez and Antoine Brumel . He flourished by focusing on Flemish works, rather than Italian, as they were very popular throughout Europe during
23550-456: Was known for her expressive style of playing. Around this time she published her Six Sonatas, Op. 1, which gained extensive subscriptions, including from royalty, and which were also published in Paris in 1784 and Berlin in 1785. In addition to her keyboard sonatas, she also composed other keyboard pieces, such as her Introduction and March from Rossini 's Ricciardo e Zoraide (1820) and
23707-613: Was performed at the Théâtre Montansier . Anna Bon (1739–1767?) was an Italian composer and performer. She attended the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice, where she studied with the maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta. She held the new post of ' chamber music virtuosa' at the court of Margrave Friedrich of Brandenburg Kulmbach . She dedicated her six op. 1 flute sonatas, published in Nürnberg in 1756, to Friedrich. In 1762 she moved to
23864-467: Was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done." Young women "were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]." Carole King "had a successful songwriting partnershi[p] with husband Gerry Goffin , penning hits like " The Loco-Motion ," " Will You Love Me Tomorrow ", " Up on the Roof " and " Natural Woman ." "King
24021-507: Was started as a bi-monthly publication. Then it was published weekly until 2014 when its frequency was switched to monthly. Musikmarkt determined the official German charts from its start in 1959 to the 1970s, when Media Control assumed the responsibility. The magazine also contained the weekly Top-100 charts for singles and albums when it was published on a weekly basis. The magazine and its website were both closed down in July 2016. Stefan Zarges
24178-546: Was the ambiguously gendered pseudonym for Carrie Northly , one of the Tin Pan Alley era's most popular and well-known musicians. Her songs include "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling", "Faded Rose", "The Angelus", "Thinking of Thee" and "Resignation." About 95% of the songwriters in British music hall during the early 1900s were men, as were about 70% of singers. Jazz music helped pave the way for more jobs for women. This increase of
24335-548: Was the first female recipient of the 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song ." Ellie Greenwich and her husband Jeff Barry wrote " Then He Kissed Me ", "Be My Baby" and " River Deep, Mountain High ." Laura Nyro penned " Wedding Bell Blues ", "Eli's Coming" and " And When I Die ." She stated "I'm not interested in conventional limitations when it comes to my songwriting...I may bring a certain feminist perspective to my songwriting." During
24492-504: Was the last editor of the magazine. Under the editorship of Uwe Lencher the circulation of Musikmarkt was nearly 12,000 copies, making it a significant publication for German entertainment industry. It was 4,370 copies when it was shut down in 2016. Music industry The music industry refers to the individuals and organizations that earn money by writing songs and musical compositions , creating and selling recorded music and sheet music , presenting concerts , as well as
24649-441: Was tolerant, rather than supportive, of her activities as a composer. He wrote to her in 1820, telling her that "music will perhaps become his [i.e. Felix's] profession, while for you it can and must be only an ornament [in your life]." Felix also cautioned her against publishing her works under her own name, writing: From my knowledge of Fanny I should say that she has neither inclination nor vocation for [musical] authorship. She
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