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36-618: Principal agricultural products of Mungyeong-eup are apples and shiitake mushrooms (표고버섯). It's also the home of a number of ceramic studios, and a ceramic museum. Highways No. 3 and 34 run through the eup as does the expressway No. 45. Trains no longer run here; nearest access to the railroad is now in Jeomchon . (as of 2009): Shiitake mushrooms The shiitake ( / ʃ ɪ ˈ t ɑː k eɪ , ˌ ʃ iː ɪ -, - k i / ; Japanese: [ɕiꜜːtake] Chinquapin, Chinese/black forest mushrooms or Lentinula edodes )

72-505: A 25 (OH) D blood level. Three benefits of UV exposure are production of vitamin D, improvement in mood, and increased energy. UVB induces production of vitamin D in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. This vitamin helps to regulate calcium metabolism (vital for the nervous system and bone health), immunity, cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and blood pressure. In low and middle income countries, foods fortified with vitamin D are "practically nonexistent." Most people in

108-690: A Danish study that those who get these cancers were less likely to die during the study, and were much less likely to have a heart attack, than those who did not have these cancers. People in certain situations, such as people with intellectual disabilities and neurodevelopmental disorders who stay inside most of the time have low vitamin D levels. Getting enough vitamin D can help stave off "autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, many types of cancer, dementia, types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and respiratory tract infections." Fetuses and children who do not get enough vitamin D can result in "growth retardation and skeletal deformities." Multiple sclerosis (MS)

144-555: A half minimal erythemal UV radiation, it is the same as taking 3,000 IU of vitamin D 3 through an oral supplement. This exposure of 10–15 minutes, on a frequency of two to three times per week, will cause the adult's skin to produce enough vitamin D. It is not necessary to expose the face to the UV, as facial skin provides little vitamin D 3 . Individuals whose metabolism makes taking oral vitamin D ineffective are able, through exposure to an ultraviolet lamp that emits UV-B radiation, to achieve

180-572: A healthy level of UV exposure. This largely explains the tendency toward darker-skinned populations in the sunniest tropical environments, and lighter skin tones in less-sunny regions and for those who most need vitamin D for rapid bone growth, specifically children and reproductive-age women. The map to the right illustrates the geographic distribution of skin color for native populations prior to 1940, based on von Luschan's chromatic scale . These long-term adaptations for optimal health can be confounded by patterns of food, clothing and shelter, especially at

216-512: A safe level of total lifetime sun exposure. According to epidemiologist Robyn Lucas at Australian National University , analysis of lifespan versus disease shows that far more lives worldwide could be lost to diseases caused by lack of sunlight than to those caused by too much, and it is inappropriate to recommend total avoidance of sunlight. Over thousands of years, in many climate zones, genetic selection has helped indigenous human populations adapt toward skin pigmentation levels that provide

252-516: A subject of oxidation by singlet oxygen and ozone as well as free radicals. Ultraviolet radiation activates lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase , inducing specific enzymatic oxidation of lipids. Free radical mediated lipid peroxidation gives multiple oxidation products which may induce various skin diseases The major acute effects of UV irradiation on normal human skin comprise sunburn inflammation erythema , tanning , and local or systemic immunosuppression . The most deadly form, malignant melanoma ,

288-648: A supplement. The only way to quantify adequate levels of vitamin D is with a serum 25(OH)D 3 ( calcifediol ) test. In the United States, serum 25(OH)D 3 was below the recommended level for more than a third of white men in a 2005 study, with serum levels even lower in women and in most minorities. This indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be a common problem in the US. Australia and New Zealand have had similar findings, which indicate insufficient protection against rickets for children and osteoporosis for adults. Over

324-432: A window does not produce vitamin D. Time of day, time of year, geographic latitude, ground altitude, cloud cover, smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are among the factors that greatly affect UV intensity and vitamin D synthesis, making it difficult to provide general guidelines. It has been suggested by some researchers, for example, that adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to

360-506: Is a compound word composed of shii ( 椎 , Castanopsis ) , for the tree Castanopsis cuspidata that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated, and take ( 茸 , "mushroom") . The specific epithet edodes is the Latin word for "edible". It is also commonly called " sawtooth oak mushroom", "black forest mushroom", "black mushroom", " golden oak mushroom", or "oakwood mushroom". Shiitake grow in groups on

396-452: Is almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach the surface in any appreciable quantity. As a result, only the broad-spectrum combination (UVA, UVB, UVC) known as "ultraviolet radiation" is listed as a carcinogen; the components are only "likely to become" known carcinogens. Solar radiation (sunlight) and sunlamps are listed as carcinogens because they contain ultraviolet radiation. There are currently no recommendations on

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432-406: Is an edible mushroom native to East Asia , which is cultivated and consumed around the globe. The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. The fungus has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history: The mushroom's Japanese name shiitake ( 椎茸 )

468-527: Is greater in fair-skinned individuals. According to a 2007 study submitted by the University of Ottawa to the US Department of Health and Human Services, there is not enough information to determine a safe level of sun exposure that imposes minimal risk of skin cancer. In addition, there is not yet conclusive evidence on which components of ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC) are actually carcinogenic. UVC

504-615: Is important for the entrainment and maintenance of robust circadian rhythms . Exposure to sunlight in the morning is particularly effective; it leads to earlier melatonin onset in the evening and makes it easier to fall asleep. Bright morning light has been shown to be effective against insomnia , premenstrual syndrome and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Blood levels of folate , a nutrient vital for fetal development, can be degraded by UV radiation, raising concerns about sun exposure for pregnant women. Lifespan and fertility can be adversely affected for individuals born during peaks of

540-509: Is least prevalent in the sunniest regions. Exposure to the ultraviolet-B radiation of sunlight appears to be most important and this may operate via vitamin D synthesis. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation present in sunlight is an environmental human carcinogen . The toxic effects of UV from natural sunlight and therapeutic artificial lamps are a major concern for human health. Skin surface lipids, including unsaturated lipids such as squalene , sebaleic acid, linoleic acid , and cholesterol can be

576-400: Is maybe linked to macular degeneration . However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid myopia (nearsightedness). Short-term over-exposure can cause snow blindness , which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause solar retinopathy , which is long-lasting retinal damage and vision impairment from sungazing . Frequent exposure to

612-478: Is mostly caused by indirect DNA damage from UVA radiation. This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92% of all melanoma. UVC is the highest-energy, most-dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation, and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic. Despite the importance of the sun to vitamin D synthesis, it is prudent to limit the exposure of skin to UV radiation from sunlight and from tanning beds . According to

648-724: The National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens from the US Department of Health and Human Services , broad-spectrum UV radiation is a carcinogen whose DNA damage is thought to contribute to most of the estimated 1.5 million skin cancers and the 8,000 deaths due to metastatic melanoma that occur annually in the United States. The use of sunbeds is reported by the World Health Organization to be responsible for over 450,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and over 10,000 cases of melanoma every year in

684-606: The Song dynasty in China. The 185-word description of shiitake cultivation from that literature was later cross-referenced many times and eventually adapted in a book by a Japanese horticulturist Satō Chūryō ( 佐藤中陵 ) in 1796, the first book on shiitake cultivation in Japan. The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores . Before 1982,

720-417: The 11-year solar cycle , possibly because of UV-related folate deficiency during gestation. A seasonal variation in blood pressure has been noted for decades. Research indicates that skin exposure to sunlight results in a modest reduction in systolic blood pressure. The effect is independent of vitamin D status, instead being mediated by nitric oxide release from skin upon exposure to UV light. The effect

756-866: The Japan Islands' variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods. A 1982 report on the budding and growth of the Japanese variety revealed opportunities for commercial cultivation in the United States. Shiitake are widely cultivated worldwide, contributing about 25% of the total yearly production of mushrooms. Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak. Rarely, consumption of raw or slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms may cause an allergic reaction called "shiitake dermatitis", including an erythematous , micro- papular , streaky pruriginous rash that occurs all over

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792-427: The U.S., Europe, as well as Australia. Lifetime cumulative UV exposure to skin is also responsible for significant age-associated dryness, wrinkling, elastin and collagen damage, freckling, IGH , age spots and other cosmetic changes. The American Academy of Dermatology advises that photoprotective measures be taken, including the use of sunscreen, whenever one is exposed to the sun. Short-term over-exposure causes

828-469: The basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi , and as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. Two prized varieties are produced in cooler temperatures: One high-grade variety is called dōnggū ( 冬菇 ) (literally "winter mushroom") in Chinese, or donko ( 冬子 ) in Japanese. The most highly prized variety is called huāgū ( 花菇 ) (literally "flower mushroom") in Chinese, due to

864-797: The body including face and scalp, appearing about 24 hours after consumption, possibly worsening by sun exposure and disappearing after 3 to 21 days. This effect – presumably caused by the polysaccharide , lentinan – is more common in East Asia, but may be growing in occurrence in Europe as shiitake consumption increases. Thorough cooking may eliminate the allergenicity . Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in East and Southeast Asia. In Chinese cuisine, they are used in many dishes, including soups, braises, and stir-fried vegetable dishes such as Buddha's delight . In Japan , they are served in miso soup , used as

900-521: The decaying wood of deciduous trees , particularly shii and other chinquapins , chestnut , oak , maple , beech , sweetgum , poplar , hornbeam , ironwood , and mulberry . Its natural distribution includes warm and moist climates in Southeast Asia . The earliest written record of shiitake cultivation is seen in the Records of Longquan County ( 龍泉縣志 ) compiled by He Zhan ( 何澹 ) in 1209 during

936-471: The face, arms and legs, averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week without sunscreen. (The darker the complexion, or the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed, approximating 25% of the time for minimal sunburn. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created.) Individuals with limited sun exposure need to include good sources of vitamin D in their diet or take

972-709: The flower-like pattern of cracks in the cap. In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference serving, raw shiitake mushrooms provide 141 kilojoules (34 kilocalories) of food energy and are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates , 2% protein and less than 1% fat . Raw shiitake mushrooms contain moderate levels of some dietary minerals . Like all mushrooms, shiitakes produce vitamin D2 upon exposure of their internal ergosterol to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight or broadband UVB fluorescent tubes. Sun exposure Exposure of skin to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight presents both positive and negative health effects. On

1008-539: The importance of striking a balance between the benefits and risks of UV exposure. They recommend avoiding sunburn at all costs and advocate for moderation in sun exposure to minimize the risks associated with UV radiation while still reaping its health benefits. UVB radiation with a wavelength of 290–315 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin and converts cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D 3 , which in turn becomes vitamin D 3 . UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through

1044-475: The link with vitamin D must be in part indirect. People who get more sun are generally healthier, and also have higher vitamin D levels. It has been found that ultraviolet radiation (even UVA) produces nitric oxide (NO) in the skin, and nitric oxide can lower blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Although long-term exposure to ultraviolet contributes to non-melanoma skin cancers that are rarely fatal, it has been found in

1080-585: The pain and itching of sunburn , which in extreme cases can produce more-severe effects like blistering. Several countries (such as Australia ) provide public forecasts of UV irradiation in the form of the UV Index . The index can be used as a guide to the public of dangers from over-exposure to sunlight, especially around noon, when direct sunlight is at its most intense. Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical cataracts , and high levels of visible light

1116-682: The past several years, levels of ultraviolet radiation have been tracked at over 30 sites across North America as part of the United States Department of Agriculture 's UVB Monitoring and Research Program at Colorado State University . The first map at right shows levels of UVB radiation in June 2008, expressed in Vitamin D Equivalents. Using satellite data, measurements from the European Space Agency produce similar maps expressed in units of

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1152-530: The positive side, UV exposure enables the synthesis of vitamin D 3 , which is essential for bone health and potentially plays a role in inhibiting certain cancers. While vitamin D can also be obtained through dietary supplements, UV exposure offers benefits such as enhanced subdermal nitric oxide production and improved endorphin levels, which are not achievable through supplementation alone. Additionally, exposure to visible light supports melatonin synthesis, maintains circadian rhythms , and reduces

1188-508: The risk of seasonal affective disorder . However, UV radiation is also a mutagen and carcinogen for the skin, posing significant risks. Acute exposure can lead to painful sunburns and increase the likelihood of developing serious skin conditions later in life. Prolonged exposure is associated with the development of skin cancers , photoaging or premature skin aging, immune suppression, and eye diseases like cataracts . Given these dual effects, public health organizations emphasize

1224-421: The sun can cause yellow non-cancerous bumps on the middle part of the sclera of the eye, called pingueculae . It is most common in younger people, mainly those who spend a lot of their time outdoors and do not protect their eyes from UV rays. To decrease the risk of developing pingueculae, it may be wise to wear sunglasses when outdoors, even on overcast days. Light to the eyes, primarily blue-wavelength light,

1260-518: The widely followed UV Index , for locations around the world. Effects of UV-radiation at high latitudes, where snow stays on the ground into early summer and the sun then remains at a low position even at its zenith, have been reviewed by Meyer-Rochow. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a source of vitamin D. One minimal erythemal dose of sunlight UV radiation provides the equivalent of about 20,000 IU of vitamin D2, taken as an oral supplement. If an adult's arms and legs are exposed to

1296-714: The world depend on the sun to get vitamin D, and elderly populations in low UVB countries experience higher rates of cancer. There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D. Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay healthy. A person would have to eat oily fish three or four times per week in order to get enough vitamin D from that food source alone. People with higher levels of vitamin D tend to have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke and tend to have lower blood pressure. However, it has been found that vitamin D supplementation does not improve cardiovascular health or metabolism, so

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