Mulri Hills are located in Gulshan Town , Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan .
39-572: The hills in Karachi are the offshoots of the Kirthar Range . The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels. The Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites found by Karachi University team on the Mulri Hills, in front of Karachi University Campus, constitute one of
78-809: A mountain range that mark the boundary between the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan and Sindh , also separating the Iranian plateau from the Indian subcontinent . It comprises much of the Kirthar National Park . The mountain range forms part of the Kirthar- Sulaiman geological province, which stretches from the Arabian Sea coast north to the Sulaiman Mountains in northwest Pakistan. The highest peak of
117-457: A language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati . Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn). Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry,
156-521: A relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels . The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8. All plosives , affricates , nasals , the retroflex flap , and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives . The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of
195-650: A scheduled language in India , making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan . There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV , Awaz Television Network , Mehran TV, and Dharti TV . Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati . Some of
234-456: A strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s. The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi. In Pakistan, Sindhi
273-454: A wealthy Hindu merchant in order to settle his debts. According to the tale, the dog chased after thieves who had stolen from the merchant, leading the merchant to free him and return to his master. The Brahui man thought the dog escaped and so was angry with the dog for his disobedience. The rejected dog died, and when the Brahui man came to learn of the true story, he felt remorseful and climbed to
312-548: Is a similar paradigm to Punjabi . Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender. The different paradigms are listed below with examples. The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in
351-571: Is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language , without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi is first attested in historical records within
390-504: Is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used
429-615: Is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day ' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah , passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language of Pakistan . The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as
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#1732851900939468-562: Is the 6,880-foot-tall (2,100 m) mountain Kutte-Ji-Kabar ( Sindhi for "Dog's Grave"), also known as Kuchak-na-Kabar in Brahui . The mountain is located in a region claimed by the provincial governments of Sindh and Balochistan. As recorded in Folk Tales of Scinde and Guzerat (circa 1855), the mountain is named for a story in which a Brahui man is forced to leave his dog as collateral to
507-624: Is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh , where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan , especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela , Hub , Kachhi , Sibi , Sohbatpur , Jafarabad , Jhal Magsi , Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad . In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in
546-763: The Indus River , along whose delta Sindhi is spoken. Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ( Sanskrit ) via Middle Indo-Aryan ( Pali , secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha ). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa , corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. Literary attestation of early Sindhi
585-438: The semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe . The postpositions are divided into case markers , which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions , which combine with
624-715: The British Army Corps of Engineers surveyed it as 7,122 ft (2,171 m). Barugh Hill is the highest mountain in the Sindh portion of the Kirthars. Barugh, means "big fat mountain" in the Brahui language , the language of the Sasoli tribe, who still live in the area. Barugh Hill is situated a few miles north-west of the Gorakh Hill Station , which is situated at an elevation of 5,688 ft (1,734 m). The next highest peak
663-599: The Kirthar Mountains which extend into the city limits of Karachi . The mountains are drained by the Gaj River and Hub River . The highest peak of the mountains is Zardak Peak at 9,498 ft (2,895 m). The second tallest, Drakhel Hill, that was reported by British Army Corps of Engineers surveyed it as 8,135 ft (2,479 m) Barugh Hill, has a height that was reported in April 2009 as 7,056 ft (2,151 m), although
702-576: The Kirthar Range rises above the arid plains, transitioning into hilly terrain and dry landscapes. The mountains extend southward for about 190 mi (310 km) from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan to Cape Monze on the Arabian Sea . In total, the Kirthars cover an area of about 9,000 square kilometers. The Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills close to the Arabian Sea coast are sub-ranges of
741-550: The Kirthar are Chhutta , Burfat , Gabol , Marri , Bozdar , Lund , Nohani, Bugti , Chandio , and Lashari . Sindhi language Sindhi ( / ˈ s ɪ n d i / SIN -dee ; Sindhi: سِنڌِي ( Perso-Arabic ) or सिन्धी ( Devanagari ) , pronounced [sɪndʱiː] ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh , where it has official status. It
780-660: The Kirthar range is Zardak Peak at 7,430 ft (2,260 m). The name "Kirthar" is believed to have evolved from the combination of two elements: "kir" and "thar." The term "Kir" is likely derived from the older Sindhi pronunciation of the word for ‘mountain’ whose original root likely comes from the Sanskrit word "giri" (गिरि), which also means mountain or hill. Over time, as languages evolved and adapted, "giri" transformed into "gir" in Gujarati and further into "kir" in Sindhi . "Thar" on
819-456: The Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. Europe North America Oceania The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu , the original name of
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#1732851900939858-419: The Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during
897-517: The Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language. Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah , and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught. Sindhi
936-519: The development of modern Sindhi literature. The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi , one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh. The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan , commencing a push to establish
975-421: The documented dialects of Sindhi are: The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages. Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) Tahee(n)/Taee(n) /Murs/Musālu /Kāko/Hamra Bacho/Kako Phar (animal) /Bārish Lapātu/Thapu Dhowan(u) Dhoon(u) Sindhi has
1014-428: The following states: and Daman and Diu Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status. Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh. According to
1053-755: The latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi ( c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period. Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun , Sohni Mahiwal , Momal Rano , Noori Jam Tamachi , Lilan Chanesar , and others. The greatest poet of Sindhi
1092-492: The most important archaeological discoveries made in Sindh during the last fifty years. The last hunter-gatherers , who left abundant traces of their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Mulri Hills. Some twenty different spots of flint tools were discovered during the surface surveys. This Pakistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirthar Range The Kirthar Mountains ( Urdu : كوه کھیرتھر ; Sindhi : کير ٿر جبل ) are
1131-579: The mountain are shale which date to the middle Eocene era. Within the Kirthar Mountains are 21 prehistoric sites. The 16th-18th century Taung Tombs are also located in the range. There are 71 tombs situated in the areas inhabited by the Chhutta tribe. The chief inhabitants are the Chhutto people of the Samma tribe, alongside various Sindhi and Balochi tribes who subsist by flock grazing. Major tribes living in
1170-726: The nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below. The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو ko "someone" are ھَرڪو har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو te-ko "that one" (correlative). Most nominal relations (e.g.
1209-475: The north. They are anticlinal with the northern and western sides generally steeper than the southern and eastern sides. The Kirthars are part of the Kirthar- Sulaiman geologic province, which stretches from the Arabian Sea coast north to northwestern Pakistan along the western boundary of the Indus Valley. The upper portions of the mountains are largely limestone , while the middle and southern portions of
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1248-465: The other hand refers to the arid and dry nature of the surrounding landscape, reminiscent of the Thar Desert , which lies just to the east of the Indus River . The term "thar" signifies the desert-like characteristics of the region, marked by its dry climate and sparse vegetation. Thus, "Kirthar" in older sindhi is interpreted as "mountains of the desert," reflecting the unique topography of the area where
1287-523: The range which are passable, but the only one often used is the Gaji Lak Pass on the road from Zidi and Khuzdar to Jhalawan . The Kirthars consist of a series of parallel rock hill ridges oriented mostly north–south, with piedmont and piedmont- alluvial plains located between ridges, with dry riverbeds. The ridges rise rapidly over short distances between valleys and ridges. From the Arabian Sea coast, they rise to nearly 8,300 ft (2,500 m) in
1326-732: The singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ ( ABL ) and -i ( LOC ). A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ bhāu "brother", پِيءُ pīu "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ dhīa "daughter", نُونھَن nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ bheṇa "sister", ماءُ māu "mother", and جوءِ joi "wife". Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives . These decline in
1365-745: The tip of the tongue, so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop. The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/ . Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'. Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This
1404-493: The top of the mountain in order to bury his dog. Other peaks include the Andraj Mountain at 6,496 ft (1,980 m). There are also a number of other peaks of the Kirthar Mountains exceeding 5,500 ft (1,700 m), which all receive occasional snowfall during the winter season. To the south the mountains decrease in size towards Bedor Hill, with a height of 3,320 ft (1,010 m). There are several passes in
1443-796: The use of Sindhi in official documents. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script . The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in
1482-566: Was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh. The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print
1521-499: Was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867. In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency . Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian . Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered
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