Misplaced Pages

#955044

60-606: British victory [REDACTED] Robert Lindsay (Superintendent of Sylhet) [REDACTED] Unnamed Muslim jamadar   † Supported by: The Muharram Rebellion was a Bengali uprising which took place in early December 1782 against the East India Company in colonial Sylhet , eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh ). The rebellion was under the leadership of the Pirzada and his two brothers, Syed Muhammad Hadi and Syed Muhammad Mahdi. The main battle took place in

120-532: A matam as well, which is why blades and swords were carried to the grounds. In a letter to the government at Fort William, Lindsay mentions that the Muslim rebels first killed Dewan Manik Chand in his house before setting many parts of the town to fire. At 5 p.m., the Hindus returned to Lindsay's house where they showed their marks of attack on their body. However, it is unknown whether this true as other sources claim that

180-478: A Ta'zieh ceremony never leave the stage. The stage is elevated between one and two feet from the ground and split into four areas: one for the protagonists, antagonists, smaller subplots, and props. Unlike most other theater traditions, especially Western theater traditions, the Ta'zieh stage and its use of props were minimalist and stark. All tekyehs are designed so that the Ta'zieh performance happens in-the-round to create

240-560: A kind of passion play is a kind of comprehensive indigenous form considered as being the national form of Iranian theatre which have pervasive influence in the Iranian works of drama and play. It originates from some famous mythologies and rites such as Mithraism, Sug-e-Siavush (Mourning for Siavush) and Yadegar-e-Zariran or Memorial of Zarir. The ta'zieh tradition originated in Iran in the late 17th century. Mourning for Siavosh as reflected in literature

300-446: A more intense experience between the actors and the audience. This enabled spectators to feel like they were part of the action on stage and sometimes encouraged them to become physically active members of the performance; it was also not unusual for combat scenes to occur behind the audience. Costumes for a Ta'zieh ritual are what is considered representational in terms of theater. They are not meant to present reality. The main goal of

360-508: A performance involved a great deal of effort, a ta'ziyeh group would usually perform in the same place for several days, mixing the Muharram repertory with what we can call the fringe ta'ziyeh plays. Among these plays, we finally come across comedies, or more accurately, satires, concerning various perceived enemies of the Shiites. In particular, these satires concentrated on Umar, Uthman, and Abu Bakr,

420-703: A power struggle in the decision of control of the Muslim community (called the caliph ) after the death of Muhammad. Today, we know of 250 ta'zieh pieces. They were collected by an Italian ambassador to Iran, Cherulli, and added to a collection that can be found in the Vatican Library. Ta'zieh play texts were translated from Persian into French, by Aleksander Chodźko, the Polish orientalist, into Ukrainian by Ahatanhel Krymsky, Ukrainian orientalist, and into German by Davud Monshizadeh , Iranian Orientalist. Various other scripts can be found scattered throughout Iran. Ta'zieh as

480-551: A series of three live ta'zieh plays in Rome in 2002. Kiarostami also made a documentary movie titled, "A Look to Ta'zieh" in which he explores the relationship of the audience to this theatrical form. Film director, Nasser Taghvaee also made a documentary on titled, "Tamrin e Akhar". In 2001, Parviz Jahed directed the documentary film Ta'zieh; Another Narration, exploring the mythological, religious, and ritual elements of Ta'zieh and its connection to Soug-e Siavash (Siavash's mourning) in

540-588: A valid pretext for producers to use stories other than the Shiite martyrdom tragedies to entertain people. Through the guriz, all human conditions are directly or indirectly related to the suffering and tragic death of the "Martyrs of Karbala," regardless of whether the story takes place before or after the Karbala massacre. The Cerulli collection, housed in the Vatican library , contains some 1,05,05 ta'ziyeh manuscripts collected by

600-511: A would-be secular theatre. The decline of ta'ziyeh began in response to the interference and opposition of several elements and forces. To begin with, during the last years of the Qajar rule, although ta'ziyeh never lost its popularity, the support of the court and the well-to-do started to wane, causing the ta'ziyeh performers to seek sponsorship from the lower strata of society. 'After Nasser al-Din Shah ,

660-565: Is a manifestation of all the prominent characteristics of our Islamic Shabihkhani. "Some believe that Iman Hossein's tragedy as depicted in Taziah is the next recreation of the legend of Siavosh" There are two branches of Islam ; the Sunni and the Shi'i. The Sunnis make up about 85-90% of Muslims, but the ta'zieh tradition is performed by Shia Muslims during the first month of the Muslim calendar, Muharram, one of

SECTION 10

#1732858284956

720-450: Is one of the best examples. While in the West the two major genres of drama have been comedy and tragedy , in Iran, ta'zieh seems to be the dominant genre. Considered as Iranian opera, ta'zieh resembles European opera in many respects. Iranian cinema and Iranian symphonic music have been influenced by the long tradition of ta'zieh in Iran. Abbas Kiarostami , the noted film maker, held

780-608: Is said to have been the Jamadar himself. Lindsay mentions that 4 rebels died and many were injured. After the incident took place, Lindsay took his wounded soldiers to his hall where his rope-maker, Job Hinton, stitched up their wounds and provided treatment. Lindsay also imprisoned many important Muslims from the town as hostages in his home. Nevertheless, this was short-lasted as one of Lindsay's men known as Beck and other Europeans requested their release fearing another revolt as they reported seeing Muslim men lighting torches and fires around

840-669: The Dargah of Shah Jalal , he sensed some danger and also perceived it as a "potential hotbed of resistance". During this period, Mubarak Ali Khan was the Nawab of Bengal under the crumbling Mughal Empire ruled by Shah Alam II and Warren Hastings was the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William . In 1781, the region was afflicted with a major flood. Many farmlands and crops were damaged spreading famine throughout Sylhet . A third of

900-720: The Jhornar Par neighbourhood in Sylhet . This was an influential family descended from Syed Hamzah Shersowari , a companion of Shah Jalal who participated in the Muslim conquest of the region in 1303 CE and then settled atop the Jhornar Par hill where he lies buried in a mazar . The Pirzada's followers were not only in Sylhet, but also Mymensingh , Tippera (Comilla) and nearby areas. Muslims from across Bengal and Assam would travel to Sylhet during

960-644: The Mughal -built Sylhet Shahi Eidgah and its surrounding hills. In 1778, the British East India Company appointed Robert Lindsay as the Supervisor or Collector of Sylhet. During his leadership, Lindsay started to trade chunam (limestone), rattan , betel nut and elephants found in the Sylhet region . This business of Lindsay's stirred hate throughout the region. Lindsay describes in his autobiography, Anecdotes of an Indian life , that during his visit to

1020-622: The 10th day of Muharram and first month of the Islamic calendar in Plaine Verte within the capital city Port Louis Mauritius . Tabuik made from bamboo, rattan and paper is a local manifestation of the Remembrance of Muharram among the Minangkabau people in the coastal regions of West Sumatra , Indonesia , particularly in the city of Pariaman culminates with practice of throwing a tabuik into

1080-424: The 19th century and women painted scenes from Ta'Zieh performances on the stage on canvases and recorded history. This was a huge step in the history of islamic art . In Iranian Ta'zieh, the space is very important. Originally, Ta'zieh dramas, like other Western passion plays , were performed in a public arena, allowing large audiences to convene. They later moved to smaller spaces like courtyards and spaces within

1140-585: The 19th century by indentured labourers to British, Dutch and French colonies. Notable regions outside of South Asia where such processions are performed include: In the Caribbean it is known as Tadjah and was brought by Shia Muslims who arrived there as indentured labourers from the Indian subcontinent. Since 1790 in Mauritius the practice is known as Ghoon Festival or Yamsé . A group of believers celebrate

1200-580: The English is at an end  – Pirzada to Lindsay In the evening, the Pirzada led a tazia procession of 300 alongside his brothers, Syed Muhammad Hadi and Syed Muhammad Mahdi (known locally as Hada Miah & Mada Miah). Many local civilians of the Muslim faith were also present during this procession. The parade marched through the Shahi Eidgah in Sylhet . The Mourning of Muharram consisted of

1260-564: The Hindus were not involved during the day as during that time the Muslims were scattering on top of the hills around the Eidgah instead of being situated in the lowlands where inhabitants lived. Lindsay then informed Masud Bakht , the Head Qanungo (Registrar) of Sylhet, and told his Muslim jamadar to ready 20 sepoys and go to the eidgah . Lindsay joined later on, marching with 30 more sepoys towards

SECTION 20

#1732858284956

1320-688: The Iranian Revolution of 1978-79, where he produced and directed several dramas from the ta'ziyeh cycle. He subsequently produced ta'ziyeh performances at the Festival d'Avignon in France in 1992, and most notably at the Lincoln Center Festival in New York City in 2002 featuring performers from traditional taziyeh troupes in Iran, to widespread critical praise. This production and its preparation

1380-515: The Italian Ambassador, Enrico Cerulli, between the years 195o and 1955. These five mnuscripts are (I) The Majles-e Amir Teymour, (2) The Dervish of the Desert, (3) Mansar Halldj, Shams-e Tabriz and Mulla of Ram, (4) The Majles-e Shahanshah- Iran, Nasser al-Din Shah, and (5) Majles of Tax Collection by Muinolbu. These manuscripts shed a light on the process by which Ta'ziyeh gradually branched off into

1440-803: The Mazandaran province. The film was selected for the 44th Festival dei Popoli in Florence, Italy and the First Iranian Festival in Berkeley, CA, both in late 2003, and the third annual Tiburon International Film Festival in Tiburon, CA in early 2004. Mohammad B. Ghaffari introduced renowned theatre directors Peter Brook and Jerzy Grotowski to ta'ziyeh during the Shiraz Arts Festival in Shiraz, Iran prior to

1500-497: The Pirzada, causing him to pass away. The sepoys then discharged a platoon allowing Lindsay to then set off and leave the premise. As Lindsay was about to leave, he saw a wounded elderly man dropped on his feet after being attacked by a sepoy. Lindsay told the sepoy to stop as he picked the man back up and saved him. Both Mada and Hada Miah also died with the latter being shot dead by Lindsay himself. Lindsay mentions that one of his sepoys died and 6 were left injured. The sepoy that died

1560-475: The Qajar period thanks, in particular, to the great interest shown by the Qajar Kings, especially Nasser al-Din Shah (1848-1896). A most important development during this period is that "due to popular demand," performances of ta'ziyeh were no longer restricted to the month of Muharram and the following month of Safar, but extended to other times throughout the year. In the beginning, there were only certain dates in

1620-670: The Shahnameh. The film features insights from prominent researchers and Ta'zieh experts such as Bahram Beyzai , Peter J. Chelkowski , Jaber Anasori, Laleh Taghian, and Abdul-Ali Khalili, a Ta'zieh director and performer. They discuss various aspects of this sacred ritual drama, including its dramatic structure and performance techniques. The analysis focuses on the Imam-Hossain and his brother Hazrat-e Abbas Ta'zieh, performed and filmed in rural northern Iran, particularly in Shavy-Laasht village in

1680-447: The Shiite calendar when ta'ziyeh could be performed. For example, the ta'ziyeh of the martyrdom of Ali, the first Shiite Imam and the fourth caliph, was performed on the 21st of Ramadan, the day Ali died from a sword wound. Popular appreciation of this dramatic form encouraged the growth of the ta'ziyeh repertory. Other stories from the Islamic tradition as well as biblical stories and Iranian national legends were incorporated. Since staging

1740-411: The Ta'zieh performance ritual. Almost all women in these rituals were played by young males, however on some occasions little girls under the age of nine were able to fulfill small roles. Women were traditionally played by males who would wear all black and veil their faces. During the festival period, the tekyehs were lavishly decorated by the women of the community that the performance took place, with

1800-419: The case may be. The authors of ta'ziyeh plays, by utilizing guriz, created an opening for the introduction of non-Shiite plays into the ta'ziyeh repertory. They simply employed this theatrical technique as a digression: in the secular ta'ziyeh there is usually a glance at one of the events of Karbala, often toward the end of the play, but this varies depending on the action of the play. The device of guriz provided

1860-437: The color of their costume is how they deliver their lines. The protagonists or family of Imam Hussein sing or chant their lines and the villains will declaim their lines. If a person is traveling in a circle on or around the stage, that meant they were going a long distance (usually represented the distance between Mecca and Karbala). Traveling in a straight line represented a shorter distance traveled. Often animals were used in

Muharram Rebellion - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-490: The conflict, he came across a Bengali Muslim man from Sylhet named Saeed Ullah whilst visiting the house of his clergyman, Mr Small. After engaging in a conversation, Lindsay found out that Saeed came as an attendant of Mr Small's son, who was the ship purser. Saeed mentioned his intention to hunt down the Pirzada's killer and avenge his death. He was also the son of the old man whom Lindsay had saved. Upon finding out Lindsay's identity, Saeed drew his sword which Lindsay avoided. As

1980-442: The costume design was not to be historically accurate, but to help the audience recognize which type of character they were looking at. Villains were the Sunni opponents of Imam Hussein. They are always dressed in red. The protagonists, family members of Hussein, were dressed in green if they were male characters. Anyone about to die was in white. Women were always portrayed by men in all black. One way to distinguish character besides

2040-437: The eidgah, with some riding on horses. Armed with over 50 contingents, he ordered the rebels to surrender, however they fled towards the hills surrounding the field. This led to Lindsay and his men to attack the rebels and they followed them to the hills. Lindsay approached the Pirzada, ready for a swordfight . The Pirzada broke Lindsay's sword with his talwar . The Muslim jamadar quickly gave Lindsay his pistol. Lindsay then shot

2100-428: The end of Muharram. The Tekyeh Dowlat was a permanent space built in 1868, but was torn down 79 years later in 1947 due to lack of use and replaced by a bank. Its capacity was 4,000. They varied in size fitting anywhere between a dozen to thousands of spectators. Tekyehs were somewhat open-air, but almost always had awnings of sorts atop the building to shield the spectators and actors from sun and rain. All performers in

2160-519: The four sacred months of the Islam calendar. The ta'zieh is performed each year on the 10th day of Muharram, a historically significant day for the Shia Muslims because that was the day of Hussein's slaughter. Each year the same story is told, so the spectators know the story very well and know what to expect. However, this does not negatively affect audience levels. A strong belief in the Muslim community

2220-499: The glory and the importance of ta'ziyeh gradually diminished but its popularity was conserved. The professional troupes which were newly formed toured the cities all year round and performed". The rural population did not enjoy the sophistication (or perhaps the decadence) of the more advanced urban society. They were definitely more interested in the traditional ta'ziyeh and had no interest in comical developments in their yearly mourning ritual. Women were not considered active members of

2280-486: The government should not be allowed to be honoured. He also sent a letter, on 14 December, to the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William , Warren Hastings , of the event. Reinforcements of troops were considered in order to increase defence in the region in case of another rebellion, as two days remained of the Muharram festival which lasts for 10 days, ending at Ashura . Lindsay mentioned that although two days remained, he

2340-648: The homes of private citizens, but eventually ended up being performed in temporarily constructed performance spaces called tekyehs or husseiniyehs. The most famous tekyeh is called the Tekyeh Dowlat . It was built by the King of Iran, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and was situated in the capital of Iran , Tehran . Tekyehs (with the exception of the Tekyeh Dowlat) were almost always constructed for temporary use and then demolished at

2400-424: The importation of subjects foreign to the main topic into the ta'ziyeh plays without creating any technical or moral problems: guriz. The word guriz is the verbal noun of gurikhtan, which means, "to flee." In ta'ziyeh this word, combined with the aux-iliary verb zadan, acquired a very specific meaning: "to refer to the events of Kar-bala." In English "guriz zadan", could be replaced by "flashback" or "flash forward," as

2460-559: The lion is not real, and is just represented by a man wearing a mask of some sort. Shia Muslims organise a Ta'zieh (locally spelled as Ta'zīya, Tazia, Tabut or Taboot) procession on the day of Ashura in South Asia . The artwork is a colorfully painted bamboo and paper mausoleum. This ritual procession is also observed by South Asian Muslims throughout present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as in countries with large historical South Asian diaspora communities established during

Muharram Rebellion - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-448: The month of Muharram for the processions. আমরা কি ফিরিঙ্গিদের কুকুর যে তাদের হুকুম তামিল করবো? Amra ki firiṅgider kukur je tader hukum tamil kôrbo? Are we the dogs of these firingis (foreigners), that we take orders from them? আজ মারবার অথবা মরবার দিন Aj marbar ôthôba môrbar din Today is the day to kill or to die, ইংরেজ রাজত্ব আজ খতম Ingrez rajôttô aj khôtôm The reign of

2580-462: The performance of a Ta'zieh. Often performers of Ta'zieh were on horseback. Most men from the time they were young would train to be able to ride a horse because it was an honor in Persian culture to be part of the Ta'zieh, especially to play a character who rode horseback. There were often other animals used in the tradition as well. These other animals were: camels, sheep or sometimes even a lion. Usually

2640-490: The prized personal possessions of the local community. Refreshments were prepared by women and served to the spectators by the children of well-off families. Society women were invited to watch the performance from the boxes above the general viewing area. Generally the audience consisted of the more well-off families as they regarded Ta'zieh as entertainment, while the lower-class community members thought of it as an important religious ritual. The Ta'Zieh gained popularity during

2700-695: The procession together, the Tazia procession have also been historic occasions for communal conflicts between Sunni and Shia Muslims and between Hindu and Muslim communities since the 18th century, most notably the Muharram Rebellion which took place in Sylhet and was the first ever anti-British rebellion in the Indian subcontinent . Also in the Sylhet region , a riot took place between the Muslim and Hindu communities, even though Sylhet's Faujdar Ganar Khan tried to prevent it from forming, due to Tazia coinciding with

2760-540: The region's population died due to its effects. This increased hate between the two communities as the natives accused the British of failure in minimising the flood's consequences. It is said that Lindsay sent a letter to the government in Fort William to excise taxes during this period. This request of his was declined. Lindsay mentions in his autobiography that he was approached by the native Hindus at his home in which he

2820-400: The region, time, occasion, religion, etc. the word can signify different cultural meanings and practices: Ta'zieh, primarily known from the Iranian tradition, is a Shia Islam ritual that reenacts the death of Hussein (the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandson) and his male children and companions in a brutal massacre on the plains of Karbala, Iraq in the year 680 AD. His death was the result of

2880-460: The scene calmed down, the two men made peace and Lindsay obliged Saeed to make a curry for his family. Saeed agreed, although the Lindsay family were suspicious on whether the dish was poisonous as Saeed never tasted it once while preparing it. Lindsay denied this as he mentioned that he had never had a better curry in his life, and acknowledged the fact that Saeed only ate halal meat ( dhabihah ) which

2940-622: The sea has taken place every year in Pariaman on the 10th of Muharram since 1831 when it was introduced to the region by Shia Muslim sepoy troops from India who were stationed and later settled there during the British Raj . During the colonial-era in British India, the ta'zieh (ta'zīya) tradition was not only practiced by Shia Muslims and other Muslims but joined by Hindus. Along with occasions for Shia Muslims and Hindus to participate in

3000-401: The three caliphs who, according to popular Shiite belief, were instrumental in preventing Ali from becoming the first caliph/Imam after the death of Muhammad. It is theoretically possible to incorporate any event, from the day of creation to the day of judgment, into the repertory of ta'ziyeh. This is possible through a very important theatrical device that played a crucial role in facilitating

3060-399: The town. Lindsay sent another military force to the town, not because there was another revolt, rather the Muslims were burying their dead men and required light due to it being late at night. Hada and Mada Miah were buried next to Sylhet Shahi Eidgah at a place now located east of Nayasarak Madrasa and west of Nayasarak missionary church. Lindsay then issued a statement stating that rebels to

SECTION 50

#1732858284956

3120-511: The tradition has been seen in non-Iranian cities like Avignon and Paris in France, Parma and Rome in Italy, and New York City. In Iranian culture it refers to condolence theater and Naqqali which are traditional Persian theatrical genres in which the drama is conveyed wholly or predominantly through music and singing. It dates from before the Islamic era and the tragedy of Saiawush in Shahnameh

3180-400: Was a faqir who urgently desired to speak to him. The faqir then came inside and complained of how he had been robbed of all his belongings. As a short discussion took place, the faqir then suddenly took out a poignard from his cummerbund and struck Hamilton, who pushed it back to the faqir's chest. The faqir died a few days later. After Lindsay's return to Scotland many years succeeding

3240-419: Was clear that they were not trying to depict another person that Allah did not create. The ritual was eventually banned by the authorities in Iran because the ritual was being exploited for political advances. Ta'zieh is not performed regularly in Iran and has not been seen at all in certain provinces of the region since 1920. France was the first non-Muslim country that ta'zieh was performed in 1991. Since then,

3300-416: Was informed of the uprising by the Muslims. The Hindus informed him that the Muslims planned an attack on the British government as well as some Hindu temples in Sylhet town . It is considered that this rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims existed due to the Hindus siding with British rather than helping the Muslims. Lindsay dismissed the Hindus as he could see no signs of riot and he was also aware that it

3360-448: Was not expecting any more trouble from the local people as main " desperadoes " were killed and the survivors had suffered too much. This first uprising in the subcontinent inspired many others in the subcontinent. It also made the British rule even more unpopular in the Sylhet region , with the death of the Pirzada. A few months after the incident, Lindsay was having dinner his friend Hamilton. Lindsay's servant informed Lindsay that there

3420-673: Was presented in a documentary film, The Troupe , directed by Rabeah Ghaffari. The appearance of the characteristic dramatic form of Persia known as the ta'zïye Mu'izz ad-Dawla , the king of Buyid dynasty , in 963. As soon as the Safavid dynasty was established in Persia in 1501 and the Shiism of the Twelvers adopted as the official sect, the state took interest in theater as a tool of propagating Shiism. The development of ta'ziyeh reached its peak during

3480-414: Was that nothing created by regular people could be better than the way Allah created it, so all other creation was deemed disrespectful. Because of this, there are not many accounts-visually or otherwise- of this religious tradition. During the tradition it was very important that all spectators knew the actors were not disrespecting Allah, so most often, the actors had their scripts on stage with them so it

3540-497: Was the Islamic month of Muharram in which the Muslims would be busy preparing for Ashura , which was just a few days away. Lindsay also mentions that it was uncommon for the Muslims to be violent, most probably due to the fact that Muharram is a sacred month in Islam, during which warfare is forbidden. One narrative identifies the rebellion's leading Pirzada as the head of the Syeds of

3600-675: Was the reason behind him not tasting it. The northern hill of Sylhet Shahi Eidgah is named after Hada and Mada Miah, who fought on top of that exact hill. Robert Lindsay (Sylhet) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 754072470 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:31:25 GMT Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya in South Asia Depending on

#955044