38-403: Mughal Serai is a caravanserai situated at village Shambhu on Sher Shah Suri Marg , near Rajpura at 30°26′06″N 76°41′06″E / 30.435°N 76.685°E / 30.435; 76.685 . The serai was built during Sher Shah Suri's reign along with many others caravanserais during the construction of Grand Trunk Road in the 16th century. It provided shelter to travelers on
76-407: A rab' , a low-income rental apartment complex, which was situated on the upper floors while the merchant accommodations occupied the lower floors. While making the best use of limited space in a crowded city, this provided the building with two sources of revenue which were managed through the waqf system. Alphabetically, not taking article (al-, el-, etc.) into consideration. "The whole of
114-670: A caravanserai building (like in the külliye of the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul) or drew revenues from one in the area (such as the Wikala al-Ghuri in Cairo, which was built to contribute revenues for the nearby complex of Sultan al-Ghuri ). Most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. The courtyard
152-453: A clipping of Middle Persian : 𐭡𐭩𐭲𐭠 , romanized: xānag , lit. 'house'. It could refer to an urban caravanserai built within a town or a city or to any caravanserai in general, including those built in the countryside and along desert routes. In Turkish the word is rendered as han . The same word was used in Bosnian and Bulgarian, having arrived through
190-523: A common feature not only along the Silk Road, but also along the Achaemenid Empire 's Royal Road , a 2,500-kilometre-long (1,600 mi) ancient highway that stretched from Sardis to Susa according to Herodotus : "Now the true account of the road in question is the following: Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravanserais; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and
228-613: A fountain or a sabil/sebil . They kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies. Some shops bought goods from the travelling merchants. Many caravanserais were equipped with small mosques, such as the elevated examples in the Seljuk and Ottoman caravanserais in Turkey. In Cairo, starting in the Burji Mamluk period, wikala s (urban caravanserais) were frequently several stories tall and often included
266-727: A garden in it. It was looked after by a set of officers, viz., r *a,h Imam, a Mu'azzin and some watermen, appointed by the State* Inside. It has been well-maintained by the Punjab Archaeology Department as a tourist spot. This article relating to archaeology in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Indian building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Caravanserai A caravanserai (or caravansary ; / k ær ə ˈ v æ n s ə ˌ r aɪ / )
304-871: A number of okelle s delineating the Place des Consuls (the main square of Alexandria's European quarter), which served as consular mansions, a European-style hotel, and a stock exchange, among other functions. Kāṭrā ( Bengali : কাটরা ) is the name given to the caravanserais built by the Mughal Empire in Bengal . The Bara Katra (Bengali: বড় কাটরা , romanized: Baṛa Kāṭrā , lit. 'Great Caravanserai') and Chhota Katra (Bengali: ছোট কাটরা , romanized: Chōṭa kāṭrā , lit. 'Small Caravanserai') refers to two magnificent Mughal katras in Dhaka , Bangladesh . Caravanserais were
342-614: A year. In the 1530s, the Kingdom of Hungary had remained in control of the forts on the south bank of the Sava and Jajce . Jajce Fortress was finally taken by the Ottomans in 1527. The House of Berislavić controlled the region of Usora in the north until it in turn succumbed in the 1530s. Parts of southwestern Bosnia were sectioned into the Sanjak of Klis , which was formed in 1537 subordinated to
380-432: Is funduq which has a director living there with a company of horse and foot. After sunset or nightfall the director comes to the funduq with his secretary and writes down the names of all the travellers who will pass the night there, seals it and locks the door of the funduq . In the morning he and his secretary come and call everybody by name and write down a record. He sends someone with the travellers to conduct them to
418-468: Is a term found frequently in historic Cairo for an urban caravanserai which housed merchants and their goods and served as a center for trade, storage, transactions and other commercial activity. The word wikala means roughly "agency" in Arabic , in this case a commercial agency, which may also have been a reference to the customs offices that could be located here to deal with imported goods. The term khan
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#1732856218340456-498: Is also rendered as caravansary , caravansaray , caravanseray , caravansara , and caravansarai . In scholarly sources, it is often used as an umbrella term for multiple related types of commercial buildings similar to inns or hostels, whereas the actual instances of such buildings had a variety of names depending on the region and the local language. However, the term was typically preferred for rural inns built along roads outside of city walls. The word khan ( خان ) derives from
494-721: Is free from danger." Other significant urban caravanserais were built along the Grand Trunk Road in the Indian subcontinent , especially in the region of Mughal Delhi and Bengal Subah . Throughout most of the Islamic period (seventh century and after), caravanserais were a common type of structure both in the rural countryside and in dense urban centers across the Middle East , North Africa , and Ottoman Europe. A number of 12th to 13th-century caravanserais or han s were built throughout
532-698: Is frequently used for historic inns around the Maghreb . The word comes from Koinē Greek : πανδοκεῖον , romanized: welcoming all; an inn ; it appears as Hebrew : פונדק , romanized : pundaq , fundaco in Venice , fondaco in Genoa and alhóndiga or fonda in Spanish. In the cities of this region such buildings were also frequently used as housing for artisan workshops. The Arabic word wikala ( وكالة ), sometimes spelled wakala or wekala ,
570-467: The Islamic world , and were often called other names such as khan , wikala , or funduq . Caravanserai ( Persian : کاروانسرای , romanized : kārvānsarāy ), is the Persian compound word variant combining kārvān " caravan " with -sarāy "palace", "building with enclosed courts". Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims or other travellers, engaged in long-distance travel. The word
608-718: The Ottoman conquest . In addition to Turkish and Persian, the term was widely used in Arabic as well, and examples of such buildings are found throughout the Middle East from as early as the Umayyad Caliphate . The term han is also used in Romanian being adopted from Ottoman Turkish. The term funduq ( Arabic : فندق ; sometimes spelled foundouk or fondouk from the French transliteration)
646-743: The Seljuk Empire , many examples of which have survived across Turkey today (e.g. the large Sultan Han in Aksaray Province ) as well as in Iran (e.g. the Ribat of Sharaf in Khorasan province ). Urban versions of caravanserais also became important centers of economic activity in cities across these different regions of the Muslim world, often concentrated near the main bazaar areas, with many examples still standing in
684-551: The Bosnian Kingdom went into decline. In the 1410s, local noblemen Hrvoje Vukčić of the House of Hrvatinić , Sandalj Hranić of the House of Kosača and Pavle Radenović of the House of Pavlović controlled large swaths of territory once controlled by Tvrtko, and effectively controlled the Kingdom by aligning themselves with competing branches of the House of Kotromanić . In 1413, a conflict escalated between Hrvoje and Sandalj while
722-720: The Bosnian sanjak. In 1480, the Sanjak of Zvornik was formed but subordinated to the Beglerbey of Budim . Even though the Bosnian Kingdom fell, there were several fortresses that resisted much longer – the last fortress in Herzegovina fell in 1481. The House of Kosača maintained the Duchy of Saint Sava as an Ottoman vassal state until 1482. In 1481, after the death of Mehmed II , Matthias Corvinus invaded Bosnia again and reached Vrhbosna ( Sarajevo ), but all of those gains were undone within
760-448: The Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, Mahmud Pasha also invaded Herzegovina and besieged Blagaj after which Herceg Stjepan conceded a truce that required ceding all of his lands north of Blagaj to the Ottomans. The Ottoman territory in Bosnia continued to be expanded into newly-established sanjaks: the Sanjak of Herzegovina was formed in the 1470, subordinated to the beglerbey of Rumelia like
798-420: The Muslim world, caravanserais also provided revenues that were used to fund charitable or religious functions or buildings. These revenues and functions were managed through a waqf , a protected agreement which gave certain buildings and revenues the status of mortmain endowments guaranteed under Islamic law . Many major religious complexes in the Ottoman and Mamluk empires, for example, either included
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#1732856218340836-484: The Ottoman Empire several decades to conquer it. Military units of the Ottoman Empire made many raids into feudal principalities in the western Balkans at the end of the 14th century, some of them into territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, long before the conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom. The first Ottoman raids led by Timurtash-Pasha happened in the eastern parts of Bosnia in 1384. The Battle of Bileća in 1388
874-403: The Ottomans, and this territory came under its firm control. Herzegovina gradually fell to the Ottomans by 1482. It took another century for the western parts of today's Bosnia to succumb to Ottoman attacks, ending with the capture of Bihać in 1592. The entire territory that is today known as Bosnia and Herzegovina was not conquered by the Ottoman Empire at once in a single battle, but it took
912-516: The Serbian Empire or Despotate to designate border regions where the emperor or despot had not established solid and firm control due to raids from hostile neighboring provinces. The militarized territories that would later receive the name Bosansko Krajište (lit. Bosnian Frontierland ) were thus governed by the same Ottoman administration, based in Skopje. After the death of King Tvrtko I in 1391,
950-399: The centre of Sheki has been proclaimed a reserve protected by the state. To take you back to the time of the caravans, two large eighteenth-century caravanserais have been preserved with spacious courtyards where the camels used to rest, cellars where goods were stored, and rooms for travellers." Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
988-634: The death of King Stjepan Tomašević . The Siege of Jajce ensued shortly thereafter in which the Kingdom of Hungary retook the Jajce Fortress . The victory was hailed at Matthias Corvinus 's court as a restoration of the Kingdom of Bosnia, then under Hungarian sovereignty. The Hungarians formed the Banate of Jajce after that. Isa-beg became the first sanjakbey of the Bosnian Sanjak in 1464. After taking
1026-423: The first Ottoman censuses in the western Balkans. By the end of this period, in the 1460s, the territory of the Kingdom of Bosnia was significantly reduced, with the Ottoman Empire controlling the entirety of today's eastern Bosnia, as far north as Šamac , and Herceg Stjepan under control of all of today's Herzegovina as far north as Glamoč . The Ottoman conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia ended in 1463 with
1064-408: The historic areas of Damascus , Aleppo , Cairo , Istanbul , Fes , etc. Ibn Battuta , a 14th-century Muslim traveler, described the function of a caravenserai in the region of China: China is the safest and best country for the traveller. A man travels for nine months alone with great wealth and has nothing to fear. What is responsible for this is that in every post station in their country
1102-475: The journey between Lahore and Delhi . Sher Shah paid great attention to the development of the means of communication and transportation. His name is intimately associated with the construction of roads and highways on a large scale. The longest of his roads was the one running from Sunargaon to the Indus. Besides this, there were many other important roads which were so dexterously planted that they linked almost all
1140-600: The latter was helping Stefan Lazarević fight the Ottomans in Serbia ; subsequently, Hrvoje allied himself with the Ottomans, who invaded Bosnia in May 1414, which prompted a subsequent invasion by the troops of the Kingdom of Hungary . In a major battle in August 1415 that took place either near Doboj or in the Lašva Valley , the Ottomans won a major victory, upsetting the balance of power in
1178-406: The next post station and he brings back a certificate from the director of the funduq confirming that they have all arrived. If he does not do this he is answerable for them. This is the procedure in every post station in their country from Sin al-Sin to Khan Baliq. In them is everything the traveller needs by way of provisions, especially hens and geese. Sheep are rare among them. In many parts of
Mughal Serai - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-508: The region. The first permanent presence of Ottoman armies in Bosnia was established in 1414, after the region near Donji Vakuf (known as Bosnian Skoplje in medieval times) was captured. In period between 1414 and 1418, the Ottoman Empire conquered Foča , Pljevlja , Čajniče and Nevesinje . During the same year Višegrad and Sokol were captured too. In 1415, Sandalj Hranić, who controlled today's eastern Herzegovina, became an Ottoman vassal. Isa-Beg Isaković organized in 1455 one of
1254-469: The strategic cities of the empire to the Imperial Capital. Of them, three deserve specific mention at this place: (1) from Agra to Burhanpur, (2) from Agra via Bianah to the borders of Marwar, and (3) from Lahore to Multan. On both sides of these roads shady trees were planted and at intervals serais were constructed for the comfort and convenience of travellers. Each of the serais had a well, a mosque and
1292-516: Was a process that started roughly in 1386, when the first Ottoman attacks on the Kingdom of Bosnia took place. In 1451, more than 65 years after its initial attacks, the Ottoman Empire officially established the Bosansko Krajište (Bosnian Frontier), an interim borderland military administrative unit , an Ottoman frontier, in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1463, the Kingdom fell to
1330-477: Was a roadside inn where travelers ( caravaners ) could rest and recover from the day's journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa and Southeast Europe , most notably the Silk Road . Often located along rural roads in the countryside, urban versions of caravanserais were also historically common in cities throughout
1368-450: Was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical animal stalls , bays, niches or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise. Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing and ritual purification such as wudu and ghusl . Sometimes they had elaborate public baths ( hammams ), or other attached amenities such as
1406-624: Was also frequently used for this type of building in Egypt. The term okelle or okalle , the Italianized rendering of the Arabic word wikala , is used for a type of large urban buildings in 19th century Egypt, specifically in Alexandria . Here, the older Egyptian wikala was reinterpreted in an Italianate style by the Italian architect Francesco Mancini . Directed by Muhammad Ali , he designed and built
1444-671: Was the first battle of the Ottoman army on the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina . It soon won important victories against the regional feudal lords in the Battle of Marica (1371) and Battle of Kosovo (1389). In 1392, the Ottomans established the Skopsko Krajište after the capture of Skopje , the capital of the Serbian Empire between 1346-1371; the term krajište ( крајиште ) had originally served as an administrative unit of
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