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38-819: Its catchment area above the Kabo weir is 12,355 square kilometres (4,770 sq mi). River flow and rainfall are both seasonal and erratic, at its lowest from January to April, rising sharply during May and June, and high from August to October. Because the Mu lies within the Dry Zone in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains , it receives scanty summer monsoon rainfall with a total streamflow of 350 millimetres (14 in). An old popular expression in Burmese goes thus: Ma myinbu, Mu myit htin ( မမြင်ဖူး မူးမြစ်ထင် ) - If you haven't seen

76-608: A 95-metre long reclining Buddha statue. Another attraction is the Phowintaung cave complex across the Chindwin River, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Monywa. Nyaung-gan Bronze Age cemetery , dated to between 1,500 BCE and 500 BCE, in Budalin with bronze tools, ceramics and stone artifacts is 60 minutes travel on a narrow road north of Monywa. Very few tourists visit Monywa as its facilities are limited. The city

114-482: A negative effect on fish species that migrate as part of their breeding cycle (e.g., salmonids ), but it also can be useful as a method of preventing invasive species moving upstream. For example, weirs in the Great Lakes region have helped to prevent invasive sea lamprey from colonising farther upstream. Mill ponds are created by a weir that impounds water that then flows over the structure. The energy created by

152-415: A range of biota , including poor swimmers. Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically called a hydraulic jump —can submerge a person indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to canoeists, kayakers, and others who spend time on rivers that they even have

190-507: A river before, you'd think the Mu is it. It may also be called Mu Chaung (creek) rather than Mu Myit (river) by some. The wooded upper Mu valley is populated by the Kadu and Ganan minorities , whereas the fertile lower valley constitutes part of the heartlands of the ethnic majority Bamar . In 1503, the Mongyang State attacked and took the northern garrison town of Myedu that guarded

228-416: A rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines". The Ohio DNR recommends that a victim should "tuck the chin down, draw the knees up to the chest with arms wrapped around them. Hopefully, conditions will be such that the current will push the victim along the bed of the river until swept beyond the boil line and released by the hydraulic." The Pennsylvania State Police also recommends to victims, "curl up, dive to

266-449: A weir is broad-crested for much of its length, but has a section where the weir stops or is 'open' so that small boats and fish can traverse the structure. A notch weir is any weir where the physical barrier is significantly higher than the water level except for a specific notch (often V-shaped) cut into the panel. At times of normal flow all the water must pass through the notch, simplifying flow volume calculations, and at times of flood

304-405: Is a flat-crested structure, where the water passes over a crest that covers much or all of the channel width. This is one of the most common types of weir found worldwide. A compound weir is any weir that comprises several different designs into one structure. They are commonly seen in locations where a river has multiple users who may need to bypass the structure. A common design would be one where

342-473: Is a generic relationship and specific calculations are available for the many different types of weir. Flow measurement weirs must be well maintained if they are to remain accurate. The flow over a V-notch weir (in ft /s) is given by the Kindsvater–Shen equation: where As weirs are a physical barrier, they can impede the longitudinal movement of fish and other animals up and down a river. This can have

380-473: Is known for the strength of the fabric and its checked patterns. Monywa's rough cotton blankets are famous throughout Myanmar (with Monywa providing 80% of the country's blankets for a century), and some can even be found sewn up into knapsacks sold to unsuspecting tourists in Bangkok . Other regional crafts include bamboo and reed products, bullock carts and agricultural implements . The village of Kyaukka

418-638: Is native to the Mu. The Mu valley is fertile and the government's efforts to develop the region can be seen in the Mu River Valley Project. Mu River Bridge was finished in April 2000, a rail-and-road bridge that links Monywa , Budalin , Dabayin , Ye-U and Kin-U . From Kin-U it links with the Mandalay - Myitkyina railway line, and from Monywa with the Sagaing-Monywa line. Kabo Weir was constructed on

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456-561: Is said to contain over 500,000 images of Buddha . Close by is the Maha Bodhi Tahtaung Laykyun Sekkya standing Buddha statue, the 3rd tallest statue in the world, at 115.82 metres (a total of 129.23 metres, including the pedestal). This is the focal point of a sprawling site filled with Buddha statues, bodhi trees, and pagodas, established by the Maha Bodhi Ta Htaung Sayadaw in the 1960s. It includes also

494-563: Is served by the Mandalay- Budalin branch railway line, but is best reached by bus as the road from Mandalay is in reasonably good shape. Monywa is linked by road to Budalin, Dabayin , Ye-U and Kin-U , and by rail to Sagaing and the Mandalay - Myitkyina line. River transport on the Chindwin has always been important as it is navigable for 640 km (400 mi) to Hkamti during

532-456: Is well known for its lacquerware utensils for everyday use. Black market goods from India , especially saris and bicycle parts, pass through Monywa on their way to other parts of Myanmar. The major tourist attraction in Monywa is Thambuddhe Pagoda , a Buddhist temple with a huge stupa resembling Indonesia 's Borobudur . It dates from 1303, although it was reconstructed in 1939. It

570-498: The monsoon season, and most of the year to Homalin . Monywa Airport also serves the area. Monywa is a major centre for trade and commerce and for agricultural produce from the surrounding Chindwin valley, especially beans , orange , pulses and jaggery ( palm sugar ). In addition, the local industry includes mills for the production of cotton , flour , noodles , and edible oil . Sausages from Alon called wet udaunk are quite popular, and Budalin longyi (sarong)

608-564: The Mu between 1901-1907 by the British colonial administration. The largest dam and reservoir in the region at Thaphanseik for irrigation and hydroelectric power (30 MW) was also completed in May 2002 with Chinese aid. The $ 20 million project was financed by the China Import and Export Bank . Weir A weir / w ɪər / or low-head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters

646-430: The Mu next to its eastern boundary, was designated a wildlife sanctuary in 1941 for the conservation of Eld's deer ( Cervus eldi thamin ). There has been a decline in the population of large mammals since the end of World War II into the 1980s, and these include tiger, bear, leopard, gaur , banteng , dhole , muntjac and hog deer . The white-winged duck ( Cairina scutulata ), an endangered species of forest duck,

684-417: The Mu was destroyed by the retreating Imperial Japanese forces during World War II . During April and July 1943, USAF B-25s attacked the bridge between Ywataung and Monywa with little success, but accidentally hit upon a method of successful bombing on New Year's Day 1944. The 490th squadron became so proficient that they won the accolade "Burma Bridge Busters". An eyewitness report states that, at

722-502: The bottom, and swim or crawl downstream". As the hydraulic jump entrains air, the buoyancy of the water between the dam and boil line will be reduced by upward of 30%, and if a victim is unable to float, escape at the base of the dam may be the only option for survival. There are many different types of weirs and they can vary from a simple stone structure that is barely noticeable, to elaborate and very large structures that require extensive management and maintenance. A broad-crested weir

760-548: The capital Ava . The tables were turned in 1758 after King Alaungpaya ascended the Burmese throne and invaded Manipur. Descendants from Portuguese captives, the Bayingyi , were taken by King Anaukpetlun after defeating the adventurer Filipe de Brito e Nicote and settled in the area in the 17th century, still keep their Roman Catholic faith. To this day, their ancestry is discernible from their features. The railroad bridge over

798-501: The change in height of the water can then be used to power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels, and other equipment. Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high discharge. Sluice gates (or in some cases the height of the weir crest) can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of water flowing downstream. Weirs for this purpose are commonly found upstream of towns and villages and can either be automated or manually operated. By slowing

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836-466: The city's streets are lined with neem trees . Monywa and neighbouring parts of the “Dry Valley” are the only places in Southeast Asia where the hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) occurs. The city misses the tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw ) classification due to the very high temperatures and resultant high evaporation levels, alongside a long dry season. The semi-aridity has to do with

874-505: The crest of an overflow spillway on a large dam may therefore be referred to as a weir. Weirs can vary in size both horizontally and vertically, with the smallest being only a few centimetres in height whilst the largest may be many metres tall and hundreds of metres long. Some common weir purposes are outlined below. Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a simple method of measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial discharge locations. Since

912-414: The design of a weir that ensure that fish can bypass the barriers and access upstream habitats. Unlike dams, weirs do not usually prevent downstream fish migration (as water flows over the top and allows fish to bypass the structure in that water), although they can create flow conditions that injure juvenile fish. Recent studies suggest that navigation locks have also potential to provide increased access for

950-604: The flow at outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. Monywa Monywa ( Burmese : မုံရွာမြို့ ; MLCTS : muṃ rwa mrui. ; pronounced [mòʊɰ̃jwà mjo̰] ) is the largest city in Sagaing Region, Myanmar , located 136 kilometres (85 mi) north-west of Mandalay on the eastern bank of the River Chindwin . Monywa is one of the largest economic cities in Myanmar . It is also known as 'Neem City' because many of

988-414: The flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the weir crest before cascading down to a lower level. There is no single definition as to what constitutes a weir. Weir can also refer to

1026-602: The geometry of the top of the weir is known and all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a rate of flow. However, this can only be achieved in locations where all water flows over the top of the weir crest (as opposed to around the sides or through conduits or sluices) and at locations where the water that flows over the crest is carried away from the structure. If these conditions are not met, it can make flow measurement complicated, inaccurate, or even impossible. The discharge calculation can be summarised as where However, this calculation

1064-476: The irrigated Mu Valley, an important granary to the Bamar Kingdom of Ava . These attacks culminated in a full-scale invasion in 1524 and the establishment of Shan rule (1527–1555). The Kabaw Valley saw many an invasion by Manipur State to the west, most notably during the reign of Gharib Nawaz (1709–1748), when his army crossed over the Chindwin and the Mu, took Myedu, and reached as far as Sagaing opposite

1102-423: The maximum height a species can jump or creates flow conditions that cannot be bypassed (e.g., due to excessive water velocity) effectively limits the maximum point upstream that fish can migrate. In some cases this can mean that huge lengths of breeding habitat are lost, and over time this can have a significant impact on fish populations. In many countries, it is now a legal requirement to build fish ladders into

1140-413: The rate at which water moves downstream even slightly, a disproportionate effect can be had on the likelihood of flooding. On larger rivers, a weir can also alter the flow characteristics of the waterway to the point that vessels are able to navigate areas previously inaccessible due to extreme currents or eddies . Many larger weirs will have construction features that allow boats and river users to "shoot

1178-427: The river bottom) that reduces the water oxygen content and smothers invertebrate habitat and fish spawning sites. The oxygen content typically returns to normal once water has passed over the weir crest (although it can be hyper-oxygenated), although increased river velocity can scour the river bed causing erosion and habitat loss. Weirs can have a significant effect on fish migration . Any weir that exceeds either

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1216-480: The skimmer found in most in-ground swimming pools, which controls the flow of water pulled into the filtering system. The word likely originated from Middle English were , Old English wer , a derivative of the root of the verb werian, meaning "to defend, dam". The German cognate is Wehr , which means the same as English weir. Commonly, weirs are used to prevent flooding , measure water discharge, and help render rivers more navigable by boat. In some locations,

1254-410: The terms dam and weir are synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. Usually, a dam is designed specifically to impound water behind a wall, whilst a weir is designed to alter the river flow characteristics. A common distinction between dams and weirs is that water flows over the top (crest) of a weir or underneath it for at least some of its length. Accordingly,

1292-661: The time of the Depayin massacre in May 2003, most of the victims killed were burnt and the remains dumped in the Mu river. Large-leaved deciduous hardwood of the Dipterocarpus spp., mainly D. tuberculatus, dominates in the forests mixed with some ingyin ( Pentacme suavis and Shorea oblongifolia ), taukkyan ( Terminalia elliptica ), thitsi ( Gluta usitata ), bamboo, and kaing tall grass ( Saccharum spp.) around water holes. Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary , with

1330-515: The water level can rise and submerge the weir without any alterations made to the structure. A polynomial weir is a weir that has a geometry defined by a polynomial equation of any order n . In practice, most weirs are low-order polynomial weirs. The standard rectangular weir is, for example, a polynomial weir of order zero. The triangular (V-notch) and trapezoidal weirs are of order one. High-order polynomial weirs are providing wider range of Head-Discharge relationships, and hence better control of

1368-540: The weir" and navigate by passing up or down stream without having to exit the river. Weirs constructed for this purpose are especially common on the River Thames , and most are situated near each of the river's 45 locks . Because a weir impounds water behind it and alters the flow regime of the river, it can have an effect on the local ecology . Typically, the reduced river velocity upstream can lead to increased siltation (deposition of fine particles of silt and clay on

1406-532: The “Dry Valley” being located in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains . Temperatures are very high throughout the year, although the winter months from December to February are significantly milder at around 21 °C or 69.8 °F in January. The early monsoon months from April to July are especially hot, with average high temperatures reaching 38.4 °C (101.1 °F) in April. Monywa received 139 millimetres or 5.47 inches of rainfall on 19 October 2011. This

1444-556: Was a new record for rainfall within 24 hours in October in Monywa for the last 47 years. The previous record was 135 millimetres or 5.31 inches on 24 October 1967. Monywa is a national hub for poets, and is often described as the centre of poetry in Upper Myanmar . The town has served as home to many contemporary poets, including Min Swe Hnit, K Za Win , Kyi Zaw Aye, and Khat Thi . Monywa

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