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30-531: The oldest known mention of Mszczonów comes from a document of Duke Konrad I of Masovia from 1245, when it was part of fragmented Piast -ruled Poland . Mszczonów was granted town rights in 1377 or earlier. It was a royal town of Poland, administratively located in the Rawa Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province . One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town in

60-547: A 1209 crusade with the consent of Pope Innocent III . In 1215, the monk Christian of Oliva was appointed a missionary bishop among the Old Prussians , his residence at Chełmno however was devastated by Prussian forces the next year. Several further campaigns in 1219, 1222 failed, instead Konrad picked a long-term border quarrel with the Prussian tribes. The duke's ongoing attempts on Prussia were answered by incursions across

90-819: A deal with Konrad that was to be confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Roman Curia . Emperor Frederick II issued in March 1226 the Golden Bull of Rimini , stating that: So far, the Knights were not convinced to take the trouble of fighting the Prussians. On the advice of the first Prussian bishop, Christian of Oliva , Konrad instead founded the Loyal Order of Dobrzyń in 1228. He then called for another Prussian Crusade , and

120-543: A large crowd of residents and Chełmno was reintegrated with Poland, which regained independence after World War I . When World War II broke out in 1939, Nazi German authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory. The atrocities took place in Klamry , Małe Czyste , Podwiesk , Płutowo , Dąbrowa Chełmińska , and Wielkie Łunawy , while many other Poles were executed in forests. A number of Chelmno citizens are interviewed about these events in

150-590: A municipal form of government for cities and towns around Poland, including the current capital city of Warsaw . The city's name Chełmno comes from chelm , the old Polish word for hill. After the area was granted to the Teutonic Knights as a Polish fief in 1232, the Germanized name Culm/Kulm was used in official documents regarding the town, as the city was a member of the Hanseatic League and part of

180-542: Is KS Mszczonowianka. It competes in the lower leagues. Konrad I of Masovia Konrad I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty , was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243. Konrad was the youngest son of High Duke Casimir II the Just of Poland and Helen of Znojmo , daughter of

210-770: Is a town in northern Poland near the Vistula river with 18,915 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of the Chełmno County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship . Due to its regional importance in the Middle Ages , the town gave its name to the entire area, Chełmno Land (and later an administrative unit of the Kingdom of Poland, the Chełmno Voivodeship ), the local Catholic diocese and Kulm law ,

240-629: The Archdiocese of Gniezno . Chełmno diocese was enlarged on that occasion ( Górzno , Krajna and Działdowo ). In 1692, the local gymnasium was transformed into the Chełmno Academy ( Akademia Chełmińska ), which in 1756 became a branch of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , the oldest and leading Polish university. Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , one of the greatest Polish Baroque composers,

270-827: The Baltic coastline, undermining Polish authority in the area. King Casimir III of Poland had to accept the rule of the Order in Thorn and Kulm by the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz . After the Thirteen Years' War in the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn , the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon gained control over the Chełmno Land as part of Royal Prussia . Che%C5%82mno Chełmno ( [ˈxɛu̯mnɔ] ; older English: Culm ; German : Kulm , formerly also Culm )

300-587: The Přemyslid duke Conrad II of Znojmo (ruler of the Znojmo Appanage in southern Moravia , part of Duchy of Bohemia ). His maternal grandmother was Maria of Serbia, apparently a daughter of the pre- Nemanjić župan Uroš I of Rascia . After his father's death in 1194, Konrad was brought up by his mother, who acted as regent of Masovia . In 1199, he received Masovia and in 1205 the adjacent lands of Kuyavia as well. In 1205, he and his brother, Duke Leszek I

330-667: The State of the Teutonic Order . Chełmno was annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772 and, as part of a larger Germanization effort, it was officially renamed Kulm . During the German occupation in World War II , the town was again renamed from Chełmno to Kulm . The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke Bolesław II

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360-706: The Teutonic Knights' state until 1454. In 1440, the town was one of the founding members of the Prussian Confederation , which opposed Teutonic rule, and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. In May 1454 the town pledged allegiance to the Polish King in Toruń . After the end of the Thirteen Years' War , the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to

390-425: The papal legate William of Modena in 1243 (however, the cathedral and the residence of the bishop were located actually in the adjacent Chełmża ). The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile Hanseatic League . In the 14th century, papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the town and region to Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy it. The town remained part of

420-495: The seat of the district/county ( kreis ) of Kulm. On 25 January 1945 German forces set fire to several buildings in the city, including a hospital, a railway terminal, and a brewery, while retreating (see scorched earth ). The town was administratively part of the Toruń Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998. Since its founding, the city had a mixed population of Poles and Germans , with the former making up ⅔ of its population in

450-688: The 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. The town possessed a vibrant Jewish community, and it was once the center of the Hasidic Amshinov dynasty (Mszczonów being pronounced as "Amshinov" in Yiddish .) During the invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, the town was invaded by Nazi Germany . On September 8, 1939, German troops murdered 11 Polish prisoners of war in

480-638: The Generous of Poland for the Benedictine monastery in Mogilno . In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Chełmno Land . In 1233 Kulm was granted city rights known as " Kulm law " (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 currently Polish, Lithuanian and Russian towns. The town was made the nominal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno under the archbishop of Riga by

510-448: The Order most likely forged it. The Knights under the command of Hermann Balk crossed the Vistula river and conquered Chełmno Land, erecting the castle of Toruń ( Thorn ) in 1231. In 1234, Pope Gregory IX issued the Golden Bull of Rieti , confirming the prior deals with the Teutonic Knights, stating that the land of the Order was only subject to the Pope, not a fief of anyone. In 1237,

540-695: The Order's lands were confiscated by Konrad and forced to invest the town of Dobryczin. Konrad was also entangled in the conflict over the Polish Seniorate Province with his Piast cousin Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks of Greater Poland and assumed the title of a Polish High Duke in 1229. However their Silesian relative Duke Henry I the Bearded finally prevailed as High Duke at Kraków in 1232 and confined Konrad's rule again to Masovia. When Henry's son and heir, High Duke Henry II

570-537: The Pious was killed at the 1241 Battle of Legnica , Konrad once again assumed the senioral title, but had to yield to the claims raised by his nephew Bolesław V the Chaste , son of his elder brother Leszek, two years later. Around 1208/1209 Konrad married Agafia of Rus , daughter of Prince Svyatoslav III Igorevich . They had ten children: Konrad is considered by Poles to be responsible for Teutonic Knights' control of most of

600-554: The White of Sandomierz , had their greatest military victory at Battle of Zawichost against Prince Roman the Great of Galicia–Volhynia . The Ruthenian army was crushed and Roman was killed in battle. The Rurik princess Agafia of Rus became his wife. In an effort to enlarge his dominions, Konrad unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the adjacent pagan lands of Chełmno in Prussia during

630-442: The borders of his Masovian lands, while Prussians were in the process of gaining back control over the disputed Chełmno Land and even threatened Konrad's residence at Płock Castle. Subjected to constant Prussian raids and counter-raids, Konrad now wanted to stabilize the north of his Duchy of Masovia in this fight over the border area of Chełmno. Thus in 1226, Konrad, having difficulty with constant raids over his territory, invited

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660-597: The documentary film Shoah (1985). The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland in line with the German policy of Lebensraum . Polish Secret State resistance groups such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. The area was administered as part of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and served as

690-672: The religious military order of the Teutonic Knights to fight the Prussians, as they already had supported the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cuman people in the Transylavanian Burzenland from 1211 to 1225. When they notified Hungary that the Order was, firstly, responsible to the pope , the Knights were expelled by the Hungarian King Andrew II though. Thus, in turn for the Order's service, Grand Master Herman of Salza wanted to have its rights documented beforehand, by

720-465: The second half of the 19th century. Chełmno has a well-preserved medieval center, with five Gothic churches and a beautiful Renaissance town hall in the middle of the market square. The Old Town is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments ( Pomnik historii ), as designated 20 April 2005, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland . Chełmno gives its name to

750-489: The town in 1878, where he conducted pioneering surgical operations, including the first in Poland and second in the world surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer in 1880 and the first in the world peptic ulcer resection in 1881. Rydygier sold the clinic to one of his employees, Leon Polewski, in 1887, due to harassment from the Prussian authorities. On 22 January 1920 Polish troops were greeted by

780-523: The town, and on September 11, 1939, the Germans carried out a mass execution of 20 local Poles, including mayor Aleksander Tański, two priests and a doctor (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation ). At least five Poles from Mszczonów were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in 1940. Deepspot , the second deepest swimming pool in the world, is located in the town. The local football team

810-501: The town, and recognized it as part of Poland. It was made the capital of Chełmno Voivodeship . After dissolution of the Archdiocese of Riga in 1566, the bishops of Chełmno attended the councils of the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan of Gniezno. This practice was recognised by the Holy See by the Bull De salute animarum in 1821, when Chełmno diocese became de jure a suffragan of

840-510: Was a lecturer at the Academy in the 1690s. In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland , the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw , being re-annexed by Prussia at the end of the Napoleonic Wars . As Kulm , it had been a garrison town. In 1776 Frederick the Great founded here a cadet school which

870-468: Was again defeated. In view of an imminent Prussian invasion, Konrad supposedly signed the Treaty of Kruszwica in 1230, according to which he granted Chełmno Land to the Teutonic Knights and the Order of Dobrzyń. By this donation disclaiming any enfeoffment , Konrad established the nucleus of the State of the Teutonic Order . However the document does not exist and it is believed that it was never signed and that

900-694: Was to serve in Germanising Polish areas and nobility. In 1890 the garrison included 561 military staff. On 1 October 1890 the cadet school was moved to Koszalin (then Köslin ) in Pomerania . Also as part of anti-Polish policies, the Prussians expelled the Kraków professors from Chełmno, abolished the local Polish academy, and closed down Catholic monasteries. Poles were subjected to various repressions, local Polish newspapers were confiscated. Renown Polish surgeon Ludwik Rydygier opened his private clinic in

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