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73-402: Mozelj was attested in the land registry of 1574 as Obermössl . The Slovene name Mozelj is based on German Obermösel . This, in turn, is believed to be a diminutive of Moos 'low-lying, damp ground; swamp'. The German name Obermösel literally means 'upper Mösel' and distinguished the settlement from neighboring Niedermösel (literally, 'lower Mösel'), today known as Kočarji . According to

146-504: A Roman aristocrat and a governor, it is clear that Ambrose retained the attitudes and practices of Roman governance even after becoming a bishop. His acts and writings show he was quite clear about the limits of imperial power over the church's internal affairs including doctrine, moral teaching, and governance. He wrote to Valentinian: "In matters of faith bishops are the judges of Christian emperors, not emperors of bishops." ( Epistle 21.4). He also famously said to an Arian bishop chosen by

219-668: A base. The Mozelj volunteer fire department became a founding unit of the Kočevje municipal fire department on 28 August 1955. Mozelj is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Mozelj Mass Grave ( Slovene : Grobišče Mozelj ) is located north of the settlement in a sinkhole in a pasture. It contains the remains of 110 victims (including 85 Chetnik soldiers) shot between 12 and 18 October 1943, as well as four additional persons killed on 20 October. The local parish church , dedicated to Saint Leonard , belongs to

292-465: A bit from place to place at this time, and as the bishop, Ambrose could have required that everyone adapt to his way of doing things. It was his place to keep the churches as united as possible in both ritual and belief. Instead, he respected local customs, adapting himself to whatever practices prevailed, instructing his mother to do the same. As bishop, Ambrose undertook many different labours in an effort to unite people and "provide some stability during

365-535: A brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, Constantine II , Constantius II , or Constans , in the Codex Theodosianus , book XI.5). What does seem certain is that Ambrose was born in Trier and his father was either the praetorian prefect or part of his administration. A legend about Ambrose as an infant recounts that a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind

438-569: A drop of honey. His father is said to have considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. Bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology . Ambrose's mother was a woman of intellect and piety. It was probable that she was a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi , which would make Ambrose a cousin of the orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus . The family had produced one martyr (the virgin Soteris ) in its history. Ambrose

511-399: A large number of books and letters of theology and spiritual commentary dedicated to the emperor. The sheer volume of these writings and the effusive praise they contain has led many historians to conclude that Gratian was dominated by Ambrose, and it was that dominance that produced Gratian's anti-pagan actions. McLynn asserts that effusive praises were common in everyone's correspondence with

584-457: A martyr and create a scandal embarrassing the emperor. Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where Magnus Maximus issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people, in turn, exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that Theodosius would receive the same lack of support from the people. Theodosius rescinded the order concerning

657-400: A moat. The internal wall was razed in 1844 and the rubble was used to build a schoolhouse. The external wall was lowered to the level of the cemetery wall in 1856 and then removed entirely when the cemetery was abandoned. The current church has a Baroque character built on a Gothic structure. Two chapels were added to the nave in 1720 and the interior of the church was reworked and refurnished in

730-472: A pagan senator sentenced to die. After years of acquaintance, this indicates that Ambrose could not take for granted that Gratian would see him, so instead, Ambrose had to resort to such manoeuvrings to make his appeal. Gratian was personally devout long before meeting Ambrose. Modern scholarship indicates Gratian's religious policies do not evidence capitulation to Ambrose more than they evidence Gratian's own views. Gratian's devotion did lead Ambrose to write

803-408: A period of religious, political, military, and social upheavals and transformations". Brown says Ambrose "had the makings of a faction fighter". While he got along well with most people, Ambrose was not averse to conflict and even opposed emperors with a fearlessness born of self-confidence and a clear conscience and not from any belief he would not suffer for his decisions. Having begun his life as

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876-498: A personal friendship, putting Ambrose in the dominant role of spiritual guide, but modern scholars now find this view hard to support from the sources. The ancient Christian historian Sozomen ( c.  400  – c.  450 ) is the only ancient source that shows Ambrose and Gratian together in any personal interaction. In that interaction, Sozomen relates that, in the last year of Gratian's reign, Ambrose intruded on Gratian's private hunting party in order to appeal on behalf of

949-415: A public figure, fiercely promoting Roman Christianity against Arianism and paganism . He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the exegetical Exameron  [ it ] (386–390). His preaching, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of

1022-485: A representation of actual history. The view of a pious Theodosius submitting meekly to the authority of the church, represented by Ambrose, is part of the myth that evolved within a generation of their deaths. In April 393 Arbogast ( magister militum of the West) and his puppet Emperor Eugenius marched into Italy to consolidate their position against Theodosius I and his son, Honorius , now appointed Augustus to govern

1095-521: A theological and a practical level, and Ambrose exercised crucial influence at a crucial time. Ambrose had good relations and varying levels of influence with the Roman emperors Gratian , Valentinian II and Theodosius I , but exactly how much influence, what kind of influence, and in what ways, when, has been debated in the scholarship of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It has long been convention to see Gratian and Ambrose as having

1168-403: A visit to Milan. The bishop made a good impression on Gratian and his court, which was pervasively Christian and aristocratic – much like Ambrose himself. The emperor returned to Milan in 380 to find that Ambrose had complied with his request for a statement of his faith – in two volumes – known as De Fide : a statement of orthodoxy and of Ambrose' political theology, as well as a polemic against

1241-717: Is remembered in the calendar of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church on 7 December, and is also honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 7 December. In 1960, Neil B. McLynn wrote a complex study of Ambrose that focused on his politics and was intended to "demonstrate that Ambrose viewed community as a means to acquire personal political power". Subsequent studies of how Ambrose handled his episcopal responsibilities, his Nicene theology and his dealings with

1314-566: Is difficult "not to posit a deep spirituality in a man" who wrote on the mystical meanings of the Song of Songs and wrote many extraordinary hymns. Despite an abiding spirituality, Ambrose had a generally straightforward manner, and a practical rather than a speculative tendency in his thinking. De Officiis is a utilitarian guide for his clergy in their daily ministry in the Milanese church rather than "an intellectual tour de force ". Christian faith in

1387-527: The Edict of Thessalonica , a decree addressed to the city of Constantinople , determining that only Christians who did not support Arian views were catholic and could have their places of worship officially recognized as "churches". The Edict opposed Arianism , and attempted to establish unity in Christianity and to suppress heresy. German ancient historian Karl Leo Noethlichs  [ de ] writes that

1460-465: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto . It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1360. The original structure was damaged in the 1511 Idrija earthquake and a new church was built in 1520. It was surrounded by a double fortified wall with defensive towers to protect against Ottoman attacks, with granaries above and cellars below, and a single entrance accessed by a drawbridge over

1533-573: The Western and Eastern empires. Although the western Emperor Gratian ( r.  367–383 ) supported orthodoxy, his younger half brother Valentinian II , who became his colleague in the empire in 375, adhered to the Arian creed. Ambrose sought to refute Arian propositions theologically, but Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position. In the East, Emperor Theodosius I ( r. 379–395 ) likewise professed

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1606-551: The " Te Deum " hymn, though modern scholars now reject both of these attributions. Ambrose's authorship on at least four hymns, including the well-known " Veni redemptor gentium ", is secure; they form the core of the Ambrosian hymns , which includes others that are sometimes attributed to him. He also had a notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354–430), whom he helped convert to Christianity. Western Christianity identified Ambrose, along with Augustine , Jerome and pope Gregory

1679-592: The Arian heresy – intended for public discussion. The emperor had not asked to be instructed by Ambrose, and in De Fide Ambrose states this clearly. Nor was he asked to refute the Arians. He was asked to justify his own position, but in the end, he did all three. It seems that by 382 Ambrose had replaced Ausonius to become a major influence in Gratian's court. Ambrose had not yet become the "conscience" of kings he would in

1752-453: The Arians challenged the succession . Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place to prevent an uproar which seemed probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly. Ambrose, though known to be Nicene Christian in belief, was considered acceptable to Arians due to the charity he had shown concerning their beliefs. At first, he energetically refused

1825-493: The Arians in his episcopate, his pastoral care, his commitment to community, and his personal asceticism, have mitigated this view. All of Ambrose's writings are works of advocacy for Nicene Christianity, and even his political views and actions were closely related to his religion. He was rarely, if ever, concerned about simply recording what had happened; he did not write to reveal his inner thoughts and struggles; he wrote to advocate for his God. Boniface Ramsey writes that it

1898-584: The Balkans when his uncle and the "cream of the eastern army" were destroyed at Adrianople. Gratian withdrew to Sirmium and set up his court there. Several rival groups, including the Arians, sought to secure benefits from the government at Sirmium. In an Arian attempt to undermine Ambrose, whom Gratian had not yet met, Gratian was "warned" that Ambrose's faith was suspect. Gratian took steps to investigate by writing to Ambrose and asking him to explain his faith. Ambrose and Gratian first met, after this, in 379 during

1971-512: The Baroque style. The bell tower was increased in height, and towards the end of the 19th century it was outfitted with a neo-Gothic metal roof. The main altar is a high-Baroque wooden work; an inscription indicated that it was created in 1764 by Franz Fajenz and Anton Kastelec , and renovated in 1865 by Leopold Goetzl . The side altars in the nave are in the Rococo style. The stone baptismal basin bears

2044-645: The Edict of Thessalonica was neither anti-pagan nor antisemitic ; it did not declare Christianity to be the official religion of the empire; and it gave no advantage to Christians over other faiths. Liebeschuetz and Hill indicate that it was not until after 388, during Theodosius' stay in Milan following the defeat of Maximus in 388, that Theodosius and Ambrose first met. After the Massacre of Thessalonica in 390, Theodosius made an act of public penance at Ambrose's behest. Ambrose

2117-533: The Frankish general Arbogast to keep an eye on the young emperor. By May of the following year, Arbogast's ward was dead amidst rumours of both treachery and suicide... While Ambrose was writing De Fide , Theodosius published his own statement of faith in 381 in an edict establishing Nicene Catholic Christianity as the only legitimate version of the Christian faith. There is unanimity amongst scholars that this represents

2190-668: The Great , as one of the four Great Latin Church Fathers , declared Doctors of the Church in 1298. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church , Anglican Communion , and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan and beekeepers . Legends about Ambrose had spread through the empire long before his biography was written, making it difficult for modern historians to understand his true character and fairly place his behaviour within

2263-503: The Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions, especially among the higher clergy. In this state of religious ferment, two leaders of the Arians, bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum , confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that Gratian complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared

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2336-596: The Partisans, Germans, and Italians during the Second World War. Ko%C4%8Darji Kočarji ( pronounced [ˈkoːtʃaɾji] ; sometimes Kožarji , German : Niedermösel ) is a settlement in the hills southeast of the town of Kočevje in southern Slovenia . The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region . The local church , dedicated to Saint Ambrose ,

2409-543: The Son , indicating that the Son was a lesser being who was not eternal and of a different "essence" from God the Father. This Christology , though contrary to tradition, quickly spread through Egypt, Libya and other Roman provinces. Bishops engaged in the dispute, and the people divided into parties, sometimes demonstrating in the streets in support of one side or the other. Arianism appealed to many high-level leaders and clergy in both

2482-466: The State's influence." Ambrose was also well aware of the limits of his power. At the height of his career as a venerable, respected and well-loved bishop in 396, imperial agents marched into his church, pushing past him and his clergy who had crowded the altar to protect a political suspect from arrest, and dragged the man from the church in front of Ambrose who could do nothing to stop them. "When it came to

2555-507: The bishop, as a divine representative, as guardian of his god's property. Subsequently, while Ambrose was performing the Liturgy of the Hours in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give it up to the Arians. Ambrose again refused. Certain deans (officers of the court) were sent to take possession of the basilica by hanging upon it imperial escutcheons. Instead, soldiers from

2628-423: The bishop. That was not enough for Ambrose, however, and when Theodosius next visited Milan Ambrose confronted him directly in an effort to get him to drop the entire case. McLynn argues that Ambrose failed to win the emperor's sympathy and was mostly excluded from his counsels thereafter. The Callinicum affair was not an isolated incident. Generally speaking, however, while McLynn says it makes Ambrose look like

2701-526: The central functions of the Roman state, even the vivid Ambrose was a lightweight". Ambrose is recorded on occasions as taking a hostile attitude towards Jews, for example in 388, when the Emperor Theodosius I was informed that a crowd of Christians had retaliated against the local Jewish community by destroying the synagogue at Callinicum on the Euphrates . The synagogue most probably existed within

2774-414: The church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it." By Thursday, the emperor gave in, bitterly responding: "Soon, if Ambrose gives the orders, you will be sending me to him in chains." In 386, Justina and Valentinian II received the Arian bishop Auxentius

2847-508: The city (the Basilica of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's). Ambrose refused to surrender the churches. He answered by saying that "What belongs to God, is outside the emperor's power." In this, Ambrose called on an ancient Roman principle: a temple set apart to a god became the property of that god. Ambrose now applied this ancient legal principle to the Christian churches, seeing

2920-528: The consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a synod composed of thirty-two bishops was held at Aquileia in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices. Ambrose struggled with Arianism for over half of his term in

2993-411: The context of antiquity. Most agree he was the personification of his era. This would make Ambrose a genuinely spiritual man who spoke up and defended his faith against opponents, an aristocrat who retained many of the attitudes and practices of a Roman governor , and also an ascetic who served the poor. Ambrose was born into a Roman Christian family in the year 339. Ambrose himself wrote that he

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3066-505: The crown. He adds that Gratian's actions were determined by the constraints of the system as much as "by his own initiatives or Ambrose's influence". McLynn asserts that the largest influence on Gratian's policy was the profound change in political circumstances produced by the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Gratian had become involved in fighting the Goths the previous year and had been on his way to

3139-416: The emperor's own beliefs. The aftermath of the death (378) of Valens (Emperor in the East from 364 to 378) had left many questions for the church unresolved, and Theodosius' edict can be seen as an effort to begin addressing those questions. Theodosius' natural generosity was tempered by his pressing need to establish himself and to publicly assert his personal piety. On 28 February 380, Theodosius issued

3212-558: The emperor, "The emperor is in the church, not over the church." ( Sermon Against Auxentius , 36). Ambrose's acts and writings "created a sort of model which was to remain valid in the Latin West for the relations of the Church and the Christian State. Both powers stood in a basically positive relationship to each other, but the innermost sphere of the Church's life--faith, the moral order, ecclesiastical discipline--remained withdrawn from

3285-454: The episcopate. Ecclesiastical unity was important to the church, but it was no less important to the state, and as a Roman, Ambrose felt strongly about that. Conflict over heresies loomed large in an age of religious ferment comparable to the Reformation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Orthodox Christianity was determining how to define itself as it faced multiple challenges on both

3358-445: The family moved to Rome. There Ambrose studied literature , law , and rhetoric . He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. Praetorian Prefect Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus first gave him a place as a judicial councillor, and then in about 372 made him governor of the province of Liguria and Emilia , with headquarters in Milan. In 374 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius , an Arian, died, and

3431-420: The fortified town to serve the soldiers stationed there, and Theodosius ordered that the offenders be punished and that the synagogue be rebuilt at the expense of the bishop. Ambrose wrote to the emperor arguing against this, basing his argument on two assertions: first, if the bishop obeyed the order, it would be a betrayal of his faith, and second, if the bishop instead refused to obey the order, he would become

3504-462: The land registry of 1574, Mozelj had 10 full farms subdivided into 20 half-farms. The village was under obligation to provide shingling for Friedrichstein Castle ( Slovene : Fridrihštajn ) and the town hall in Kočevje. An order of 1614 forbade the residents from cutting trees on Skorten Hill to the southwest, where the wood was reserved for the needs of defense against Ottoman attacks . A part-time school

3577-562: The lasting enmity of Valentinian II's mother, the Empress Justina , in the winter of 379 by helping to appoint a Nicene bishop in Sirmium. Not long after this, Valentinian II, his mother, and the court left Sirmium; Sirmium had come under Theodosius' control, so they went to Milan which was ruled by Gratian. In 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon , in Gaul (France) by Magnus Maximus . Valentinian

3650-437: The late-twentieth century. McLynn argues that Theodosius's anti-pagan legislation was too limited in scope for it to be of interest to the bishop. The fabled encounter at the door of the cathedral in Milan, with Ambrose as the mitred prelate braced, blocking Theodosius from entering, which has sometimes been seen as evidence of Ambrose' dominance over Theodosius, has been debunked by modern historians as "a pious fiction". There

3723-472: The later 380s, but he did speak out against reinstating the Altar of Victory . In 382, Gratian was the first to divert public financial subsidies that had previously supported Rome's cults. Before that year, contributions in support of the ancient customs had continued unchallenged by the state. The childless Gratian had treated his younger brother Valentinian II like a son. Ambrose, on the other hand, had incurred

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3796-479: The most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. Ambrose was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia - Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus . Tradition credits Ambrose with developing an antiphonal chant, known as Ambrosian chant , and for composing

3869-461: The office of bishop, for which he felt he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was a relatively new Christian who was not yet baptized nor formally trained in theology . Ambrose fled to a colleague's home, seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor Gratian praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he

3942-611: The plate of the church melted for the relief of the poor. After defeating the usurper Maximus at Aquileia in 388 Theodosius handed the western realm back to the young Valentinian II, the seventeen-year-old son of the forceful and hardy Pannonian general Valentinian I and his wife, the Arian Justina. Furthermore, the Eastern emperor remained in Italy for a considerable period to supervise affairs, returning to Constantinople in 391 and leaving behind

4015-505: The power to do so, and probably did not solely because of Ambrose's popularity with the people and what they might do. When Magnus Maximus usurped power in Gaul (383) and was considering a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him, and the embassy was successful (384). A second, later embassy was unsuccessful. Magnus Maximus entered Italy (386–387) and Milan was taken. Justina and her son fled, but Ambrose remained and had

4088-431: The ranks the emperor had placed around the basilica began pouring into the church, assuring Ambrose of their fidelity. The escutcheons outside the church were removed, and legend says the children tore them to shreds. Ambrose refused to surrender the basilica, and sent sharp answers back to his emperor: "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray

4161-510: The third century developed the monastic lifestyle which subsequently spread into the rest of Roman society in a general practice of virginity, voluntary poverty and self-denial for religious reasons. This lifestyle was embraced by many new converts, including Ambrose, even though they did not become actual monks. The bishops of this era had heavy administrative responsibilities, and Ambrose was also sometimes occupied with imperial affairs, but he still fulfilled his primary responsibility to care for

4234-536: The two are less about personal friendship than they are about negotiations between two formidable leaders of the powerful institutions they represent: the Roman State and the Italian Church. Cameron says there is no evidence that Ambrose was a significant influence on the emperor. For centuries after his death, Theodosius was regarded as a champion of Christian orthodoxy who decisively stamped out paganism. This view

4307-498: The undisputed possession of the Roman Empire , Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and Ambrose gave the eulogy. Two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by Simplician . Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the church of Saint Ambrogio in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated – along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of Saints Gervase and Protase . Ambrose

4380-498: The well-being of his flock. He preached and celebrated the Eucharist multiple times a week, sometimes daily, and dealt directly with the needs of the poor, as well as widows and orphans, "virgins" (nuns), and his own clergy. He replied to letters personally, practised hospitality, and made himself available to the people. Ambrose had the ability to maintain good relationships with all kinds of people. Local church practices varied quite

4453-491: The western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the translation of the relics of Saints Vitalis and Agricola . From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigidus in early September 394. Soon after acquiring

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4526-403: The year 1642, and one bell dates from 1769. Mozelj was elevated to a parish in 1509. The ruins of Precious Blood Chapel stand west of the town. The chapel was built in 1589 and was reworked in 1866, 1912, and 1926. The chapel was used to store hay after the Second World War, and it was then destroyed in 1954. The ruins of the chapel were rearranged in 1994 into a monument to local people killed by

4599-446: The younger , and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and again the imperial order was rescinded. There was an attempted kidnapping, and another attempt to arrest him and to force him to leave the city. Several accusations were made, but unlike in the case of John Chrysostom , no formal charges were brought. The emperor certainly had

4672-727: Was 53 years old in his letter number 49, which has been dated to 392. He began life in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier ) the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica in what was then northeastern Gaul and is now in the Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. Scholars disagree on who exactly his father was. His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius, a praetorian prefect of Gaul ; but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an imperial constitution dated 3 February 339 (addressed in

4745-804: Was away from court during the events at Thessalonica, but after being informed of them, he wrote Theodosius a letter. In that still-existing letter, Ambrose presses for a semi-public demonstration of penitence from the emperor, telling him that, as his bishop, he will not give Theodosius communion until it is done. Wolf Liebeschuetz says "Theodosius duly complied and came to church without his imperial robes, until Christmas, when Ambrose openly admitted him to communion". Formerly, some scholars credited Ambrose with having an undue influence over Emperor Theodosius I, from this period forward, prompting him toward major anti-pagan legislation beginning in February of 391. However, this interpretation has been heavily disputed since

4818-455: Was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated as the new bishop of Milan . This was the first time in the West that a member of the upper class of high officials had accepted the office of bishop. As bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister Marcellina . This raised his standing even further; it

4891-511: Was established in a private house in Mozelj in 1811, and the first school building was built in 1844.Before the Second World War, Mozelj had 65 houses and a majority population of Gottschee Germans . As retaliation for a nearby Partisan ambush on 5 May 1942 in which 13 Italian soldiers were killed, in June 1942 Italian forces burned the entire village except for 13 houses in the center, where they had set up

4964-587: Was first mentioned in documents dating to 1526. Only its foundation is left today. This article about the Municipality of Kočevje in Slovenia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ambrose Ambrose of Milan ( Latin : Aurelius Ambrosius ; c.  339  – 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose , was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as

5037-414: Was his popularity with the people that gave him considerable political leverage throughout his career. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a prefecture in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs. Arius (died 336) was a Christian priest who around the year 300 asserted that God the Father must have created

5110-416: Was no encounter at the church door. The story is a product of the imagination of Theodoret , a historian of the fifth century who wrote of the events of 390 "using his own ideology to fill the gaps in the historical record". The twenty-first-century view is that Ambrose was "not a power behind the throne". The two men did not meet each other frequently, and documents that reveal the relationship between

5183-504: Was recorded by Theodoret, who is recognized as an unreliable historian, in the century following their deaths. Theodosius's predecessors Constantine ( r.  306–337 ), Constantius ( r. 337–361 ), and Valens had all been semi-Arians . Therefore, it fell to the orthodox Theodosius to receive from Christian literary tradition most of the credit for the final triumph of Christianity. Modern scholars see this as an interpretation of history by orthodox Christian writers more than as

5256-450: Was the youngest of three children. His siblings were Satyrus , the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri , and Marcellina , who made a profession of virginity sometime between 352 and 355; Pope Liberius himself conferred the veil upon her. Both Ambrose's siblings also became venerated as saints. Sometime early in the life of Ambrose, his father died. At an unknown later date, his mother fled Trier with her three children, and

5329-467: Was twelve years old, and the assassination left his mother, Justina, in a position of something akin to a regent. In 385 (or 386) the emperor Valentinian II and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of clergy , the laity , and the military, professed Arianism. Conflict between Ambrose and Justina soon followed. The Arians demanded that Valentinian allocate to them two churches in Milan : one in

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