55-512: Mount Warning ( Bundjalung : Wollumbin ), a mountain in the Tweed Range in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia , was formed from a volcanic plug of the now-gone Tweed Volcano . The mountain is located 14 kilometres (9 mi) west-south-west of Murwillumbah , near the border between New South Wales and Queensland . Lieutenant James Cook saw the mountain from
110-665: A flap , although it can sometimes be an approximant , and it is usually a trill at the end of syllables. Semi-vowels The existence of semi-vowels in Yugambeh-Bundjalung can be disputed, as in many Australian languages. Some linguists posit their existence in order to avoid an analysis that involves onset-less syllables , which are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semi-vowels can be replaced with glottal stops in some varieties of Yugambeh-Bundjalung. Yugambeh-Bundjalung
165-439: A homorganic nasal segment. Nasals When nasal stops occur syllable-finally, they are often produced with a stop onset as a free variant . Lateral The lateral phoneme can appear as a flap rather than an approximant , and sometimes occurs prestopped as a free variant in the same way as nasals. Rhotic The rhotic phoneme has several surface realisations in Yugambeh-Bundjalung. Between vowels, it tends to be
220-576: A depression at the top that has greatly eroded. Today the vast areas that were part of the volcano include many mountains and ranges at some distance from Mount Warning, and include the Border Ranges , Tamborine Mountain , the McPherson Range and both the Lamington Plateau and Springbrook Plateaus . The erosion caldera formed since this eruption is easily visible around the summit and forms
275-512: A documentary called Surfing the Healing Wave about that competition, as part of an Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival. Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of
330-461: A forty minute uphill walk to the ascent for anyone attempting to climb the mountain; and the path on the mountain itself had deteriorated badly in places. In late October 2022 NSW authorities did go ahead and ban public access to Wollumbin National Park, to be enforced with heavy fines. This was soon followed by a video posting showing a hiker flouting the ban. There has been significant backlash in
385-471: A point of land he named Cape Byron. Just five hours later while sailing North, Cook was forced to change course to the East after encountering the dangerous reefs that run 3 miles to the East from Fingal Head , now named Danger Reefs (Inner, South, and Outer reefs). The next morning, Cook recorded: "…We now saw the breakers [reefs] again within us which we past at the distance of 1 League [5 km], they lay in
440-460: A smaller inventory of consonant phonemes than is typical of most Australian languages, having only four contrastive places of articulation and only one lateral and one rhotic phoneme. Obstruents Although the standard IPA symbols used in transcription of the language are the voiced stop symbols, these segments are better characterised as obstruents because they are realised more often as fricatives or affricates than actual stops. There
495-486: Is jabu ('boy') and mih ('eye') used in all branches, except the Middle-Clarence language which uses janagan and jiyaw respectively. A north to south shift of /a/ to /e/ (with an intermittent /i/ present in some varieties) in some common vocabulary. A north to south shift of /i/ to /a/ (with an intermittent/e/ present in some varieties) occurring on the demonstrative set. A shift of /a/ to /u/ in
550-660: Is endemic to the slopes of the mountain. Wollumbin is a place of cultural and traditional significance to the Bundjalung people and contains sacred sites, where particular ceremonies and initiation rites are performed. The summit area of the Mountain is a declared Aboriginal Place under the National Parks and Wildlife Act . While now spelt Wollumbin, the Aboriginal word had numerous alternative spellings which are recorded in
605-468: Is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The interlocking basalt columns on the north-east side of Fingal Head were called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. The Fingal Caves located on the south side of Fingal Head, were destroyed and used in the early 1900s for the Tweed Break water. Cook Island
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#1732851684079660-484: Is a stress-timed language and is quantity-sensitive , with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa. Like many Australian languages, Yugambeh-Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the syllable nucleus , and these may be long or short. Syllable codas are also permitted, with long or short vowels in
715-539: Is a branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family , that is spoken in north-eastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland . Yugambeh–Bundjalung was historically a dialect continuum consisting of a number of varieties , including Yugambeh , Nganduwal, Minjangbal, Njangbal (Nyangbal), Biriin, Baryulgil, Waalubal, Dinggabal, Wiyabal, Gidabal, Galibal, and Wudjeebal. Language varieties in the group vary in degree of mutual intelligibility, with varieties at different ends of
770-535: Is conspicuous enough to be distinguished from everything else. The point off which these shoals lay I have named Point Danger to the northward of it the land which is low trends NWBN but we soon found that it did not keep that direction long before it turned again to the northward." The mountain is now protected by the surrounding Wollumbin National Park , and access is regulated by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service . Mount Warning
825-660: Is deleted by some process. Cognate comparison between the most southern and northern dialects, Bandjalang (Proper) and Yugambeh (Proper), shows 52% similarity. Cognate similarity is highest between dialects within branches, typically being ~80%, these percentages are even higher amongst the Tweed-Albert dialects at ~90%. Between branches of the family this rate falls to ~60–70% between neighbouring clusters. Some vocabulary differences in common vocabulary are present: 'What/something' – nyang in southern varieties contrasts with minyang in northern varieties. (Both were used in
880-459: Is no contrast in Yugambeh-Bundjalung between these manners of articulation . Yugambeh-Bundjalung varieties do not have voicing contrasts for their obstruent sequences, and so phonological literature varies in its representation of these consonants- some linguists have chosen the symbols /p/ , /k/ , /c/ , /t/ , and others have decided upon /b/ , /g/ , / ɟ / , /d/ . Generally, these consonants are phonetically voiceless, except when following
935-512: Is part of the United Nations World Heritage -listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia . Over 100,000 people a year make the 8.8-kilometre (5.5 mi), five-hour round-trip trek to the top from Breakfast Creek . An ascent of the mountain takes approximately 1½ to 3½ hours (one way) and requires a good level of fitness. There are also viewing platforms at the summit. The total journey is 8.8 km (5.5 mi). In March 2020
990-494: The 1970s all language and linguist work to date had been undertaken on individual varieties, with major grammar work undertaken on Githabul , Minyangbal, Yugambeh, and the Casino dialect. Terry Crowley was the first to publish a study of the wider Bandjalangic language group, titled 'The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang', it included previously unpublished research on the Casino dialect as an appendix. Crowley analysed not only
1045-536: The Bandjalangic languages rather than to Durubalic . The Yugambeh–Bundjalung language chain is spoken by numerous social/cultural groups some of whom have historically preferred to identify with their particular dialect name, e.g. Githabul, Yugambeh, especially as some groups do not see particular varieties as being 'the same language'. W. E. Smythe, a doctor in Casino, knew the Bundjalung quite well noting in his time
1100-755: The Beaudesert dialect, also known by the clan name Mununjali, and Bundjalung originally referred to the Bungawalbin Creek/Coraki dialect, though the Tabulam people claim they are the original Bundjalung, and use Bandjalang in opposition. Yugambeh-Bandjalang is spoken over a wide geographic area; the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Logan River catchment as the northern boundary, the Clarence River forming
1155-611: The Brunswick River in the winter months of 1840. It first appears on a map published By Dixon in Sydney in 1842. Dixon's party was also assisted at that time by the master and crew of the schooner Letitia, which they found had entered the Tweed. Hence the naming of Letitia Point. There is also every suggestion that Dixon made reference to the Giant's Causeway. It is highly probable that "Fingal Head"
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#17328516840791210-463: The Lat de of 38°..8' [later changed to 28°..8'] & stretch off East two Leagues [10 km] from a point under which is a small Island. There situation may always be found by the peaked mountain before mentioned which bears SWBW from them this and on this account I have named Mount Warning it lies 7 or 8 Leagues [35-40 km] inland in the latitude of 28°..22" S° the land is high and hilly about it but it
1265-499: The Mountain as the Warrior Chief, a special place of significance for brush turkey, and the cloud catcher. Many more stories exist that are not in the public record. The name Wollumbin refers to the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes. The Bundjalung people observe cultural and traditional restrictions forbidding the uninitiated from climbing the mountain, and, as such, ask that others also do not attempt to climb
1320-623: The NSW side. It was for this reason that Margaret Sharpe named the chain Yugambeh–Bundjalung, the terms being the most northerly and southerly respectively as well. Modern Yugambeh–Bundjalung-speaking peoples are often aware of and use the overarching terms Yugambeh and Bundjalung , some groups in conjunction with their own name e.g. Byron Bay Bundjalung – Arakwal. As these words also refer to individual dialects some groups object to their usage, Crowley and Sharpe both agree that Yugambeh referred to
1375-534: The New South Wales and Queensland border. The village is often just called Fingal. The headland and the small off-shore Island ( Cook Island ) were first sighted by James Cook about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). At the time of the 2021 census , Fingal Head had a population of 592 people. The Tweed River, (named by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to
1430-523: The New South Wales government implemented the Tweed Sand Bypassing to transport sand under the river by pump on to northern beaches. The headland, Cook Island and the Danger Reefs, were made from a lava flow from the now extinct Tweed Volcano . The rock composition in the area is mainly basalt or andesite . There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland
1485-588: The South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland [Present-day Point Danger]about 3 Miles North of Pt.D. ( Point Danger ) On the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance." ( Tweed River ) John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some sea turtles and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS Rainbow ) surveyed Oxley's Tweed River ,
1540-816: The Tweed was laid to rest in Fingal's Aboriginal cemetery following a service conducted at the mission church. Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911. In the 2011 census , Fingal Head recorded a population of 544 people, 48% female and 52% male. The median age of the Fingal Head population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37. 77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%. 88.8% of people spoke only English at home;
1595-402: The Tweed-Albert dialects. Crowley's research found a number of grammar differences between the varieties and clusters. Further research by Dr. Margaret Sharpe detailed these finer differences. All varieties within the family use suffixes to decline nouns. Most are universal; however, there are a few poignant differences. A complex system exists whereby suffixes are categorised into orders, with
1650-439: The centrally located Lismore dialect). The northern Tweed-Albert language have mibin for 'man' and jalgany for 'woman', compared to the use of baygal and dubay by other varieties respectively. The difference in words for men is significant as groups often use it for identification as well as a language name ( Mibinah = language lit. 'of man', Baygalnah = language lit. 'of man'). Another vocabulary isogloss
1705-546: The coast for about 6 km before reaching its mouth just south of present-day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2 km to Fingal Head. Longshore drift moves 500,000 cubic metres of sand per year northwards past Letitia Spit. The sand would fill the Tweed River entrance unpredictably and sometimes completely. In response
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1760-679: The community surrounding the closure. Many have argued that the track was closed primarily due to complaints from some in the Aboriginal community, not due to safety concerns and the track was in fact still usable. In 2024, Libertarian politician John Ruddick led a petition to reopen the track which garnered over the required 10,000 signatures to trigger a debate in the New South Wales Legislative Council on 9 May 2024. [REDACTED] Mount Warning travel guide from Wikivoyage Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung languages Yugambeh–Bundjalung , also known as Bandjalangic ,
1815-407: The continuum being mostly unintelligible. These dialects formed four clusters: Bowern (2011) lists Yugambeh, Githabul, Minyangbal, and Bandjalang as separate Bandjalangic languages. All Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages are nearly extinct. Bandjalang proper has the greatest number of speakers: 113, while the other dialects have a total of 26 speakers. Gowar (Guwar) and Pimpama may be related to
1870-592: The headland itself adds additional height. Thus the focal plane of the lightsource is situated 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from kerosene to acetylene and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The light characteristic is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the bearing , red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white. Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual surfing competition for indigenous surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, SBS television commissioned
1925-456: The historic record including; Walumban, Walumbin, and Wooloombin, all referring to the same place. In 1873 reference can be found to the Mountain being referred to by Aboriginal people as "Wollumbin", signifying "big fellow mountain". The Aboriginal significance of the area is contextual and dependant on direction of observance, gender, and status of whoever is telling the story. Several different stories exist about Wollumbin including reference to
1980-472: The language was spoken widely. He compiled a grammar of the Casino dialect in the 1940s, mistakenly believing he was writing a grammar for the whole language group. When speaking of the name of language he noted: 'For the linguistic group as a whole I have used the term 'Bandjalang', with which some may disagree. Among the people themselves there is a good deal of confusion. Some say the tribal name should be 'Beigal[Baygal]' (man, people), others that there never
2035-399: The mid-1800s, the Yugambeh-Bundjalung peoples on the north coast of New South Wales and southeast of Queensland spoke up to twenty related dialects. Today only about nine remain. All were mutually intelligible with neighbouring dialects. The dialects form recognisable clusters that share phonological and morphological features, as well as having higher degrees of mutual intelligibility. Until
2090-566: The mountain. The government National Parks and Wildlife Service advertise this request and do not encourage climbers to hike the Mt. Warning/Wollumbin Trail up the mountain, but it is not forbidden by park regulations. In 2005 the name "Mount Wollumbin" was removed from a peak nearby to Mount Warning by the Geographical Names Board. This mountain is also referred to as Mount Ivy and Mount Dum Dum and
2145-510: The name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked. Fingal Head would be named as such by Surveyor Robert Dixon who mapped the coastal districts between Brisbane Town and
2200-414: The next most common languages were 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech. A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower stands only seven metres high, but that suffices since
2255-449: The nucleus. However, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables. Consonant clusters Yugambeh-Bundjalung does not permit clusters of the same consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant, except the labio-velar glide. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language. Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel
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2310-505: The order and use governed by universal rules. A past and non-past form of the locative exists in Githabul , Yugambeh and Minyangbal. The abessive -djam is present in Yugambeh and Githabul, being used on nouns and verbs (use on verbs does not occur further south). A system of marking four grammatical genders (two animate – human and animal, and two inanimate – arboreal and neuter) with
2365-530: The rim of the Tweed Valley . During the last stages of eruption, different and more resistant forms of lava that were cooler than those flows that created the shield volcano remained to form the current peak. The whole central Mount Warning massif was also pushed up by forces that remained active after lava eruptions had stopped. A species of frog , the Mount Wollumbin hip-pocket frog ( Assa wollumbin )
2420-486: The sea and named it Mount Warning, believing he was the first person to ever see it. Wollumbin is the central volcanic remnant of an ancient shield volcano , the Tweed Volcano , which would have been about 1,900 m (6,200 ft) above sea level or just under twice the height of the current mountain. This volcano last erupted around 23 million years ago. As the mountain's central vent cooled it shrank, forming
2475-481: The south and south-western boundaries, and the Northern Tablelands marking the western boundary. Many of the dialects and branches are confined by natural features such as river basins, mountain ranges and dense bushland. Yugambeh-Bundjalung or just Bundjalung is used as a cover term for the dialect chain as well as to refer to certain individual dialects. At the time of the first European settlement in
2530-511: The summit track was closed by National Parks NSW citing safety concerns, to be reviewed in May 2021. However, in February 2021 documents obtained through Freedom Of Information revealed that the track and surrounding area has actually been secretly scheduled to be permanently closed. As of August 2022 park authorities had placed a barrier on the access road several kilometres from the trailhead. This would add
2585-466: The use of suffixes is present in three of the clusters. The morphological forms and usage of these gender suffixes vary between the clusters, with some dialects marking both demonstratives and adjectives, others marking solely adjectives. Fingal Head (New South Wales) Fingal Head is a village on the Tasman Sea coast in the far northeast of New South Wales , Australia , about 5 km south of
2640-417: The vocabulary but grammar of the varieties including comparative cognate figures and examples from various dialects. Varieties of Yugambeh-Bundjalung may have a vowel system of either three or four vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in either six or eight phonemic vowels in total. In practical orthography and some descriptions of the language, the letter ⟨h⟩ is often used after
2695-428: The vowel to indicate a long vowel. Vowel alternations / a / and / e / are neutralised as [ ɛ ] before / j / . The low central vowel / a / can be fronted and raised following a palatal consonant , and backed following a velar consonant . Unstressed short vowels can be reduced to the neutral central vowel schwa [ ə ] in a similar way to English. Yugambeh-Bundjalung has
2750-410: Was any collective name, while others again state that 'Bandjalang', besides being the specific name of one of the local groups, was also in use as a covering term for all. For convenience I am doing the same.' Adding to the confusion is the use of multiple names by different groups, i.e. what one group calls another may not be what it calls itself, or the name of a dialect may change, e.g. Terry Crowley
2805-457: Was believed to be named Mount Wollumbin in error. In 2006 the Geographical Names Board assigned dual naming to Mount Warning, to also be known by its indigenous name of Wollumbin. The name Wollumbin refers the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes. On 16 May 1770, Captain James Cook was the first European to record seeing "… a remarkable sharp peaked Mountain lying inland…" from
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#17328516840792860-435: Was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby. There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was, in fact, the point James Cook named Point Danger. In 1823, John Oxley took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from Port Macquarie . "At 3 made sail intending to anchor to
2915-537: Was named after Fingal's Cave on the island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland because of the similarity in appearance due to naturally formed Columnar Basalt outcrops which extend above the ocean surface. The local Aboriginal people were the Minjungbal , but white settlement significantly impacted the population in the late 19th to early 20th century. In 1933, the last full-blood Aboriginal woman on
2970-534: Was not until the early 1900s, with the advent of Aboriginal Protection Boards, that non-Indigenous sources begin overtly naming wider language groups; this, however, was at a detriment to local dialect and clan names that were subsumed under the board's chosen name. Yugambeh–Bundjalung's position at the Queensland–NSW border led to two standard terms: Yugambeh/Yugumbir on the Queensland side and Bundjalung/Bandjalang on
3025-493: Was originally told Wehlubal for the Baryulgil dialect, while a later researcher was given Wirribi. The earliest sources of anthropological work dated from the mid to late 1800s does not give a name for the entire language chain; however, it is clear from sources that particular writers were aware of it, in most instances referring to it by their local variety name or with a descriptor like 'this language with slight variation'. It
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