Misplaced Pages

#250749

83-630: Its highest peak is Veliki kabao , which stands at 1,895 m (6,217 ft). The Orjen Peak is the highest peak in the Sub-Adriatic Dinarides . The massif of Orjen lies east to south-east of Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina and north-west of Risan in Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska). From the town of Risan, situated at the innermost protected part of the bay, a well-engineered road, at first metalled, with many hairpin bends climbs to about 1600 m, over to

166-420: A roundabout ), locally known as Skver . The radial streets are intersected by circumferential streets and avenues, thus creating a half- spider web -like street layout. Layers of different architectural styles and urban patterns are evident along the radial network of streets. Thus, closest to the central roundabout is the historical core of Nikšić, formed after the liberation from Ottoman Empire, and serving as

249-419: A subterranean river south of the city. The river caused frequent flooding of the plain, until the construction of Hydroelectric power plant Perućica in 1960. The construction of the power plant resulted in creation of three large artificial lakes near the city - Krupac Lake , Slano Lake and Vrtac Lake . Today, the lakes are a popular recreation and relaxation retreats for the citizens of Nikšić. Under

332-410: A four-year term. Mayor of Nikšić is the head of the town and municipality of Nikšić. He acts on behalf of the town, and performs an executive function in the municipality of Nikšić. Current mayor is Marko Kovačević , member of the right-wing Democratic Front . List of Mayors since introduction of multi-party system (1990–present): Nikšić is situated in north-central Montenegro. It is located at

415-414: A nucleus for Slade's urban plan. This area, on the foot of Trebjesa Hill , is home to King Nicholas Palace , City Park, and Freedom Square , main city square located along the central Njegoševa Street . The area is composed of mostly single or two storey row housing with basic designs, an architecture typical for late 19th and early 20th centuries Montenegro. The roundabout and the surrounding area

498-527: A problem and several poljes are renowned for their long inundation periods. Mediterranean mountains bear no glaciers any more except small snow fields in some shaded cirques of the Taurus range. Even during the pleistocene snowlines were not much lower as in today's Alps. Glaciers were only of local significance in the Mediterranean enabling frost sensitive vegetation types to survive the climate changes of

581-635: A significant fall of temperatures in several hours with freezing events problematic for most of the Mediterranean cultures. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors keep an eye on the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Sirocco is a warm humid rain and is important as it brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually centered in autumn and spring. * monthly and yearly precipitation ranges in Dalmatia , Herzegovina and Montenegro Mostly limestone rocks but also moraines and screes. Coastal cliffs are present at all parts of

664-596: A toll on the city. In 1996, Nikšić recorded the second-most suicides out of any city in Yugoslavia . After a period of twenty days during which six suicides and two murders took place, clergymen in Nikšić decided to start an annual public liturgy, or Litija , which was attended by tens of thousands of worshipers who walked all the way from Ostrog Monastery in May 1996. The municipal parliament consists of 41 deputies elected directly for

747-471: A unique coastal scenery. There are few places elsewhere in the Mediterranean which demonstrate similar phenomena. The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor is a UNESCO World Heritage site, comprising the territory between Orjen and Lovćen , including all the small towns in the bays of Risan and Kotor with their natural setting. With this privileged natural harbour the Bay of Kotor has been settled for millennia. Illyrians and Greeks colonised

830-541: A unique landscape that is attracting visitors also from abroad. Backpacking and alpine recreation are important factors for the development of the Orjen region. Three mountain huts are established and enthusiasts keep winter sports alive. Trails are maintained by the PSD Subra mountaineering association from Herceg Novi . Most trails are around the huts at Vratlo (1160 m) and Orjen ridge (1594 m). 40 km of marked trails exist in

913-426: Is 18 km away from the city center, making winter sports a popular recreation among the citizens of Nikšić. Population (city) Nikšić is administrative centre of Nikšić Municipality , which incorporates a densely populated fertile plain called "Župa", and has a population of 66,725 (2023. census). Nikšić Municipality can be viewed as a metropolitan area of the city of Nikšić. There are 129 settlements in

SECTION 10

#1732856028251

996-713: Is a mountain peak on the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro . At 1,894 m, it is the highest summit of the Orjen Range in the Dinaric Alps . It is also the highest peak of the eastern Adriatic . Marked trail to Zubački Kabao from the Orjen Saddle is the oldest mountaineering trail in Montenegro. It was constructed during the 1880s by the Austro-Hungarian Army led by general Varešanin, in preparation for

1079-478: Is a remarkable indicator of this seasonality. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor. * classification scheme after Köppen Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: Bora and Sirocco . Strong cold downslope winds of Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h and can lead to

1162-448: Is characterised by all surface occurrences and all processes characteristic for holokarst such as: karst plain , polje , uvala , sinkhole , dry-, hanging-, blind- and karstified valley, lapies , canyon , shaft, cave, resurgence, vrulja , estavelle and so on. The karstification of limestones and dolomites in this area is below the base level of erosion, below the sea level and is deeper than 1,000 m. The High-Karst Zone has all

1245-567: Is elementary music school and 4 high schools, including the Stojan Cerović Gymnasium. Nikšić is also home to three faculties of the University of Montenegro : Nikšić is regarded as one of the centers of Montenegrin sport. The combat sports are particularly popular in Nikšić, with a strong tradition in judo , karate and boxing . Nikšić judokas have been exceptionally successful at international competitions. Sutjeska football club

1328-482: Is mostly confined to public broadcasters TV Nikšić and Radio Nikšić , and a number of commercial radio stations. Riječ and Luča magazines, published by the Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Philosophy respectively, as well as Poznanstva children magazine, are also a part of Nikšić cultural scene. Nikšić is home to 40 educational institutions. Among those are 11 nurseries, 25 elementary schools of which one

1411-531: Is over 350 m³. Orjen is within the Mediterranean subtropical belt. While summers are hot and sunny, autumn, winter and spring are rainy seasons. It is the climate type of the Mediterranean but modifications exist in the vast region. For exymple sinkholes may create local areas with continental microclimates as is the cas with the Borovi do and Opuvani do , where frequent freeze-thaw cycles create favourable conditions for arcto-alpine and alpine biota. A peculiarity of

1494-539: Is still the focal point of activities in the city, as bus and train stations, as well as commercial and civic services are located in the area. Farther from the central roundabout, the historical core is encircled with a layer of mass residential blocks, built during the SFRY era. The building of the highrise residential blocks facilitated housing of the large population drawn to the city by rapid post- World War II industrialisation. The SFRY era apartment blocks are still home for

1577-662: Is the pillar of the city soccer tradition. The club has risen to the Yugoslav First League during the SFRY era , and is one of the most successful clubs since the Montenegrin First League was established in 2006. City Stadium is the club's home field. FK Čelik is also becoming more prominent as it has reached the UEFA Europa League qualifying phase. In basketball, not only has Nikšić produced great players (Bojan Dubljevic or Ana Pocek for example), but

1660-481: Is the second largest city in Montenegro , with a total population of 56,970 (2011 census) located in the west of the country, in the centre of the spacious Nikšić field at the foot of Trebjesa Hill. It is the center of Nikšić Municipality with population of 66,725 according to 2023 census, which is the largest municipality by area and second most inhabited after Podgorica . It was also the largest municipality by area in

1743-558: The Battle of Vučji Do in the western edge of the municipality of Nikšić . On 27 August 1877, the rest of Nikšić was taken by the Montenegrin Army under the command of Vojvoda Mašo Vrbica after a 47-day siege against the Ottoman authorities. English archaeologist Arthur Evans witnessed the negotiations between Nicholas I of Montenegro (Nikola I) and the remaining Bosniaks (Muslims) after

SECTION 20

#1732856028251

1826-472: The Israeli Air Force in a secret operation. During the operation, the airport was quarantined from the public by Yugoslavia's State Security Administration . The unmarked aircraft were flown by pilots from the Israeli Air Force , and three of them were used in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War less than a month later. One of the biggest changes in Nikšić were the construction of new factories, particularly

1909-643: The Kosača noble family , which held territory in Herzegovina from 1448 until Herzegovina fell to the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire took control of Onogošt in 1465, and it stayed under control of the Turks for more than four hundred years, as a part of Herzegovina Province . Onogošt was first referred to as "Nikšić" in a document titled Radonia Pribisalich de Nichsich printed in 1518. Evliya Çelebi mentioned Serbs who live in

1992-750: The Köppen climate classification , Nikšić has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ), which is influenced by the Mediterranean climate drying trend during summer. The average temperature in January is 1.7 °C (35.1 °F), while in July it is 20.4 °C (68.7 °F). Average humidity amounts to 69%. Nikšić receives 2,238 hours of sunshine per year, with warm and moderately wet summers, and cool and rainy winters. On average, there are 19 days per year with snowfall. Although Nikšić area has seen human settlements since antiquity, most of

2075-519: The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor a World Heritage site. The part of Orjen within the boundaries of this Site is namely the Krivosije plateaux. A further evaluation of the patrimony and nomination of a greater part of Orjen as National park has good reasons. Unique flora , fauna and relief certainly require a protection plan by administrative action. The earliest historic confirmations are

2158-469: The Nazi occupation . The recorded number of casualties from the bombing raid vary depending on different sources, ranging from approximately 200 to 500 killed. After the end of World War II, Nikšić became the site of unprecedented industrial and political developments. On September 24, 1948, six unmarked Supermarine Spitfire aircraft landed at Kapino Polje Airport , where they were retrofitted and delivered to

2241-562: The Quaternary . Among the once glaciated Mediterranean mountains Orjen was outstanding for one of the biggest ice cap in the region. A 150 km covered 1/3 of the area. All part above 900 m were buried under a thick sheet of ice from where several glacial tongues descended to 500 m above sea level. Traces of glacial activity are evident in any part of Orjen as in the Bijela gora plateaux. No glacial lakes survive today as they were extinguished due to

2324-445: The poljes and the higher regions of Orjen. The traditional housing on Orjen is the so-called Koliba . Small limestone huts with roofs build of pine bark. Only few hamlets are inhabited, mostly close to the coast. The higher up the stronger the push factors acted to leave. Tribes on Orjen were once renowned for their wildness and still people from the coast have this notion towards the mountain tribes. Glacial and karst features compose

2407-515: The 1990s. Nikšić had a large amount of reservists in the Yugoslav People's Army . Between 62 and 77 JNA soldiers killed in the Yugoslav Wars were from Nikšić alone. Political tension in Nikšić was polarized between Serbian nationalist and Montenegrin secessionist groups. Although Nikšić did not experience violence from the war in neighboring Bosnia, there were some extraordinary incidents. In

2490-462: The Bay of Kotor. Many forest types can be seen of which Mediterranean deciduous evergreen don't play a significant role. Dinaric calcareous fir forests are found in several grooves on the Bijela gora but are difficult to reach. Bosnian pine forests are quite widespread on all major ridges. Virgin woodlands still exist, mainly Beech forests. Across Orjen vegetation varies with climate and altitude. While

2573-635: The Bay of Risan. The direct contact of the Adriatic Sea and the High-Karst Zone leads to interesting hydrological phenomena. In these terrains the largest vrulja on the Adriatic coast, called Sopot, is located. The vast differences in water-yielding capacity of the constant and periodic karst springs point out to the strong karstification of High-Karst Zone limestones and dolomites on Mount Orjen. The difference between minimal and maximal water yielding capacity

Orjen - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-480: The Bijela gora and should not be disturbed as the population is critically endangered. Every year around mid May a half marathon called Orjen marathon is organised by the PSD Subra alpine organization. Guests are welcomed to take part in the traditional manifestation Several interesting alpine like climbing possibilities like rock climbing exist. Most remarkable is the 500 m wall of the Subra amphitheatre. In last few years

2739-445: The High-Karst Zone geological unit . The High-Karst Zone has the greatest extent in the territory of Montenegro . The terrain of this geotectonic unit is mainly built up of Mesozoic ( Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous ) limestones and dolomites of several kilometres of thickness. This thickness is even larger, due to the reverse faulting and overthrusting and thus repeating of carbonate series. The karst of this region

2822-632: The Lipce rock paintings which are dated in the Bronze Age. The first historic significant events are connected with the Illyrians when Queen Teuta , reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228 BC choose Risan as her capital during her war against the Romans. The Greek also colonised the region and eventually the Romans took over. The classical name of the Bay of Kotor is after Rhizon (Risan) Sinus Rhizonicus. Eventually Kotor

2905-731: The Mediterranean dinaric karst areas with the Plitvice lakes in Croatia and the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro rival with spectacularity. Tectonically the area of the Southern Adriatic is very active as the frequency of earthquakes indicates. As the Adriatic Plate subduces under the Dinarides , earthquakes can have devastating energy. Sometimes even tsunamis are observed. Mount Orjen is completely built of folded Cretaceous limestones which belongs to

2988-630: The Montenegrins used the natural conditions in their favour. Karst is also a major tourist attraction as caves are frequent and peculiar geomorphological forms can be studied. Karst vegetation on the other hand is species rich and major karst areas are hot spots of biodiversity. The both famous Southeast Asian karst areas like the Guilin tower karst region in Southern China or Phuket island in Thailand and

3071-683: The Mount Orjen region, leading to the most attractive destinations. Marked trails start at the city bus station at Herceg Novi (30 m) and lead to the Vratlo hut (1160 m). Hiking in other more remote parts is also possible but no marcation currently exists. Visitors of Bijela gora or Dobri can use several local forest roads. sometimes shepherds can offer night accommodation. Water is only available at some places, shepherd villagers usually use rain collectors. Most hikers tend to visit Subra (1680 m) or Veliki kabao (1895 m). Both are well marked. Brown bears appear in

3154-674: The North, and Dobri do and Vrbanj to the West. Only few settlements are scattered in surrounding poljes. The poljes of Grahovo, Dragalj, Vrbanj, Krusevica and Grabalj are important for agricultural use and provide the only lines of communication in the karst. Migration circled around Mount Orjen as a major obstacle between the coastal, Herceg Novi and Risan and the interior towns of Grahovo , Trebinje and Nikšić . Several dry river valleys are found on Orjen. Only in decades they react as short-living rivers when heavy rain and snow-melt combine. Flooding can be

3237-522: The Serbian Gendarmery. Nikšić saw the establishment of rail transport during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On July 12, 1938, after thirteen years of on-and-off construction, the first train arrived from Bileća at the newly constructed railway station in Nikšić. A gate was decorated in front of the new station, on which a portrait of King Petar II was installed with "Long Live Yugoslavia!" written under

3320-693: The alpine – speleo section (A.S.O.S.) of PSD Subra started to climb routes on Mount Orjen. Good climbing routes are only 10 minutes walk from the Vratlo mountain hut. Other good climbing routes are in Subra's Amphitheatre and Reovacka Greda rocks. Mount Orjen gives a lot opportunities for climbing unclimbed routes with various difficulties. Much of Mount Orjen is inaccessible due to heavy snow in winter. However, Orjen saddle 1594 m can be reached in winter from Vrbanj. Veliki kabao Veliki Kabao ( Serbian Cyrillic : Велики Кабао , pronounced [velikiː kǎbaɔ] ), also known as Zubački Kabao ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зубачки Кабао ), or simply Mount Orjen ,

3403-513: The centre of the spacious Nikšić field ( Nikšićko polje ), a karst plain with an area of 48 km , and an elevation of 640 m AMSL . The plain is surrounded by inhospitable rocky mountainous terrain, a typical landscape of western Montenegro. The city itself is located at the foot of the Trebjesa hill. Zeta river originates in the Nikšić field , and flows near the city of Nikšić, before it becomes

Orjen - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-613: The characteristic scrub of the maquis shrubland and garrigue are notable. There are stony meadows in the sunken dolina of the karst that contrast vividly with the stony slopes and rocky scrubland all round. Higher altitudes are characterised by heavy beech forest with occasional open grassy pastures. On northern branches silver fir accompanies beech. Above the beech and fir-beech forests are scattered open stands of pure Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests and Bosnian pine with deep-purple young cones set among stiff light-green needles. Open stony screes and rocks are exposed to

3569-576: The city is Septembarski Dani Kulture ( September days of Culture ), that is one of the most recognizable cultural happenings in Montenegro. Other annual artistic events include Pjesnik na korzu ( Poet on the promenade ), Međunarodni festival glumca ( International actors festival ), Međunarodni festival kamerne muzike ( International festival of chamber music ), Međunarodni festival gitare ( International guitar festival ). Lake Fest rock festival, held annually at Krupac lake and Bedem Fest rock festival, held at Bedem Castle are gaining ground as one of

3652-502: The city planning. In addition to designing contemporary Nikšić, he also designed the monumental Carev Most nearby. The ousting of King Nikola and the context of the transition to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes resulted in considerable tension and even violence in Nikšić. On December 23, 1918, Nikšić was the site of a skirmish between Montenegrin Greens and Serbian troops under

3735-473: The city, so low density suburbs extend from the city in every direction, covering much of the Nikšić Field . Although mostly perceived as an industrial center, Nikšić is also a city of rich cultural heritage. The most significant cultural institution in the city is Centar Za Kulturu ( Cultural Center ), which incorporates the city's major public cultural establishments: The most significant cultural event in

3818-400: The coast from 400 BC and established today's ports Risan (Rhizon) and Kotor (Cattaro). Due to lack of potable water, the high mountain was never densely populated. Snow patches collected from deep pit holes were used even late in the 20th century to provide the few hamlets with water. Today, wells are used instead. Mount Orjen is a block mountain lifted up as a horst and thus towering above

3901-426: The collapse of the socialist economy , but have since recovered. The process of privatization is either finished or still in progress for some of these industries. Today those industry giants cannot employ as many workers as they could back in the days of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , and the economy of Nikšić is slowly transforming into one that is more service-oriented. In 1981 Niksic's GDP per capita

3984-580: The command of Dragan Milutinović. The Greens had launched an attack on Nikšić during the Christmas Uprising , although Serbian forces prevailed. Even after the Christmas Uprising ended, some Montenegrin Greens continued resisting the Yugoslav government for many years. On December 28, 1923, 11 Montenegrin "Komiti" who continued guerilla activities after the Christmas Uprising were executed in Nikšić by

4067-663: The earliest started by the Yugoslav Partisans . The first Partisan advances were violently repressed, as Nikšić became the site of a large number of public executions , including those of notable communists Ljubo Čupić and 16-year old Joka Baletić. Over the course of April 7–8, 1944, Nikšić was bombed by the Royal Air Force , using Vickers Wellington long-range bombers. One of the Yugoslav Partisans ' commanders in Montenegro, Peko Dapčević , requested to Josip Broz Tito that allied forces bomb Nikšić in order to force out

4150-570: The eastern Himalayas than the dry Mediterranean. Lying at Europe's wettest coast, snow easily accumulates on karstic plateaux and as late as June small snow patches continue to lie in shaded places under the summits. Skiing is possible but no relevant infrastructures exist today. Orjen is a more important hiking destination. Three mountain huts provide basic accommodation. Orjen comprises transboundary area of about 400 km between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , and runs for 25 km from region around Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina in

4233-513: The factory, as opposed to placing responsibility solely on workers. By 1985, the Boris Kidrič metal works employed over 6,500 workers, although that year two strikes took place. Chronic inflation of the Yugoslav dinar had already begun, and the metal works were dependent on imports in order to produce. This added pressure to raise prices of steel products, which in turn made them less competitive with steel from western Europe. The city population

SECTION 50

#1732856028251

4316-402: The fall of 1992, Vojislav Šešelj planned to hold a Serbian Radical Party rally in Nikšić. However, a local named Brano Mićunović plotted to assassinate Šešelj outside of a tunnel upon entering Nikšić, and Šešelj ultimately cancelled the meeting after hearing about the plot. In June 1993, Hadži-Ismail's mosque was destroyed during unrest. Years of wartime tension and widespread poverty took

4399-565: The fall of the Vlastimirovići and the hinterland regions in the second half of the 10th century, Doclea was resurrected with Stefan Vojislav and his Vojislavljević dynasty , succeeded by Stefan Nemanja and his Nemanjić dynasty , at which time the Onogošt župa existed. With the fall of the Serbian Empire , Onogošt came under the rule of Kingdom of Bosnia in 1373, and was under the rule of

4482-607: The former Yugoslavia. It is an important industrial, cultural, and educational center. In classical antiquity, the area of Nikšić was the site of the settlement of the Illyrian tribe of the Endirudini and was known in sources of the time as Anderba or Enderon. The Roman Empire built a military camp ( castrum Anderba ) in the 4th century AD, which was known as the Ostrogothic fortress Anagastum (after 459. AD). After Slavic settlement in

4565-450: The interior. At the main summit of Orjen and the surrounding ridges and high plateaus the action of quaternary glaciation is evident. During the Ice Age , long valley glaciers receded from Orjen to the Bay of Kotor and surrounding poljes . Hollowing U-shaped valleys and cirques in their course. Glaciers also shaped jagged peaks and ridges. Glacial and karst type relief combine now in

4648-415: The jagged ridges and summits. They are very rich in species. Flora is of Balkan type with many Illyrian and Balkan endemics. Notable is local endemism with 10 endemics restricted to Mount Orjen. A National Park was planned for a long time on Orjen. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, civil war and standstill of tourism cancelled plans. Today plans a rejuvenated but funding maybe a problem. UNESCO declared

4731-447: The littoral Dinarides is the precipitation regime as Orjen receives Europe's' most heavy precipitation. Like the monsoon rain is seasonally distributed, thus November thunderstorms sometimes pour 2000 L of water in several days, while August is frequently completely dry leading to forest fires . With a maximum discharge of 200 m³/s water one of the biggest karst springs , the Sopot spring,

4814-622: The local team KK Sutjeska Nikšić became champions of the Montenegrin Basketball Cup in 2013. Other team sports, particularly handball and volleyball , are also popular in Nikšić. Besides City Stadium , other significant sporting venue is the Nikšić Sports Center . This facility features a 3,000 seat indoor sports hall, olympic-size swimming pool , 6-lane bowling alley , sports shooting range , tennis and futsal courts, and various other facilities. Vučje ski resort

4897-550: The lowered Bay of Kotor and the high karst plateaux surrounding the Mount Orjen horst. With 1895 m difference between the lowest and the highest point, relief energy has a great role in the extremely harsh environment . A hyperkarstic barren landscape of vast karren fields contrasts with very species rich vegetation types, ranging from evergreen deciduous forests at lower altitudes to endemic calcareous Dinaric Fir and Pine forests in higher altitudes. Precipitation reaches 5000 L per m, amounts typical for tropical rainforests or

4980-416: The majority of residents of Nikšić. Beyond the blocks, the city expanded in form of a suburban sprawl, that consists of detached housing . Close to the city blocks and major industrial areas, the lowrise single home suburbs are built with well executed urban plans, but farther away from the center, the city expanded in a chaotic and informal way. In addition, the rural areas south of Nikšić have merged with

5063-417: The metal processing plant "Boris Kidrič", which Josip Broz Tito first visited in May 1959. Tito visited the Boris Kidrič plant again on May 12, 1969, after it was reported that the plant recorded a positive net revenue for the previous quarter-year for the first time since its establishment. During his second visit to Nikšić, Tito insisted that negative business results be addressed by modernizing machinery in

SECTION 60

#1732856028251

5146-467: The modern Nikšić is a planned city . Very little remains of the Ottoman architectural heritage, despite the long presence of Ottoman Empire in the area. The city layout visible today still follows the 1883 urban plan commissioned by King Nicholas and designed by Croatian architect Josip Slade. According to this plan, the streets of Nikšić radiate to the north and east from the central city square (today

5229-432: The most recognizable music festivals in the former Yugoslav region. Nikšić is known for its distinctive cultural atmosphere and bohemian art scene, with poet Vitomir Nikolić and singers/songwriters like Miladin Šobić or Marinko Pavićević as prominent representatives of the Nikšić bohemian spirit. Živko Nikolić , a native of Nikšić, is considered the most significant Montenegrin movie director. Media scene of Nikšić

5312-481: The municipality of Nikšić with a total population of 66,725 (2023). Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011 Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011 Nikšić is, alongside Podgorica, one of the biggest industrial centres of Montenegro. A steel mill ( Nikšićka Željezara ), bauxite mine, the Trebjesa brewery ( Nikšićka Pivara ), and many more are concentrated in this city. These big industries had struggled to survive

5395-403: The north of Mount Orjen. Mount Orjen is built up from pure Cretaceous limestone . As precipitation and temperatures are high and vegetation is abundant karstification processes are evolved. Lapies , sinkholes and caves resolve from the solution of the limestone . The solution process is the faster the more water is available for solution . Vegetation and soilformation play also a role in

5478-571: The north-west, to Bay of Kotor in Montenegro in the south-east. Mount Orjen is composed of four high karstic plateaux divided by ridges. Three near parallel ridges collide in Veliki kabao , Orjens' culmination point. The ridges are arranged by elevation with the highest to the north screening the Bijela gora plateaux from the Mediterranean coast. The separated plateaux are the Krivošije to the East, Bijela gora to

5561-636: The other hand, those who decide to leave will be allowed to bring any mobile goods and the Montenegrin government will issue a horse and an envoy up to the border." Nikšić was officially recognized as a part of the Principality of Montenegro in the Treaty of Berlin . The small Ottoman hamlet began to transform into a modern urban settlement. The first urban plan was adopted in 1883, commissioned by King Nikola , who appointed Croatian architect Josip Slade to develop

5644-496: The porosity of the karstified landscape. Many cirques , U-shaped valleys and moraines and jagged ridges and summits bear the evidence of the glacial erosion. In stoneage and Bronze Age humans settled in the Orjen region. This early human activity is depicted by rock paintings of deerhunt and humans in Lipci rock art in Risan bay. A major Bronze Age excavation site is at Popovo polje to

5727-505: The portrait. Approximately 5,000 people waited for the first train to arrive, even when its arrival was delayed by two hours on a hot day. During the delay, much of the public was reportedly impatient, with two war veterans leading a kolo dance on the railroad tracks before the train arrived. During World War II , Nikšić was first occupied by the Italian governorate in Montenegro . The occupation resulted in several insurrections, with one of

5810-415: The process. A major disadvantage is that the water is percolating fast in the porous rocks and does not form brooks and rivers despite the heavy amounts of precipitation. An overall dryness is characteristic that is unsuitable for settling. Thus the region has been depopulated for a long time. Only during times of repression the unfavourable high mountains were mainly populated by Montenegrin tribes. During

5893-423: The prominent characteristics of fluvial erosion (deep canyons of Komarnica and Morača rivers with their tributaries), glacial erosion (on Mount Orjen), lacustrine, sea and combined erosion. Along the internal belt of Bay of Kotor , from Morinj, across Risan to Kotor , the High-Karst Zone is in direct contact with the sea, as the High-Karst Zone overthrusts the Pindus Cukali Zone where Mount Orjen rises from

5976-415: The rebellion. After the suppression of the uprising by the Turks, in which local Slavic Muslims probably took part, there was no more mention of the wider rebellion in historical sources. In 1807, armed forces led by Petar I Petrović-Njegoš along with 1,000 Russian troops attempted to take Nikšić, but Ottoman forces prevailed. On July 18, 1876, the Principality of Montenegro defeated Ottoman forces in

6059-612: The region, Anagastum became Slavic Onogošt , which was the name of the town and župa (county) in the Middle Ages . Onogošt was renamed as Nikšić in the middle of 15th century after the Nikšići , a Montenegrin tribe . The region formed one of the core areas of the Illyrian kingdom with its capital in Rhizon . It was inhabited by the Endirudini, who figure in the list of tribes which surrendered to Octavian in 33 BC. The Endirudini were one of

6142-423: The siege, and subsequently wrote about them in his diary: "Prince Nikola upon entering Nikšić directly invited representatives of Muslim citizens and informed them that whoever decides to stay is guaranteed complete personal freedom, freedom to retain homes, land, and all property, complete freedom of religion and that they will enjoy all the rights of Montenegrin citizenry, even including the right to carry arms. On

6225-441: The sub-adriatic range exhibits evergreen deciduous forests, the vegetation graduates to temperate forests, conifers and tundra in the northern and upper regions. The ridges also have a variety of Mediterranean alpine vegetation – oromediterranean pastures. The typical karst country with bare limestone rochocks interspersed with parches of wood is found on lower altitudes. White Oak , Hop-hornbeam and Montpellier Maple , or

6308-472: The time of the Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 19th century the high karst was acting as main shelter for the Christian population. Military campaigns of Ottomans and Austro-Hungarians faced heavy losses while both great powers underestimated the difficulties to undertake successful raids in karst areas. The Battle of Vučji Do between Montenegrins and Turks and the Krivošije uprising in 1869 showed that

6391-702: The tribes who were included in the administrative reorganization of the tribal units in the early Roman Empire and became part of the Docleatae with Doclea as their administrative center. During the Early Middle Ages, it was located within the South Slavic ( Sklavenoi ) tribal provinces of Travunia or Duklja (which were under the authority of the Serbian Principality of the Vlastimirović dynasty ). With

6474-473: The villages around Nikšić. The name "Nikšić" was used alongside Onogošt until 1767, when the name Nikšić was officially implemented after an ayan council, a high-profile meeting of Ottoman feudal lords which was relatively common at the time. During the later years of Ottoman occupation, the town served as a significant fortified military stronghold. During the course of Ottoman rule, a total of four mosques were built in Nikšić. The first one, Donjogradska ,

6557-544: The visit of Prince Rudolf who made the ascent to the peak in 1886. From Veliki Kabao views spread across the surrounding Dinaric range, as far as Trebinje and Popovo field , the Bay of Kotor and the Adriatic coast , and inland as far as Durmitor , while to the south-east lies the Skadar Lake and the mountains of Albania . Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87 Nikšić ( Montenegrin : Никшић , pronounced [nîkʃit͡ɕ] ),

6640-586: Was becoming more important during the Middle Ages Only few traditional shepherds live today on Orjen. Mostly remain on the northern side of the Bijela gora. They have their local songs describing life on the remote mountain and every year in July a great feast takes place when all the shepherds from Bijela gora come together to sing dance and eat on a pasture at Ledenik. Livestock is mostly sheep but also horses and few cattle are held. At Orjen saddle oxen graze. In former times nomadic migration took place between

6723-559: Was constructed between 1695 and 1703. A second mosque called Hadžidanuša was constructed sometime in the early 1700s by an Ottoman military captain, Hadži-Husejin Danević; it was colloquially known as the "short mosque" because it had no minarets . A third mosque, known simply as "Pasha's mosque", was the largest in Nikšić. It was said to be architecturally similar to Jashar Pasha Mosque in Pristina . A fourth mosque called Hadži-Ismail's mosque

6806-761: Was erected in 1807, and was the only mosque to survive the departure of the Ottoman Empire from Nikšić later that century. Under the influence of the First Serbian Uprising , in the summer of 1805, the movement of Herzegovinian Serbs wanting to start an uprising appeared in Nikšić. The people of Nikšić relied on and cooperated with the harambašas from Popovo Polje , Trebinje and Trebinje Šuma, ( Serbian : Требињска шума ), and calculated that 19,000 Serbs could rise up in revolt, while weapons were to arrive from Russia, via Greece. The Turks reacted to that by sending 10,000 soldiers led by pasha Kauzlarić to quell

6889-523: Was increased tenfold, and Nikšić became the heart of Montenegrin industrial complex. During the socialist republic era, the city flourished, as steel and iron works, bauxite mines, electricity production, brewery and wood processing industries were set up in and around the city. With the breakup of Yugoslavia , Nikšić was hit hard with the hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar , international sanctions , and overall decline throughout Yugoslavia during

#250749