The Motorola F3 , frequently known as the Motofone (styled MOTOFONE ), is a candybar style GSM mobile phone from Motorola , released on 28 November 2006. It was the first mobile phone to use an electronic paper display.
110-409: The Motofone F3 was designed to appeal to the low-end market and developing countries, and was thus less functional, but also less expensive than most phones. Motorola made it appealing to developing markets and people with reading and visual difficulties by using only simple symbols and using speech synthesis to identify tasks in the menu. The FONE designation essentially made it a series of phones in
220-450: A database . Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the vocal tract and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output. The quality of
330-501: A front-end and a back-end . The front-end has two major tasks. First, it converts raw text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of written-out words. This process is often called text normalization , pre-processing , or tokenization . The front-end then assigns phonetic transcriptions to each word, and divides and marks the text into prosodic units , like phrases , clauses , and sentences . The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words
440-462: A 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well as vowels. In 1837, Charles Wheatstone produced a "speaking machine" based on von Kempelen's design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the " Euphonia ". In 1923, Paget resurrected Wheatstone's design. In the 1930s, Bell Labs developed the vocoder , which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on
550-499: A backlight for the keypad and a slit that projects the backlight onto the screen so the display can be seen in darkness. The characteristics of the display were fairly restrictive. The text display contained only two lines of six characters each, making the use of text messaging (SMS) and data services less practical than on standard LCD displays. The display used a fixed 'digital clock' style font, with no functionality for changing between upper case and lower case text. All SMSs sent by
660-438: A circular shield, and the female connector having two receptacles surrounded by a circular groove to accept the male shield, in turn surrounded by a second circular shield which projects 6 mm (0.24 in) past the mating surface and encloses the male connector. (It somewhat resembles a smaller IEC 60309 connector.) The dimensions are as follows: The male shield has two keys projecting inwards, which fit into notches in
770-482: A database of speech samples. They can therefore be used in embedded systems , where memory and microprocessor power are especially limited. Because formant-based systems have complete control of all aspects of the output speech, a wide variety of prosodies and intonations can be output, conveying not just questions and statements, but a variety of emotions and tones of voice. Examples of non-real-time but highly accurate intonation control in formant synthesis include
880-405: A different style of connector. Locking Molex connectors are available in 3, 4, and 6 terminal configurations. Solder cup terminals are primarily designed for the in-line solder termination of conductors. This style of terminal is principally designed as a precision-machined pin for insertion into connector bodies. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has produced a standard for
990-415: A female voice. Kurzweil predicted in 2005 that as the cost-performance ratio caused speech synthesizers to become cheaper and more accessible, more people would benefit from the use of text-to-speech programs. The most important qualities of a speech synthesis system are naturalness and intelligibility . Naturalness describes how closely the output sounds like human speech, while intelligibility
1100-431: A few times. The only context-sensitive button was the action button which was used for "OK" on options as well as choosing a number or address book entry when writing an SMS or for answering a received SMS. Reception strength (left) and battery status (right) were constantly displayed in two prominent strips above the actual display. Both were readable in any light condition and from considerable distances. The F3 Motofone
1210-532: A lack of universally agreed objective evaluation criteria. Different organizations often use different speech data. The quality of speech synthesis systems also depends on the quality of the production technique (which may involve analogue or digital recording) and on the facilities used to replay the speech. Evaluating speech synthesis systems has therefore often been compromised by differences between production techniques and replay facilities. DC connector A DC connector (or DC plug , for one common type)
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#17331058501781320-409: A maintenance charge to a vehicle battery. When installed in a vehicle and attached to a battery, the polarity of the connector is always such that no short circuit will occur if the exposed terminal touches the vehicle chassis. In most vehicles, this means that the exposed terminal connects to the battery's negative terminal. Conversely, the positive terminal on a battery charger is exposed to mate with
1430-484: A number based on surrounding words, numbers, and punctuation, and sometimes the system provides a way to specify the context if it is ambiguous. Roman numerals can also be read differently depending on context. For example, "Henry VIII" reads as "Henry the Eighth", while "Chapter VIII" reads as "Chapter Eight". Similarly, abbreviations can be ambiguous. For example, the abbreviation "in" for "inches" must be differentiated from
1540-511: A set of multi-pin screw plugs matching ISO metric screw thread , available in M5, M8 and M12 sizes. M5 connectors are very low current, typically only used for signal wiring, while some M8 pin arrangements are rated for up to 3 A, and some M12 arrangements are available up to 16 A. The multi-pin design caters for Ethernet, single and three-phase AC, as well as single or multiple voltage DC. The DC ratings are typically 60 V and below, however
1650-406: A short circuit could result in a fire or explosion. The priority is therefore given to avoiding short circuits of the vehicle battery rather than the charger. Although the term "SAE connector" is commonly used to refer to the pictured two-pin connector, many different connector standards are designated by SAE International which may also be referred to by this term. Furthermore, while the design of
1760-467: A silverish grey. According to its very low price (starting from 20 to €30 /$ ) the F3/F3c was mainly sold with prepaid (pay-as-you-go) SIM cards and it seems that the sellers often (but not always) implemented a SIM-lock . However, for slightly more (starting at ca. €30) it could also be bought without SIM-lock or card, giving full freedom to choose any provider. In Brazil , this phone (without SIM-lock)
1870-602: A slightly larger mating shell. Because of this, they do not mate with any of the standardized Mini-DIN connectors. Some devices, however, use a proper 4-pin Mini-DIN connector for power instead, presenting the possibility of mating such a connector with the wrong port (such as an S-Video output). Molex connectors were frequently used as DC power connectors in personal computers, for floppy, hard disk, and CD drives. These connectors have four pins, +5 V (red), 2 common ground (black), and +12 V (yellow). SATA peripherals use
1980-607: A specialized software that enabled it to read Italian. A second version, released in 1978, was also able to sing Italian in an " a cappella " style. Dominant systems in the 1980s and 1990s were the DECtalk system, based largely on the work of Dennis Klatt at MIT, and the Bell Labs system; the latter was one of the first multilingual language-independent systems, making extensive use of natural language processing methods. Handheld electronics featuring speech synthesis began emerging in
2090-470: A specified range of voltages. However, most other coaxial DC power connectors have no specified voltage association. Generic plugs are often named for the pin diameter they are designed to take. Many non-proprietary co-axial power plugs are 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in outside diameter (OD) and 9.5 mm (0.37 in) in length. Two pin sizes are standard in the jacks for this size plug body, 2.1 mm (0.083 in) and 2.5 mm (0.098 in), and
2200-422: A speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with visual impairments or reading disabilities to listen to written words on a home computer. Many computer operating systems have included speech synthesizers since the early 1990s. A text-to-speech system (or "engine") is composed of two parts:
2310-510: A standard 12 V DC connector by most RACES Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service organizations and ARES Amateur Radio Emergency Service units. They deliver good current capability for their sizes and facilitate very easy pluggability for those without good eyesight or good lighting. However, they can be damaged relatively quickly and, if not correctly crimped, can occasionally separate from each other easily with minimal force unless additional retaining measures are taken. The SAE connector
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#17331058501782420-409: A system of 2-pin plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes in fixed and portable applications, either indoors or outdoors. Safety extra-low voltage (SELV) plugs and socket-outlets carry up to 16 amperes, and have eight keying possibilities, to indicate 6, 12, 24, or 48 volts, AC or DC . The connector is circular, with the male connector having two pins placed symmetrically inside
2530-463: A tool developed by ElevenLabs to create voice deepfakes that defeated a bank's voice-authentication system. The process of normalizing text is rarely straightforward. Texts are full of heteronyms , numbers , and abbreviations that all require expansion into a phonetic representation. There are many spellings in English which are pronounced differently based on context. For example, "My latest project
2640-438: A waveguide or transmission-line analog of the human oral and nasal tracts controlled by Carré's "distinctive region model". More recent synthesizers, developed by Jorge C. Lucero and colleagues, incorporate models of vocal fold biomechanics, glottal aerodynamics and acoustic wave propagation in the bronchi, trachea, nasal and oral cavities, and thus constitute full systems of physics-based speech simulation. HMM-based synthesis
2750-486: Is 12 V DC , when the engine is running the car's battery charging system will bring the system voltage to 13.8 V DC or higher. The possible range of battery voltages from 11–15 V DC must be taken into account by devices attached to the cigar lighter socket. This connector is also often used for powering accessories on motorcycles, such as heated clothing (vests, gloves, etc.) or GPS units. This makes "plugging in" easier to manage while wearing gloves. As
2860-539: Is a headset only and not an adapter. The F3 had two internal antennas to maximize reception even when partially shielded by a hand or other obstacles, and a loud maximum volume for ringtones and loudspeaker to facilitate usage in crowded city environments or public transport. The unique default ringing mode vibrates silently for several seconds, then rings at modest volume, then with full volume. A vibrate-only mode and modes with fixed volume can also be set. To ease repairs or recycling, it can be opened by four Torx screws on
2970-603: Is a physically self-mating hermaphrodite two-conductor DC connector commonly used for solar and automotive applications (including motorcycles ). It is so named for the Society of Automotive Engineers which created the specifications this connector is based on. Although the plug is physically hermaphroditic, and any SAE connector can be connected to any other SAE connector, they are NOT electrically hermaphroditic , and care needs to be taken to maintain correct polarity when connecting different plugs. This connector typically applies
3080-513: Is a polarized high power plug that inhibits accidental reversed connections. This also applies in particular to avoid the LiPo flash, which can cause burn injuries or related damage. Depending on the make, Deans plugs are sensitive to overheating during soldering, as the plastic can become soft and the plug surfaces can easily twist. Depending on the construction, they can support currents up to 40A (pulse to 70A) . Usual pin assignment T-Plug: negative (-)
3190-442: Is a synthesis method based on hidden Markov models , also called Statistical Parametric Synthesis. In this system, the frequency spectrum ( vocal tract ), fundamental frequency (voice source), and duration ( prosody ) of speech are modeled simultaneously by HMMs. Speech waveforms are generated from HMMs themselves based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Sinewave synthesis is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing
3300-556: Is also called a cigarette lighter receptacle, or cigar lighter receptacle, since it was originally designed as a lighter for cigars—hence its rather large size. Nowadays, it is used to power automotive accessories such as portable inverters, mobile phone chargers and portable refrigerators. These sockets were not originally designed to provide DC power, and are not an ideal DC connector for several reasons , but still widely used for compatibility to existing accessories. Three sizes exist, one for 6 V DC and two for 12 V DC and
3410-816: Is an electrical connector that supplies direct current (DC) power. Compared to domestic AC power plugs and sockets , DC connectors have many more standard types that are not interchangeable. The dimensions and arrangement of DC connectors can be chosen to prevent accidental interconnection of incompatible sources and loads. Types vary from small coaxial connectors used to power portable electronic devices from AC adapters to connectors used for automotive accessories and for battery packs in portable equipment. These extra-low voltage connectors are rated at or below 120 VDC. Small cylindrical connectors come in various sizes. They may be known as "coaxial power connectors," "barrel connectors," "concentric barrel connectors," or "tip connectors." These plugs are intended for use on
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3520-406: Is an important technology for speech synthesis and coding, and in the 1990s was adopted by almost all international speech coding standards as an essential component, contributing to the enhancement of digital speech communication over mobile channels and the internet. In 1975, MUSA was released, and was one of the first Speech Synthesis systems. It consisted of a stand-alone computer hardware and
3630-461: Is another problem that TTS systems have to address. It is a simple programming challenge to convert a number into words (at least in English), like "1325" becoming "one thousand three hundred twenty-five". However, numbers occur in many different contexts; "1325" may also be read as "one three two five", "thirteen twenty-five" or "thirteen hundred and twenty five". A TTS system can often infer how to expand
3740-531: Is built to adjust the intonation and pacing of delivery based on the context of language input used. It uses advanced algorithms to analyze the contextual aspects of text, aiming to detect emotions like anger, sadness, happiness, or alarm, which enables the system to understand the user's sentiment, resulting in a more realistic and human-like inflection. Other features include multilingual speech generation and long-form content creation with contextually-aware voices. The DNN-based speech synthesizers are approaching
3850-444: Is called text-to-phoneme or grapheme -to-phoneme conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and prosody information together make up the symbolic linguistic representation that is output by the front-end. The back-end—often referred to as the synthesizer —then converts the symbolic linguistic representation into sound. In certain systems, this part includes the computation of the target prosody (pitch contour, phoneme durations), which
3960-420: Is called a speech synthesizer , and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech ( TTS ) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech. The reverse process is speech recognition . Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in
4070-423: Is contained in the speech database. At runtime, the target prosody of a sentence is superimposed on these minimal units by means of digital signal processing techniques such as linear predictive coding , PSOLA or MBROLA . or more recent techniques such as pitch modification in the source domain using discrete cosine transform . Diphone synthesis suffers from the sonic glitches of concatenative synthesis and
4180-504: Is not always the goal of a speech synthesis system, and formant synthesis systems have advantages over concatenative systems. Formant-synthesized speech can be reliably intelligible, even at very high speeds, avoiding the acoustic glitches that commonly plague concatenative systems. High-speed synthesized speech is used by the visually impaired to quickly navigate computers using a screen reader . Formant synthesizers are usually smaller programs than concatenative systems because they do not have
4290-406: Is quick and accurate, but completely fails if it is given a word which is not in its dictionary. As dictionary size grows, so too does the memory space requirements of the synthesis system. On the other hand, the rule-based approach works on any input, but the complexity of the rules grows substantially as the system takes into account irregular spellings or pronunciations. (Consider that the word "of"
4400-415: Is quite successful for many cases such as whether "read" should be pronounced as "red" implying past tense, or as "reed" implying present tense. Typical error rates when using HMMs in this fashion are usually below five percent. These techniques also work well for most European languages, although access to required training corpora is frequently difficult in these languages. Deciding how to convert numbers
4510-448: Is realized as /ˌklɪəɹˈʌʊt/ ). Likewise in French , many final consonants become no longer silent if followed by a word that begins with a vowel, an effect called liaison . This alternation cannot be reproduced by a simple word-concatenation system, which would require additional complexity to be context-sensitive . Formant synthesis does not use human speech samples at runtime. Instead,
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4620-407: Is segmented into some or all of the following: individual phones , diphones , half-phones, syllables , morphemes , words , phrases , and sentences . Typically, the division into segments is done using a specially modified speech recognizer set to a "forced alignment" mode with some manual correction afterward, using visual representations such as the waveform and spectrogram . An index of
4730-419: Is smaller than the first, 1.5 ± 0.1 mm (0.059 ± 0.004 in) wide ending at a radius of 6.4 ± 0.1 mm (0.252 ± 0.004 in) from the connector centre. The corresponding notch in the female connector body is 1.8 ± 0.1 mm (0.071 ± 0.004 in) wide and ends at a radius of 6.2 ± 0.1 mm (0.244 ± 0.004 in) from
4840-522: Is stored by the program. Determining the correct pronunciation of each word is a matter of looking up each word in the dictionary and replacing the spelling with the pronunciation specified in the dictionary. The other approach is rule-based, in which pronunciation rules are applied to words to determine their pronunciations based on their spellings. This is similar to the "sounding out", or synthetic phonics , approach to learning reading. Each approach has advantages and drawbacks. The dictionary-based approach
4950-761: Is the NeXT -based system originally developed and marketed by Trillium Sound Research, a spin-off company of the University of Calgary , where much of the original research was conducted. Following the demise of the various incarnations of NeXT (started by Steve Jobs in the late 1980s and merged with Apple Computer in 1997), the Trillium software was published under the GNU General Public License, with work continuing as gnuspeech . The system, first marketed in 1994, provides full articulatory-based text-to-speech conversion using
5060-438: Is the ease with which the output is understood. The ideal speech synthesizer is both natural and intelligible. Speech synthesis systems usually try to maximize both characteristics. The two primary technologies generating synthetic speech waveforms are concatenative synthesis and formant synthesis . Each technology has strengths and weaknesses, and the intended uses of a synthesis system will typically determine which approach
5170-424: Is the parallel pin; positive (+) is the perpendicular pin. Inverter tabs/lugs are available in 2, 4, and 8 AWG . These are designed to pass very high currents at voltages up to 600 V DC to and from battery packs, inverters, and other high-current loads to a terminal bus. Two different airline in-seat power supply system (ISPSS) standards for DC power have been used in the past. American Airlines in
5280-469: Is the standard for 12 V power. The connectors are wired pin 1 negative, pin 4 positive. Often pins 1 and 2 will be negative, 3 and 4 positive for a higher current rating. Female connectors are used as supply and male connectors are used on loads. Most battery belts and power supplies output 13.2 V, but equipment can usually handle a range of 11–18 volts to accommodate battery packs of varying voltages and charging while operating. The readily available XLR3
5390-475: Is then imposed on the output speech. Long before the invention of electronic signal processing , some people tried to build machines to emulate human speech. There were also legends of the existence of " Brazen Heads ", such as those involving Pope Silvester II (d. 1003 AD), Albertus Magnus (1198–1280), and Roger Bacon (1214–1294). In 1779, the German - Danish scientist Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein won
5500-622: Is to learn how to better project my voice" contains two pronunciations of "project". Most text-to-speech (TTS) systems do not generate semantic representations of their input texts, as processes for doing so are unreliable, poorly understood, and computationally ineffective. As a result, various heuristic techniques are used to guess the proper way to disambiguate homographs , like examining neighboring words and using statistics about frequency of occurrence. Recently TTS systems have begun to use HMMs (discussed above ) to generate " parts of speech " to aid in disambiguating homographs. This technique
5610-566: Is used. Concatenative synthesis is based on the concatenation (stringing together) of segments of recorded speech. Generally, concatenative synthesis produces the most natural-sounding synthesized speech. However, differences between natural variations in speech and the nature of the automated techniques for segmenting the waveforms sometimes result in audible glitches in the output. There are three main sub-types of concatenative synthesis. Unit selection synthesis uses large databases of recorded speech. During database creation, each recorded utterance
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#17331058501785720-408: Is very common in English, yet is the only word in which the letter "f" is pronounced [v] .) As a result, nearly all speech synthesis systems use a combination of these approaches. Languages with a phonemic orthography have a very regular writing system, and the prediction of the pronunciation of words based on their spellings is quite successful. Speech synthesis systems for such languages often use
5830-446: Is very simple to implement, and has been in commercial use for a long time, in devices like talking clocks and calculators. The level of naturalness of these systems can be very high because the variety of sentence types is limited, and they closely match the prosody and intonation of the original recordings. Because these systems are limited by the words and phrases in their databases, they are not general-purpose and can only synthesize
5940-500: The 4LTR line, but no other FONE device would be released by Motorola after the F3. The F3 was the first mobile phone to use electronic paper in its screen. Motorola used the term ClearVision to describe the new display, which was manufactured using E Ink 's electrophoretic imaging film. The electronic paper main display allowed for the phone's thinness (no glass), longer battery life, and outdoor viewability (paper-like reflectivity). It had
6050-622: The HAL 9000 computer sings the same song as astronaut Dave Bowman puts it to sleep. Despite the success of purely electronic speech synthesis, research into mechanical speech-synthesizers continues. Linear predictive coding (LPC), a form of speech coding , began development with the work of Fumitada Itakura of Nagoya University and Shuzo Saito of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1966. Further developments in LPC technology were made by Bishnu S. Atal and Manfred R. Schroeder at Bell Labs during
6160-446: The emotion of a generated line using emotional contextualizers (a term coined by this project), a sentence or phrase that conveys the emotion of the take that serves as a guide for the model during inference. ElevenLabs is primarily known for its browser-based , AI-assisted text-to-speech software, Speech Synthesis, which can produce lifelike speech by synthesizing vocal emotion and intonation . The company states its software
6270-492: The formants (main bands of energy) with pure tone whistles. Deep learning speech synthesis uses deep neural networks (DNN) to produce artificial speech from text (text-to-speech) or spectrum (vocoder). The deep neural networks are trained using a large amount of recorded speech and, in the case of a text-to-speech system, the associated labels and/or input text. 15.ai uses a multi-speaker model —hundreds of voices are trained concurrently rather than sequentially, decreasing
6380-640: The 1970s. LPC was later the basis for early speech synthesizer chips, such as the Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips used in the Speak & Spell toys from 1978. In 1975, Fumitada Itakura developed the line spectral pairs (LSP) method for high-compression speech coding, while at NTT. From 1975 to 1981, Itakura studied problems in speech analysis and synthesis based on the LSP method. In 1980, his team developed an LSP-based speech synthesizer chip. LSP
6490-677: The 1970s. One of the first was the Telesensory Systems Inc. (TSI) Speech+ portable calculator for the blind in 1976. Other devices had primarily educational purposes, such as the Speak & Spell toy produced by Texas Instruments in 1978. Fidelity released a speaking version of its electronic chess computer in 1979. The first video game to feature speech synthesis was the 1980 shoot 'em up arcade game , Stratovox (known in Japan as Speak & Rescue ), from Sun Electronics . The first personal computer game with speech synthesis
6600-716: The 2 pin overmold configuration. Seems the 2 pin overmold configuration was sort of a spin off developed in the early ’80’s using the spacing from the SAE 4 pin connector addressed by SAE J1239. So, technically speaking, the 2 pin configuration is not governed by any SAE standard, but they were developed to be compliant with SAE J928 and J1239. Certainly, the SAE perspective was toward automotive applications, including: trailer hitch/lighting wiring, onboard mechanisms (such as power windows), and battery maintenance. The SAE Specifications are available for J928 and J1239 but do require payment to be viewed. The automobile auxiliary power outlet
6710-573: The F-coding is rated for 300 V (see #IEC 61076 (LV) below). Tamiya connectors are commonly used on radio control (toy) vehicle battery packs and chargers. The JST RCY-series connector is a 2.5mm-pitch and manufactured by J.S.T. Mfg. Co., Ltd. It is known in radio control circles as the battery eliminator circuit (BEC) or P connector. JST also produces other types of connectors that are used in R/C and hobby electronics. The Deans style T-Plug connector
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#17331058501786820-436: The F3 were received entirely in lower case, and each character of any SMS received by the F3 is displayed in whichever case made the most sense using the font. Also, the non-alphabetic characters were severely limited due to this display, as the phone could only provide support for the following characters: No other non-alphanumeric characters could be entered, and on receiving an SMS any non-alphabetic character not listed above
6930-771: The North American version was normally sold unlocked, with no SIM card. In Mexico , this phone was available virtually everywhere, from specialized stores to simple supermarkets, it sold both refurbished and new, for a very low price; this phone was for a time the cheapest in Mexico's Market. It was only offered in Prepaid form and most of the time with SIM Lock. Although this phone was being manufactured largely in India, it had (in mid-2008) become completely unavailable in major metropolitan areas such as Chennai or Madras. This indicated that Motorola
7040-469: The TTS system has been tuned. However, maximum naturalness typically require unit-selection speech databases to be very large, in some systems ranging into the gigabytes of recorded data, representing dozens of hours of speech. Also, unit selection algorithms have been known to select segments from a place that results in less than ideal synthesis (e.g. minor words become unclear) even when a better choice exists in
7150-583: The UK, this phone was being sold by Home Bargains (as of 29/04/2008) and £-Stretcher (as of 07/06/2008) with a Virgin Mobile SIM (T-Mobile network) for £7.99 (££6.99 -Stretcher). The phones do not seem to have any sort of SIM network lock and have been successfully used with Orange, Vodafone and O2. In Canada and the United States , this phone was not available through Motorola's normal retail channels. Where available,
7260-495: The accessory lacks any power of its own, there's no risk of "shorting" the exposed connector. Similar in concept to an automotive cigar lighter, the ISO 4165 connector is shorter and smaller. Found most frequently on motorcycles, it is also known as a "BMW Accessory", "Hella", "Merit", "Norm" or "Powerlet" connector. In the broadcast, film, and television industries, the 4-pin XLR connector
7370-701: The acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device, Alvin Liberman and colleagues discovered acoustic cues for the perception of phonetic segments (consonants and vowels). The first computer-based speech-synthesis systems originated in the late 1950s. Noriko Umeda et al. developed the first general English text-to-speech system in 1968, at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Japan. In 1961, physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr and his colleague Louis Gerstman used an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech, an event among
7480-462: The back. The Motorola Motofone came in two two-band variants: The F3 900/1800 MHz GSM for Europe and much of the rest of the world except the Americas; and the F3 u2 850/1900 MHz GSM for North America and a limited number of Central and South American countries. See GSM frequency bands for specific country coverage. Both variants came in four different front cover colors: black, blue, red and
7590-448: The cable connected to an external AC adapter ( power supply ). The matching jack or socket is permanently fitted to power the equipment. Some of these jacks contain a normally closed contact, which can be used to disconnect internal batteries whenever the power supply is connected, avoiding the risk of battery leakage or explosion posed by incorrect battery recharging. Cylindrical plugs usually have an insulated tip constructed to accept
7700-524: The case had only two openings (a charger/headset jack and the battery cover) as well as a totally sealed keyboard. There are even videos on the Internet showing the F3 being thrown from a 3-story building into tarmac, and being run over by a car on a gravel surface. The phone survived intact. The charger/headset jack for the F3 Motofone (and variants) was not a standard 2.5 mm or 3.5 mm headset port. It
7810-412: The combinations of words and phrases with which they have been preprogrammed. The blending of words within naturally spoken language however can still cause problems unless the many variations are taken into account. For example, in non-rhotic dialects of English the "r" in words like "clear" /ˈklɪə/ is usually only pronounced when the following word has a vowel as its first letter (e.g. "clear out"
7920-417: The concealed one on the vehicle side. (This is reversed on vehicles with a positive-ground frame, such as vintage British motorcycles.) Although there is a risk of short-circuiting a battery charger, the risk is minimal and often mitigated by the circuitry of the battery charger itself. On the other hand, the short-circuit current of the lead–acid batteries installed in vehicles is sufficiently great that
8030-404: The connector centre. The angle of the second key from the first indicates the voltage and current type. The eight permitted angles are multiples of 30° which are not multiples of 90°. Angles of ±30° and ±60° indicate alternating current (50 or 60 Hz), while angles of ±120° or ±150° indicate direct current with the pin at 90° being negative and the pin at 270° being positive. The second key
8140-457: The connector centre. With the angles measured clockwise looking at the female connector (counter-clockwise looking at the male), the various key positions indicate: The so-called "Mini IEC connectors" are unrelated and not even standardized by the IEC at all; they are called that because they resemble a smaller IEC C13 connector . The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has standardized
8250-478: The database. Recently, researchers have proposed various automated methods to detect unnatural segments in unit-selection speech synthesis systems. Diphone synthesis uses a minimal speech database containing all the diphones (sound-to-sound transitions) occurring in a language. The number of diphones depends on the phonotactics of the language: for example, Spanish has about 800 diphones, and German about 2500. In diphone synthesis, only one example of each diphone
8360-432: The female body. The larger key is at right angles to the pins, 2.0 ± 0.1 mm (0.079 ± 0.004 in) wide and ending at a radius of 4.9 ± 0.1 mm (0.193 ± 0.004 in) from the connector centre. The corresponding notch is 2.3 ± 0.1 mm (0.091 ± 0.004 in) wide and ends at a radius of 4.6 ± 0.1 mm (0.181 ± 0.004 in) from
8470-567: The first prize in a competition announced by the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts for models he built of the human vocal tract that could produce the five long vowel sounds (in International Phonetic Alphabet notation: [aː] , [eː] , [iː] , [oː] and [uː] ). There followed the bellows -operated " acoustic-mechanical speech machine " of Wolfgang von Kempelen of Pressburg , Hungary, described in
8580-425: The greatest naturalness, because it applies only a small amount of digital signal processing (DSP) to the recorded speech. DSP often makes recorded speech sound less natural, although some systems use a small amount of signal processing at the point of concatenation to smooth the waveform. The output from the best unit-selection systems is often indistinguishable from real human voices, especially in contexts for which
8690-563: The human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The first articulatory synthesizer regularly used for laboratory experiments was developed at Haskins Laboratories in the mid-1970s by Philip Rubin , Tom Baer, and Paul Mermelstein. This synthesizer, known as ASY, was based on vocal tract models developed at Bell Laboratories in the 1960s and 1970s by Paul Mermelstein, Cecil Coker, and colleagues. Until recently, articulatory synthesis models have not been incorporated into commercial speech synthesis systems. A notable exception
8800-489: The inner conductor) usually carries the positive (+) pole, but some devices and their power supplies use the negative tip. The connector size does not usually indicate the voltage. It is not possible, except for some proprietary connectors, to reliably infer any information on power parameters (current, voltage, polarity, even whether AC or DC) by examining the connector. Snap and lock DC power connectors look similar to Mini-DIN connectors but have either 3 or 4 thicker pins and
8910-632: The inner is called the tip . There are a wide variety of sizes and designs for these power connectors, and many appear pretty similar to each other yet are not quite mechanically or electrically compatible. In addition to many generic designs (whose original designer is unknown), there are at least two national standards— EIAJ in Japan and DIN in Germany , plus the JSBP connector used on some laptop computers. The Japanese EIAJ standard includes five sizes, each supporting
9020-427: The insertion of a pin. The outer body of the plug is one contact, most often but not always the negative side of the supply. Inverted polarity plugs can and do damage circuitry when plugged in, even if the voltage is correct; not all equipment is equipped with protection. A pin mounted in the socket makes contact with a second internal contact. The outer plug contact is often called the barrel , sleeve , or ring , while
9130-427: The left/right pattern of the navigation button. The F3 had a few dedicated buttons for opening the address book (top right), canceling any action (the red button), dialing the currently displayed number (the green button) and an "action" button (top left). A few more functions were available by shortcuts: When making a call, pressing the action button twice switched the loudspeaker on/off, while pressing up/down controls
9240-405: The mating of the different sized 12 V DC plugs and jacks is problematic. Because of this, and the small gauge wire sometimes used, they may provide unreliable power connections. The polarity for 12 V DC sockets is center pin positive (+), outer collar negative (−). Reversed polarity will damage some electronic devices. Although the nominal voltage of a 12 V lead acid battery
9350-517: The most prominent in the history of Bell Labs . Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer ( vocoder ) recreated the song " Daisy Bell ", with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews . Coincidentally, Arthur C. Clarke was visiting his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. Clarke was so impressed by the demonstration that he used it in the climactic scene of his screenplay for his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey , where
9460-531: The naturalness of the human voice. Examples of disadvantages of the method are low robustness when the data are not sufficient, lack of controllability and low performance in auto-regressive models. For tonal languages, such as Chinese or Taiwanese language, there are different levels of tone sandhi required and sometimes the output of speech synthesizer may result in the mistakes of tone sandhi. In 2023, VICE reporter Joseph Cox published findings that he had recorded five minutes of himself talking and then used
9570-474: The past used an automobile auxiliary power outlet . Most other airlines that provide DC power use the smaller EmPower system, which has a 4-pin Hypertronics' D-series connector. It can supply 15 volts maximum 5 amperes. Powerpole connectors are a series developed by Anderson Power Products[10] and available in a variety of sizes and colors. The commonly used 15/30/45 series connectors are interoperable and use
9680-470: The plugs should match. If the size is not known, it is difficult to distinguish by eye or measurement between the 2.1mm and 2.5mm ID plugs; some suppliers suggest simple methods. Maximum current ratings commonly vary from unspecified up to 5 A (11 A for unique high-power versions from some companies ), with 1 A, 2 A, and 5 A being common values. The smaller types usually have lower ratings, both for current and voltage. The 'tip' (i.e.,
9790-412: The pronunciation of a word based on its spelling , a process which is often called text-to-phoneme or grapheme -to-phoneme conversion ( phoneme is the term used by linguists to describe distinctive sounds in a language ). The simplest approach to text-to-phoneme conversion is the dictionary-based approach, where a large dictionary containing all the words of a language and their correct pronunciations
9900-403: The required training time and enabling the model to learn and generalize shared emotional context, even for voices with no exposure to such emotional context. The deep learning model used by the application is nondeterministic : each time that speech is generated from the same string of text, the intonation of the speech will be slightly different. The application also supports manually altering
10010-512: The robotic-sounding nature of formant synthesis, and has few of the advantages of either approach other than small size. As such, its use in commercial applications is declining, although it continues to be used in research because there are a number of freely available software implementations. An early example of Diphone synthesis is a teaching robot, Leachim , that was invented by Michael J. Freeman . Leachim contained information regarding class curricular and certain biographical information about
10120-524: The rule-based method extensively, resorting to dictionaries only for those few words, like foreign names and loanwords, whose pronunciations are not obvious from their spellings. On the other hand, speech synthesis systems for languages like English, which have extremely irregular spelling systems, are more likely to rely on dictionaries, and to use rule-based methods only for unusual words, or words that are not in their dictionaries. The consistent evaluation of speech synthesis systems may be difficult because of
10230-405: The same housings but different contacts for different wire sizes and current requirements. Powerpole connectors are physically and electrically genderless, thus avoiding the need to worry about which end is the plug and which the socket, or which end has the correct polarity, as is the case with the physically but not electrically genderless two-wire trailer plug . Powerpoles have been adopted as
10340-661: The same year. In 1976, Computalker Consultants released their CT-1 Speech Synthesizer. Designed by D. Lloyd Rice and Jim Cooper, it was an analog synthesizer built to work with microcomputers using the S-100 bus standard. Early electronic speech-synthesizers sounded robotic and were often barely intelligible. The quality of synthesized speech has steadily improved, but as of 2016 output from contemporary speech synthesis systems remains clearly distinguishable from actual human speech. Synthesized voices typically sounded male until 1990, when Ann Syrdal , at AT&T Bell Laboratories , created
10450-446: The speaker volume. The same button used in standby toggled voice prompts, while pressing up/down controls ringtone volume. When the phone rung, due to incoming calls, the ringer could also be silenced by pressing up/down. All activated features (set alarm clock, activated vibration mode, roaming, ...) were indicated by simple icons in fixed positions in the top row, and every successful action acknowledged by an "OK" icon flashing on and off
10560-450: The students whom it was programmed to teach. It was tested in a fourth grade classroom in the Bronx, New York . Domain-specific synthesis concatenates prerecorded words and phrases to create complete utterances. It is used in applications where the variety of texts the system will output is limited to a particular domain, like transit schedule announcements or weather reports. The technology
10670-455: The subject connector was inspired by and based on SAE Standards, the connector itself has no official SAE designation. Upon researching, we found that there is no specification addressing the SAE 2 Pin overmold connector. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Specification J928 addresses “Electrical Terminals – Pin and Receptacle Type” and SAE J1239 addresses 4, 5, and 8 pin trailer connectors, but there doesn’t seem to be an SAE specification for
10780-563: The synthesized speech output is created using additive synthesis and an acoustic model ( physical modelling synthesis ). Parameters such as fundamental frequency , voicing , and noise levels are varied over time to create a waveform of artificial speech. This method is sometimes called rules-based synthesis ; however, many concatenative systems also have rules-based components. Many systems based on formant synthesis technology generate artificial, robotic-sounding speech that would never be mistaken for human speech. However, maximum naturalness
10890-447: The units in the speech database is then created based on the segmentation and acoustic parameters like the fundamental frequency ( pitch ), duration, position in the syllable, and neighboring phones. At run time , the desired target utterance is created by determining the best chain of candidate units from the database (unit selection). This process is typically achieved using a specially weighted decision tree . Unit selection provides
11000-425: The upper left corner of the keypad, the one printed with an upward-pointing arrow in a circle) [1] (1) can also be toggled by pressing [action] on the volume menu The following codes work AS IS, i.e. without entering the * around them Speech synthesis This is an accepted version of this page Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech . A computer system used for this purpose
11110-491: The vocoder, Homer Dudley developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer called The Voder (Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the 1939 New York World's Fair . Dr. Franklin S. Cooper and his colleagues at Haskins Laboratories built the Pattern playback in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950. There were several different versions of this hardware device; only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of
11220-446: The word "in", and the address "12 St John St." uses the same abbreviation for both "Saint" and "Street". TTS systems with intelligent front ends can make educated guesses about ambiguous abbreviations, while others provide the same result in all cases, resulting in nonsensical (and sometimes comical) outputs, such as " Ulysses S. Grant " being rendered as "Ulysses South Grant". Speech synthesis systems use two basic approaches to determine
11330-570: The work done in the late 1970s for the Texas Instruments toy Speak & Spell , and in the early 1980s Sega arcade machines and in many Atari, Inc. arcade games using the TMS5220 LPC Chips . Creating proper intonation for these projects was painstaking, and the results have yet to be matched by real-time text-to-speech interfaces. Articulatory synthesis consists of computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of
11440-463: Was Manbiki Shoujo ( Shoplifting Girl ), released in 1980 for the PET 2001 , for which the game's developer, Hiroshi Suzuki, developed a " zero cross " programming technique to produce a synthesized speech waveform. Another early example, the arcade version of Berzerk , also dates from 1980. The Milton Bradley Company produced the first multi-player electronic game using voice synthesis, Milton , in
11550-484: Was a DC connector that can support mono sound quality. This is not well documented at Motorola, and internal documentation indicates the jack is a standard 2.5 mm TRS connector jack. The jack shown on the Motorola site clearly has a pin in the center of the jack, prohibiting use of a standard 2.5 mm plug. A mono headset was available as part number CFLN6103AA and the name of it is Motorola S215 Pedestrian Kit. This
11660-472: Was designed for usage in developing countries and sported a display which coped well with both bright sunlight and very dim light. Voice prompts also explained the current function in a choice of languages, depending on region; a unit bought in Germany offered German, English and Italian. It was also fairly solid and rugged and could survive not only rough handling but also very dusty and/or damp conditions well, as
11770-416: Was displayed as a hyphen. Although the display could be restrictive when it came to text applications, the display was very energy efficient and conducive to extremely long battery life. Since the F3 had only two lines of fixed icons on the top and bottom of the display, as well as one line of six 14-segment characters and another line of six 7-segment numbers available on its display, the user interface
11880-500: Was in fact actively phasing out the model in India due to poor sales, perhaps because of the popularity of text messaging in India, which is arguably oversimplified on the F3, anticipating its discontinuation in other countries by 2009. The F3c was available in Q4 2006, and was the CDMA version of the F3. To access the advanced settings, press * * * [number code] * [action] ( [action] is the key in
11990-641: Was sold for R$ 99.00 as of February 2008 (approx. USD 57.00). The SIM-locked version could be purchased for R$ 29.00 (in telephone carrier stores). The F3 was at the time Brazil's cheapest cellphone. In Hungary it could be purchased in Dec/2007 for a total of HUF 2000 (approx. USD 11.58 (~€7.87) at that time), with the price already including a prepaid card from T-Mobile with a balance of HUF 600 (approx. USD 3.46 (~€2.35) at that time). Prices for mobile-phones in Hungary usually are higher than in other industrial nations. In
12100-409: Was very different from the usual menu structure normally found on mobile phones. The only thing resembling a (flat) menu was accessed by pressing left/right on the central button: It allowed writing an SMS, reading a saved SMS, call history, choosing the ringtone (out of seven melodies), setting date and time, and setting the alarm clock. The menu was visualized by fixed icons in the bottom row, following
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