Margina ( Hungarian : Marzsina ; German : Marschina ) is a commune in Timiș County , Romania . It is composed of nine villages: Breazova, Bulza, Coșevița, Coșteiu de Sus, Groși, Margina (commune seat), Nemeșești, Sintești and Zorani.
123-682: Margina is located in the eastern extremity of Timiș County , 8 km (5 mi) east of Făget , and is crossed by the Bega River . The commune has an area of 132.81 km (51.28 sq mi), which represents about 1.5% of the area of Timiș County. The vegetation consists of forests, secondary meadows, floodplain meadows, trees and agricultural crops. The forests cover an area of 77.74 square kilometres (30 sq mi) and are managed by Făget Forest District and Valea Mare Forest District in Arad County . The most important species of trees found in
246-533: A transfusion center . Regarding the pharmaceutical network in Timiș County, in 2019 there were 295 pharmacies (16 public and 279 private), seven pharmaceutical points and 34 pharmaceutical warehouses. Timișoara is nationally recognized as a center of excellence in medicine. Timișoara has made several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine, including the first in vitro fertilization , the first laser heart surgery and
369-503: A bent sword, with a wide point, made of silver; in the upper right-hand corner is a golden sun, and in the upper left, a rising silver moon. At the bottom, on the blue field, is a wavy silver band. The lion with armed arm, characteristic of Banat of Temeswar , symbolizes the defenders of the land and of Christianity against the Ottoman armies; the lion carries the victorious sword of Pál Kinizsi , Count of Temes County . The gold wall symbolizes
492-521: A low share in GDP (5%), although that it places the county on the first place at national level from the perspective of the GVA obtained in agriculture. With several units of national and international banks operating here ( BCR , Raiffeisen Bank , BT , BRD , CEC Bank , OTP Bank , UniCredit Bank , Alpha Bank , Citibank , Credit Europe Bank , Garanti BBVA , ING Bank , Intesa Sanpaolo Bank , etc.), Timiș County
615-402: A motorization index of 361.64 vehicles/1,000 inhabitants, being among the highest in the country. The railway network totals 795 km, of which 113 are electrified railways. With 91.4 km of railway per 1,000 km , Timiș County has the densest railway network in the country. On the territory of Timiș County, the railway network consists of a main line ( 900 ) and 18 secondary lines belonging to
738-459: A population of 2,186 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 7% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (92.96%), larger minorities being represented by Ukrainians (2.2%) and Hungarians (1.1%). For 2.65% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (74.06%), but there are also minorities of Pentecostals (13.86%), Baptists (5.54%), Roman Catholics (1.37%) and Adventists (1.19%). For 2.47% of
861-425: A predominantly industrial one, sometimes with significant losses due to the non-use of labor and capital endowments, into a tertiary one (based mainly on services ). The specialization of Timiș County stands out in the computer, automotive and electrical equipment industry, these registering high values of the location quotient (as of 2019). In 2021, Timiș County had a GDP per capita of 31,519 euros, 40% above
984-472: A rich repertoire, consisting of national, folk songs or choral works composed by Ion Vidu , Filaret Barbu or Iosif Velceanu. Timișoara was a reputed city of music in the 19th century. Many famous musicians performed here, including Franz Liszt (1846), Johann Strauss II (1847), David Popper (1867), Leopold Auer (1867), Pablo de Sarasate (1877), Henryk Wieniawski (1877), Johannes Brahms (1879) and Joseph Joachim (1879). The only philharmonic in
1107-522: A separate chancellery in Kraków to supervise the administration of the principality. Sigismund's father and uncle were Roman Catholic , but his mother was Calvinist. According to the Jesuit Antonio Possevino , Sigismund demonstrated his devotion to Catholicism already at the age of seven. His mother mocked him for his piety, saying that he only wanted to secure his uncle's goodwill. Sigismund
1230-654: A series of waterfalls and caves. Areas with a rich hunting fund, as well as those with a diversified fishing fund are suitable for sport hunting and fishing . On the territory of Timiș County there are 86 hunting funds and 30 fishing funds. Canoeing and kayaking can be practiced on the Bega Canal , and rafting on the Timiș River . Spa tourism is practiced in Buziaș (declared a spa resort in 1911), Timișoara , Deta , as well as Călacea , Teremia Mare and Lovrin . Wine tourism
1353-422: A traditional economic activity, especially in the rural localities in the vicinity of urban centers. By cultivated area, the main crops are maize (165,643 ha), wheat and rye (133,657 ha), sunflower (78,242 ha), perennial fodder (38,060 ha) and soybeans (21,200 ha). Livestock farming is also an important, traditional branch of Timiș agriculture, and in recent years there has been a significant increase in
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#17328547066511476-478: A volume of 51 million m . In the county there are also two lakes with hot (20 °C) and mineral water at Românești , with an area of 50 m and the muddy volcano from Ohaba-Forgaci , in the Magheruș valley, of 50 m . The high density of the hydrographic network, the low slopes of the riverbeds in the plain sector, the reduced depth of the groundwater, the presence of ultisols , all favor the floods and marshes. To reduce
1599-417: A wide variety of fish, such as pike , barbel , Prussian carp , wels , perch , carp , etc.). The climate has a moderate temperate continental character, with hot summers and mild winters due to both the influences of the oceanic (from the west) and Mediterranean (from the south and southwest) air masses and the fact that over 85% of the territory belongs to the plain climate (the remaining 15% belongs to
1722-482: Is Timișoara North , with over 1.7 million passengers in 2011. Sigismund B%C3%A1thory Sigismund Báthory ( Hungarian : Báthory Zsigmond ; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory , ruled Transylvania as voivode (or deputy) of the absent prince, Stephen Báthory . Sigismund
1845-456: Is a national leader in the field of financial intermediation. As of 2021, the turnover of companies with financial and insurance activities was 69 million euros in Timișoara alone. The geographical position of the county in the immediate vicinity of the border with Hungary and Serbia leads to a high transit tourism, but with short and medium length of stay. The main form of tourism practiced in
1968-766: Is characterized by fatty, wholesome and tasty food; it can be individualized by the unusual association of salty and sweet taste, by the prevalence of soup to the detriment of stew and by showy desserts with multiple influences. Among the traditional dishes in this area are noodle soup , goulash , papricache [ hu ] , sauerkraut , sarme , pljeskavica , rasol , cotoroage and fresh pork preparations and semi-preparations ( caltaboș [ ro ] , sângerete , maioș , sausages , slănină , șonc , tobă , etc.). Desserts include krofne , scovergi , bejgli with walnuts or poppy seeds, Cremeschnitte , Apfelküchle , knedles , dobostorta , ischler [ hu ] and vargabéles [ hu ] . In
2091-625: Is characterized by the small-scale presence of forest-steppe plants and by a higher frequency of hydro- and hygrophilous vegetation in low plains and meadows with excess moisture. The extensive agricultural crops in the plain alternate with small areas of secondary meadows dominated by fescue associations ( Festuca valesiaca , Festuca rupicola and Festuca pseudovina ) mixed with wormwood ( Artemisia austriaca ) and others. The deciduous forests, made up of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ), Austrian oak ( Quercus cerris ) and Hungarian oak ( Quercus frainetto ), occupy insularly or on compact areas
2214-562: Is represented by the Recaș – Buziaș area, renowned both in the country and abroad for its wines. Timiș County has a rich musical history. Notable in this respect are the choirs of Banat Bauer . Banat choirs have their origins in church music , learned in schools, where the teacher was both organist, choir conductor, and not infrequently, composer. The choirs, which were to become a real movement in Banat, were an important means of national manifestation of
2337-508: Is strong and diversified, due to the high rate of greenfield and brownfield investments, the western location of the county, the high qualification of the labor force, as well as the entrepreneurial tradition. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the manufacturing industry , having as sub-branches: electronics industry , food industry , chemical industry , textile industry , metal and wood processing industry and construction . Although with only 8% of
2460-629: Is the largest county in Romania, occupying 8,696.7 km , i.e. 3.65% of the country's area. It is crossed by the 46th parallel north , the 21st meridian east and the 22nd meridian east . On its territory is the westernmost point of Romania, i.e. Beba Veche , at 20°15'44", in the Triplex Confinium point. Timiș County is part of the West Development Region along with the counties of Arad , Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara , being located in
2583-680: Is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara, the see of the Metropolis of Banat . The archbishopric has jurisdiction over the territory of Timiș County, which is divided into 273 parishes organized in six deaneries (Timișoara I, Timișoara II, Lugoj , Făget , Deta and Sânnicolau Mare ). Timișoara is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Timișoara and the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara and one of
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#17328547066512706-708: The Danube , to Pančevo . Bega River springs from the Poiana Ruscă Mountains and flows into the Tisza after a route of 244 km, being its southernmost tributary. Downstream, towards the western edge, up to the border, the course of the Bega River is completely canalized. The Bega Canal is navigable both in Romania and in Serbia, having a length of 44 km only in Romania. The natural lakes, with small areas and depths, are represented by
2829-889: The Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion . The name of the county comes from the Timiș River , known in Roman antiquity as Tibisis or Tibiscus . According to Lajos Kiss' etymological dictionary , the name of the river probably comes from the Dacian language : thibh-isjo ("marshy"). In Hungarian , Timiș County is known as Temes megye , in German as Kreis Temesch , in Serbian as Тамишки округ/ Tamiški okrug , in Ukrainian as Тімішський повіт, and in Banat Bulgarian as okrug Timiš . Timiș
2952-526: The Ministry of Education , gathering about 8% of the total number of students at national level. Higher education takes place in eight universities in the county, four public and four private : At the county level, there are 22 hospitals (15 public and seven private), five medical dispensaries , three mental health centers, 522 medical offices (school, student and family medicine ), 846 dental offices, 115 medical laboratories , 87 dental laboratories and
3075-677: The Roman Catholic bishopric in Gyulafehérvár . He sent envoys to Italy to demand the supreme command of a new Christian army, but his delegates at Istanbul started negotiations regarding a reconciliation with the sultan. The failure of his marriage and the defeats of the Holy League diminished Sigismund's self-confidence. He sent his envoys to Rudolph II and again offered to abdicate in September 1597. An agreement regarding his abdication
3198-399: The fortress of Timișoara . The golden sun symbolizes, through its position, the lofty goals for which the heroes of this land fought. The silver moon represents the pair of the sun. The wavy silver band on the blue field symbolizes the Timiș River , which gives the county its name. Timiș County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. The county's economy gradually transformed from
3321-532: The grand vizier was planning to occupy Transylvania. At the proposal of Jan Zamoyski , Chancellor of Poland , Sigismund sent envoys to Elizabeth I of England , asking her to intervene on his behalf at the Sublime Porte . She ordered her ambassador at Istanbul , Edward Barton , to support Sigismund. Pope Clement VIII wanted to persuade Sigismund to join the Holy League that the pope had organized against
3444-512: The lynx ( Lynx lynx ) and the squirrel ( Sciurus spp.), which, although it lives in coniferous forests, descends into beech and sessile oak forests. Forests are also home to badgers ( Meles meles ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) and wolves ( Canis lupus ). The wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) is quite widespread in the forests of the commune, it descends for food to the vicinity of households and causes significant damage to wheat and corn fields. An increasing number of deers and stags are found in
3567-552: The 15th-century Săraca Monastery, the 15th-century Serbian Orthodox St. George Monastery of Birda , the 18th-century Cebza Monastery and, more recently, the Izvorul Miron Monastery (1912; nicknamed the " Voroneț of Banat") and the Timișeni Monastery (1944). Ecotourism is practiced mainly in the mountainous area in the east of the county, where Lake Surduc is located (the largest lake in western Romania), but also
3690-615: The Brave and his Székely allies in autumn. Michael the Brave administered Transylvania as Rudolph II's governor, but his rule was unpopular among the noblemen, especially because of the pillaging raids made by his unpaid soldiers. As early as 9 February 1600 Sigismund announced that he was ready to return to Transylvania. Moses Székely , a commander-in-chief during Michael the Brave's campaign against Moldavia in May, deserted Michael and came to Poland to meet Sigismund. The elected leader of
3813-704: The Báthorys had a valid claim to rule the Commonwealth. Kovacsóczy officially announced Sigismund's application at the Sejm (or general assembly) on 14 August 1587. Five days later, the assembly elected Sigismund III Vasa king. During the ensuing war of succession , Transylvanian troops supported Sigismund III against Maximilian of Habsburg , who had also laid claim to Poland and Lithuania. Sigismund's cousins, Balthasar and Stephen Báthory , returned from Poland to Transylvania. Balthasar wanted to take charge of
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3936-695: The CFR lines 900 ( Bucharest – Timișoara ), 200 ( Brașov – Curtici ) and 300 ( Bucharest – Episcopia Bihor ). The railway line 900 , whose route is Bucharest (north)– Roșiori (north)– Craiova – Filiași – Caransebeș – Timișoara (north), crosses the county on the Lugoj – Timișoara relation. It is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV . In Timiș County there are 133 stations operated by state and private railway operators such as Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Astra Trans Carpatic and Regio Călători . The busiest of them
4059-758: The Diet in Medgyes (now Mediaș in Romania) on 21 March 1599. Eight days later, the Diet proclaimed Andrew Báthory prince, hoping that Andrew could make peace with the Ottomans with the assistance of Poland. Sigismund left Transylvania for Poland in June. His marriage with Maria Christierna was declared invalid in Rome in August. Andrew Báthory lost his throne and his life fighting against Michael
4182-609: The European transport network by the Central and Global TEN-T networks, so the main corridor that serves it is the Rhine–Danube Corridor , which provides the connection with Vienna , with the central-southern part of Germany ( Munich , Stuttgart and Nuremberg and with Strasbourg . The Orient/East–Med Corridor also crosses the county's territory and connects with Budapest . Inter- and intra-county connections are provided by
4305-534: The German lands of the Habsburg Empire. Religious tourism includes many places of worship, churches and historic monasteries. Among the monastic ensembles are the historic wooden churches in Țara Făgetului, all built after the liberation of Banat from Ottoman occupation (1716), the 11th-century Morisena Monastery (the first monastery in Romania), the 14th-century Partoș Monastery with the relics of St. Joseph of Partoș,
4428-567: The Holy League in Prague on 28 January 1595. According to the treaty, Rudolph II recognized Sigismund's hereditary right to rule Transylvania and Partium and to use the title of prince, but he also stipulated that the principality was to be re-united with the Hungarian Crown if Sigismund's family died out. The Diet of Transylvania confirmed the treaty on 16 April. The Diet also prohibited religious innovations, which gave rise to
4551-529: The Holy League together with Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia , and Michael the Brave , voivode of Wallachia , on 5 October 1594. The two voivodes had started direct negotiations with the Holy See, but Sigismund, who claimed suzerainty over them, prevented them from conducting further direct negotiations. Sigismund's envoy, Stephen Bocskai, signed the document that confirmed the membership of Transylvania in
4674-710: The Holy Roman Empire , Count of the Székelys and Lord of Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary ". Sigismund married Maria Christina of Habsburg , a niece of Rudolph II, on 6 August. However, the marriage was never consummated . Sigismund accused Margit Majláth [ Wikidata ] (who was the mother of his executed cousin, Balthasar Báthory) of witchcraft, causing his impotence . Historian László Nagy notes that Sigismund's contemporaries made no reference to his relationship with women, showing that Sigismund
4797-660: The Lipova Plateau, the Lugoj and Pogăniș Hills and partly the Gătaia Plain. In the eastern extremity of Timiș County there are sessile oak forests ( Quercus petraea ) mixed with Austrian oak ( Quercus cerris ), beech forests ( Fagus sylvatica ) mixed with hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ), and the upper slopes of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains are covered with spruce forests mixed with fir and beech . In Timiș County there are 45 nature reserves that total 134,766.49 ha or about 13% of
4920-620: The Ottoman Empire. After Rudolph's troops defeated the Ottomans in a series of battles in the autumn of 1593, Sigismund decided to join the Holy League, provided that Rudolph acknowledged the independence of Transylvania from the Hungarian Crown . However, the delegates of the Three Nations refused to declare war against the Ottoman Empire at three consecutive Diets between May and July. Sigismund abdicated, tasking Balthasar Báthory with
5043-469: The Transylvanian noblemen, István Csáky, sought assistance from Rudolph II's military commander, Giorgio Basta , against Michael. Basta invaded Transylvania and expelled Michael the Brave in September. Basta's unpaid soldiers regularly pillaged the principality, while Ottoman and Tatar marauders made frequent incursions across the frontiers. Sigismund returned to Transylvania across Moldavia at
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5166-408: The Tyrant , Voivode of Moldavia . The sultan also ordered Sigismund to pay double the amount of the yearly tribute. Balthasar Báthory murdered Sigismund's secretary, Pál Gyulai , on 10 December 1592. He also persuaded Sigismund to order the execution of Gálffy on 8 March 1593. That summer, Sigismund went to Kraków in disguise to start negotiations regarding his marriage with Anna ,
5289-466: The amplitude of these phenomena, since the first half of the 18teenth century, large engineering works (damming, canalization, draining etc.) were made in the region, most of which are still functional today. Among the major flash floods and floods in the Banat Plain, the most important were those of May 1912, June 1966 and April 2005 . The natural vegetation, strongly influenced by human activities,
5412-571: The arrival of the Transylvanian and Moldavian troops. Since the Ottoman army outnumbered the forces at Sigismund's disposal, he proposed the Székely commoners (who had been reduced to serfdom in the 1560s) to restore their freedom if they joined his campaign against the Ottomans. The Székelys accepted his offer, enabling Sigismund to launch a counter-invasion in Wallachia in early October. The united forces of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia defeated
5535-629: The ban was lifted in 1590, and the Jesuits returned a year later. His blatant favoritism towards the Catholics made him unpopular among his Protestant subjects. He decided to join the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire . Since he could not convince the Diet to support his plan, he renounced the throne in July 1594, but the commanders of the army convinced him to revoke his abdication. At their proposal, he purged
5658-652: The beginning of the 20th century. At the 2011 census, there were 16 localities – all rural – that had at least 20% Hungarian population. However, their total population represents only 12.6% of the Hungarian population in the county. This is explained by the migration of Hungarians from rural to urban areas after 1990. By weight, the largest Hungarian communities are found in Otelec ( Ótelek ; 75.1%), Cherestur ( Pusztakeresztúr ; 69.7%), Bodo ( Nagybodófalva ; 64%), Tormac ( Végvár ; 60.6%) and Otvești ( Ötvösd ; 52.6%). Roma are
5781-553: The center of the historical province of Banat . Due to its geographical position, almost a third of the county's borders are at the same time state borders. Thus, in the northwestern part, it borders Csongrád-Csanád County ( Hungary ), 18 km of this border being on the Mureș River . To the southwest, between Beba Veche and Lățunaș , Timiș County borders the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbia ). The land connection with
5904-433: The climate of hilly and mountainous regions). The western area of the Banat Plain is classified according to Köppen's guide as Cfa , and the mountainous area in the east of the county as Dfb . Due to the high uniformity of the relief, the average annual temperatures are poorly differentiated on the territory of Timiș County. The annual averages are close to 11 °C in the region with plain climate and decrease by 1–2 °C on
6027-404: The coat of arms is inscribed in capital letters in vermilion the word "Romania", and below it is inscribed with the same characters in cobalt blue the words "Timiș County". The county flag was approved in 2021. The coat of arms was approved in 2002 and consists of a cut shield ; at the top, on the red field , a golden lion coming out of the battlements of a wall of built gold; the lion holds
6150-479: The commander of the army, Mehmed, convincing him to attack Várad instead of breaking into Transylvania proper. All of Sigismund's attempts to make peace with the sultan failed. He sent his envoys to Prague to negotiate with Rudolph II, while his confessor, Carillo, started negotiations with Jan Zamoyski in Poland. At Sigismund's invitation, his cousin, Andrew Báthory, returned from Poland. Sigismund abdicated at
6273-675: The communist period, most Germans in Timiș County left for Germany and Austria , with one last wave after 1990. At present, they account for merely 1/24 of the number at the 1900 census, when the highest number of Germans was recorded. Banat Bulgarians , a Bulgarian Catholic minority, began settling in Banat in the late 17th century from the north and northwest of today's Bulgaria . The largest communities of Banat Bulgarians in Timiș County live in Breștea ( Brešća ; 80.3%), Dudeștii Vechi ( Stár Bišnov ; 66.5%) and Denta ( Dénta ; 5.2%). In Timiș County there are over 300 places of worship. Timisoara
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#17328547066516396-567: The council on 1 May 1585. He replaced the three councillors with the devout Calvinist János Ghyczy , making him regent for Sigismund. Sigismund adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania after Stephen Báthory died on 13 December 1586. He was still a minor, and Ghyczy continued to rule as regent. Sigismund was one of the candidates to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . His advisors knew that he had little chance to win, but they wanted to demonstrate that
6519-405: The counties of the neighboring countries is ensured by the border crossing points from Cenad , Moravița and Jimbolia . The neighboring Romanian counties with Timiș County are Arad to the north, Hunedoara to the east and Caraș-Severin to the southeast. The relief is characterized by the predominance of plains , which cover the western part (low plain) and the central part (high plain) of
6642-587: The county is business tourism , followed by recreational, shopping and gastronomic tourism. The tourist infrastructure of Timiș County consists of 56 hotels , 14 hostels , two motels , a campsite , four tourist villas, 49 tourist pensions, 27 agritourism pensions and two camps for students and preschoolers with an accommodation capacity of 7,746 places. In 2019, Timiș County had 396,644 tourists, of which 30% were foreigners. Cultural-historical tourism includes many objectives in historical and archeological sites, architectural monuments and museums. Timișoara has
6765-526: The county is dominated by the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, with deep valleys and steep slopes, with heights that rarely exceed 1300 m (Padeș peak – 1374 m, Rusca peak – 1355 m). Located in the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain , the subsoil of Timiș County there are deposits of lignite ( Sinersig ), basalt ( Lucareț – Șanovița ), manganese ( Pietroasa ), clay ( Biled , Cărpiniș , Jimbolia , Lugoj and Sânnicolau Mare ), crude oil and gas (in
6888-459: The county's area. The fauna, adapted to the relief and vegetation conditions, includes steppe species ( hares , ground squirrels , polecats , field mice , moles , rollers , quails , partridges , larks , starlings , lizards , various insects), forest species ( deer , squirrels , bears , wolves , foxes , wild boars , wildcats , dormice , jays , salamanders , etc.) and water species ( herons , mallards , geese , storks , frogs and
7011-464: The county, the Banatul Philharmonic , was founded in 1947 and organizes, in addition to the music season, events in unconventional spaces and successful festivals, such as Timișoara muzicală , the longest-lived cultural festival in Timișoara, which debuted in 1968. The first music school in the county was founded by the Hungarian administration in 1907 in Timișoara. Until 1907, music education
7134-559: The county, which cross the territory through the center, dividing it into two halves, south and north, are Timiș and Bega . Timiș is the largest inland river in Banat, which has its sources on the eastern slopes of the Semenic Mountains , in Caraș-Severin County . The river is formed at the confluence of three branches: Semenic, Grădiște and Brebu. It crosses the whole of Timiș County, then passes into Serbia where it flows into
7257-474: The county. Timiș County features all landforms , with altitudes between 75 m in Banat Plain and 1,374 m in Poiana Ruscă Mountains . Proportionally, the plain covers about 6,700 km , representing 77.2% of the county's area; the hills cover about 1,650 km , i.e. 19.01%; and the mountains cover a relatively small area of 300 km , i.e. 3.45%. The plain penetrates in a gulf-like manner the hilly areas, on
7380-461: The debate Kendi referred to Sigismund and Balthasar as the "two monsters and greatest disasters of the Transylvanian realm". Pope Clement VIII 's legate, Attilio Amalteo, mediated a reconciliation between Sigismund and his cousins in the summer of 1592. The pope also urged Sigismund to marry a Catholic princess from the House of Lorraine . At the demand of the sultan, Transylvania troops assisted Aaron
7503-409: The eastern part there are forests of fir , spruce and beech . In the other parts of the county there are small forests of oak , Austrian oak , Hungarian oak , and in the meadows – poplars and willows . The hydrographic network of Timiș County, spread over 3,104 km, is composed of two hydrographic basins: Bega–Timiș–Caraș and Mureș. The most important rivers in size and hydropower potential in
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#17328547066517626-579: The end of the 17th century and during the 18th century, in three successive waves, during the reigns of Charles VI , Maria Theresa and Joseph II . They came from different areas of Germany, especially Rhineland , the Palatinate and Swabia , but also Luxembourg , Lorraine , Alsace , Westphalia , Hesse , East Franconia and Bavaria . Deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor after 1945 and subjected to nationalization and collectivization during
7749-443: The expulsion of the Jesuits. Sigismund's cousin, Cardinal Andrew Báthory , urged the pope to lift the ban, saying that the prince's Protestant advisors had forced him to throw out the priests. The pope authorized Sigismund to employ a confessor in May 1589, and the excommunication was revoked on Easter 1590. Sigismund made several attempts to strengthen the position of the Roman Catholic Church, especially by appointing Catholics to
7872-438: The few counties in the country with a positive trade balance. Timiș County's exports consist mainly of the following groups of goods: electrical machines , appliances and equipment (37%), plastics and rubber (14%), means of transport (11%), footwear (9%), optical instruments and appliances (7%), furniture (5%). Timiș County is also the largest importer of consumer goods, after Bucharest. The industry of Timiș County
7995-403: The first stem cell transplant . The Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital and the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases from Timișoara were included by the Ministry of Health in the first class of competence (out of five possible). Première Hospital, run by Regina Maria private health network, is the largest private hospital in the west of the country. Timiș County is connected to
8118-409: The following day, Bocskai convoked the Diet to his military camp at Szászsebes (now Sebeș in Romania), and the delegates proclaimed Sigismund prince. Most Transylvanians accepted the decision, but György Király, the deputy captain of Várad, remained loyal to Rudolph II. In September an Ottoman army invaded the principality, capturing the fortresses along the Maros. Sigismund sent his envoys to
8241-409: The forest and meadows also live: woodpeckers , white wagtails , hazel grouses , little owls , eagle-owls , sparrows , etc. Reptiles and batrachians are represented by: green lizard , sand lizard , grass snake , dice snake , salamander , toad , marsh frog , tree frog and, rarely, a few turtle specimens. Along the Bega River there are different fish such as nases and chubs , and on
8364-442: The forests of the commune are beech , sessile oak , pedunculate oak , Hungarian oak , Turkey oak , hornbeam , black locust , linden (especially in the forests of Coșteiu de Sus and Groși), elm , birch , wild pear , crab apple , wild cherry and pine plantations. At the edge of the forest grow hazels , cornels , dogwoods , dog roses and other shrubs. The forest wildlife is very varied. Characteristic species include
8487-447: The forests, which also descend for food to people's homes. Brown rats , shrews , harvest mice and susliks inhabit the cornfields and hayfields. Birds are varied and widespread throughout the area: non-predatory birds of hunting interest ( pheasants and partridges ), birds of prey ( hawks , crows and magpies ) and migratory birds ( storks , cuckoos , turtle doves , larks , nightingales , hoopoes , blackbirds and tits ). In
8610-421: The fortress of Margina were still visible at the end of the 18th century. The settlement continued its existence under the Austrians, as a settlement located on the border of Banat with Transylvania . In 1734, the Romanian wooden church was built, which still exists today and is a national historical monument . At the end of the 18th century, Germans and Hungarians settled here, brought as officials or workers in
8733-457: The government in late July. Balthasar wanted to seize the throne, but Kovacsóczy, Kendi, and the other leading officials decided to set up an aristocratic council to administer Transylvania. The commanders of the army (including Stephen Bocskai), and Friar Carillo jointly convinced Sigismund to return on 8 August. They also persuaded him to order the arrest of Kovacsóczy, Kendi, Balthasar Báthory, and twelve other noblemen who had opposed
8856-451: The government, making his court at Fogaras (present-day Făgăraș in Romania) the center of those who opposed Ghyczy's rule. Kovacsóczy, the chancellor of Transylvania , remained neutral in the conflict. In October 1588 the Diet proposed to declare the sixteen-year-old Sigismund of age if he banished the Jesuits from Transylvania. He did not accept the offer, mainly because he did not want to expel his confessor, Alfonso Carillo. The Diet
8979-469: The government. Christopher Báthory's cousin, Dénes Csáky, and his brother-in-law, Stephen Bocskai , headed the council. Christopher Báthory died on 27 May. The Ottoman Sultan , Murad III , confirmed Sigismund's election on 3 July 1581, reminding him of his obligation to pay a yearly tribute of 15,000 florins. However, Pál Márkházy , a young nobleman who lived in Istanbul , offered to double
9102-407: The government. The Székelys tried to secure their freedom, but Bocskai repressed their movement with extraordinary cruelty during the " Bloody Carnival " in early 1596. Rudolph II promised Sigismund to send reinforcements and money to continue the war against the Ottomans. Sigismund returned to Transylvania on 4 March. He laid siege to Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania), but he lifted
9225-633: The head of a Polish army on 24 March 1601. The Diet proclaimed him prince in Kolozsvár on 3 April. Basta and Michael the Brave invaded Transylvania in summer. They routed Sigismund's army in the Battle of Goroszló on 3 August 1601. After the battle, Sigismund fled to Moldavia, but he returned on 6 September. The sultan's envoy confirmed Sigismund's position as Prince of Transylvania in Brassó (now Brașov in Romania) on 2 October. At
9348-523: The head of an army which also included Ottoman and Tatar soldiers, Sigismund expanded his rule over most regions of the principality, but he could not capture Kolozsvár in late November. He started new negotiations with Basta over his abdication in March 1602, because he did not trust his own supporters. He referred to them as "intoxicated and brutish sons of a bitch" and asked István Csáky to help him to leave their camp on 2 July. He left Transylvania for
9471-709: The highest positions of state administration. Carillo and other Jesuit priests returned to Sigismund's court in disguise in early 1591. Sigismund met Andrew and Balthasar Báthory in August to seek their support for the legalization of the Jesuits' presence, but they refused to stand by the priests at the Diet. Sigismund dispatched his favorite, István Jósika , to Tuscany to start negotiations regarding his marriage to Eleonora Orsini (a niece of Ferdinando I de' Medici ), although his cousins had sharply opposed Jósika's appointment. He also invited Italian artists and artisans to his court, making them his advisors or butlers. Szamosközy described them as "the trashiest representatives of
9594-770: The hills in the east of the county. The averages of the warmest month (July) exceed 21 °C in the plain and fall below 18 °C in the east. The averages of the coldest month (January) are higher than –2 °C in the plain and rise to values higher than –1 °C in the east of the county. The absolute maximum temperature (42 °C) was recorded in Banloc (24 July 2007), and the absolute minimum temperature (–35.3 °C) in Timișoara (29 January 1963). The average multiannual precipitation amounts to increasing quantities from west to east, i.e. 569 mm in Jimbolia, 620.6 mm in Timișoara, 734 mm in Făget and over 1,200 mm on
9717-516: The lake complex of Satchinez (40 ha; 1.5 m deep), the two lakes of Becicherecu Mic (one of 33 ha and another of 13 ha), the Petra pond of Jebel , etc. Between 1969 and 1975, pond-like lakes for flood control , irrigation and fishing were arranged on the courses of both Timiș and Bega. The largest of these, Lake Surduc , was arranged on Gladna stream , a tributary of the Bega, and has an area of 460 ha and
9840-548: The largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (about 14,500), consisting of the urban heritage of the Cetate , Iosefin , Fabric and Elisabetin districts. In addition, there are 31 castles and mansions in Timiș County. Notable are the Swabian-specific localities in the western Banat Plain ( Jimbolia , Sânnicolau Mare , Șandra , Lovrin , Lenauheim , etc.), in the past important settlements of colonists from
9963-510: The last time on 26 July 1602. Basta's soldiers accompanied Sigismund to Tokaj . Before long, he went to Prague to beg for Rudolph II's mercy. He received the incolatus (or the right to own lands in Bohemia) in 1604. After the Diet of Transylvania proclaimed Stephen Bocskai prince in February 1605, Rudolph tried to persuade Sigismund to return to Transylvania, but he did not accept
10086-451: The localities near the border with Serbia : Cralovăț (Краљевац/ Kraljevac ; 64.5%), Petrovaselo (Петрово Село/ Petrovo Selo ; 48.4%), Sânmartinu Sârbesc (Српски Семартон/ Srpski Semarton ; 35.6%), Cenei (Ченеј/ Čenej ; 24.2%), Diniaș (Дињаш/ Dinjaš ; 21.8%), etc. Up to the 20th century, the Germans (specifically Banat Swabians ) were a very large community. They were colonized here at
10209-511: The lords of the time. In 1551 the fortress was demolished by John Török, but was rebuilt three years later. The Turks occupied Margina for a time, until it was liberated by Sigismund Báthory . In 1658, as a result of the political interests of Ákos Barcsay , Margina was ceded to the Turks, who ruled it for 30 years. After the Treaty of Passarowitz , the old fortresses of Banat are demolished. The ruins of
10332-454: The lowest unemployment rates in the country – 0.8% in 2019. Most employees are in manufacturing (27%), trade (15.2%) and agriculture (15.1%). Timiș stands out as the second business pole at national level, after Bucharest–Ilfov , with a turnover of companies of 72 billion lei, which constitutes about 5% of the turnover of 1,400 billion lei of all companies in Romania. The county's exports stood at over 39.05 billion lei, Timiș being among
10455-488: The main and secondary national roads from which a dense network of local roads emerges. The public road network of Timiș County has a length of about 2,930 km, with a density of 33.7 km/100 km . More detailed, there are about 563 km of national roads, 1,145 km of county roads and 1,222 km of communal roads. Also, Timiș County is served by almost 108 km of motorways , represented by the A1 and A6 motorways. In 2019, Timiș County had
10578-653: The national average, and an annual growth rate of 5–10%. At national level, it ranks third in terms of GDP , reaching 62.5 billion lei in 2021, with a contribution of 6.5% of Romania's total GDP, having a developed economy and among the highest entrepreneurial rates in the country (36 SMEs per 1,000 inhabitants in 2019). The most important sector represented locally is the automotive industry , supported by large companies such as Continental , Delphi Packard , Hella , Mahle , Dräxlmaier , Flex , etc. In recent years, certain high tech know-how-intensive services , such as IT&C , have seen strong growth. Timiș has one of
10701-448: The national rate but decreasing amid an expanding suburbanization . According to the 2011 census, Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority in Timiș County, numbering 35,295 people or 5.2% of the county's population. Significant concentrations of the Hungarian population follow the areas where the policy of colonization of the Kingdom of Hungary manifested itself in the 19th century and
10824-658: The nine deaneries of the Reformed Eparchy of Piatra Craiului . Lugoj is the seat of the Greek Catholic Archbishopric of Lugoj and one of the two deaneries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Vicarage . Timiș County is administered by a county council ( consiliu județean ) consisting of 36 councilors. Following the 2020 local elections , the council is chaired by Alin Nica [ ro ] from PNL , and
10947-488: The noblemen who opposed the war against the Ottomans. He officially joined the Holy League and married Maria Christina of Habsburg , a niece of the Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolph II . The marriage was never consummated . Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , and Ștefan Răzvan , Voivode of Moldavia , acknowledged his suzerainty. Their united forces defeated an Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu . The triumph
11070-575: The noblest nation". The delegates of the "Three Nations" criticized Sigismund for his prodigal way of life at the Diet in Gyulafehérvár in November. To reduce his authority, the Diet prescribed that Sigismund should only make decisions in the royal council. Sigismund deprived his cousins of the allowances that the royal treasury had paid to them. Gossip about conspiracies spread during the following months. Sándor Kendi accused Sigismund's former tutor, János Gálffy, of deliberately stirring up debates between
11193-434: The number of animals in the private sector. As of 2019, livestock in Timiș County consisted of 1,524,625 birds , 612,638 sheep , 605,619 swine , 45,332 bee families, 37,305 cattle , 21,890 goats and 5,659 horses . Unlike industry, trade and construction, which also generates a large part of the gross value added (GVA) of the county economy, agriculture stands out with a very high share of employment correlated with
11316-469: The number of companies in Timiș, the manufacturing industry registers a turnover of 40% of the county's total. Timiș County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. Timiș County has an agricultural area of 691,299 ha, of which 531,472 ha is arable land , 118,671 pastures , 28,632 hayfields , 4,121 vineyards and vine nurseries and 8,403 orchards and fruit nurseries. One of
11439-494: The offer. The ambassadors of Venice and Spain and the emperor again tried to convince him to lay claim to Transylvania in July 1606, but Sigismund refused, saying that he had no information about the affairs of his former principality. In December he again met Rudolph in Prague, but still resisted the emperor's offer. Sigismund received the domain of Libochovice in Bohemia. After one of his employees accused him of plotting against
11562-405: The oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of cereals and technical plants, and viticulture is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county. Places like Recaș , Buziaș and Giarmata are renowned for their wine production . The production of vegetables in individual micro-farms is also
11685-463: The people of Banat, through which the Romanian language and culture were promoted. The oldest Romanian choir in Banat was the plowmen's vocal choir, founded in 1857 in Chizătău , which was born from the old church choir. It was also the most famous and appreciated choral formation in the area, which had resounding success at various competitions and festivals, along with other Banat choirs. Banat choirs had
11808-454: The persecution of Szekler Sabbatarians in Udvarhelyszék . The Wallachian boyars and prelates recognized Sigismund's suzerainty over Wallachia on behalf of Michael the Brave in Gyulafehérvár on 20 May 1595. According to the treaty, Michael was forbidden to enter into an alliance with foreign powers without Sigismund's approval. The voivode's right to sentence his boyars to death
11931-420: The political composition of the council is as follows: Timiș County is divided into two municipalities ( municipiu ), eight towns ( oraș ) and 89 communes ( comună ) with 313 villages: The flag of Timiș County has a rectangular shape, with its width equal to ⅔ of its length and consists of the county coat of arms superimposed on a white background. White chosen for the flag signifies purity and peace. Above
12054-410: The population, religious affiliation is unknown. Timi%C8%99 County Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region of Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of
12177-507: The position of his Jesuit tutors, János Leleszi and Gergely Vásárhelyi. According to Szamosközy, Stephen Báthory also ordered Sigismund's companions to talk of foreign lands, wars, and hunting with him during their dinners together. He reorganized the government on 3 May 1583, charging Sándor Kendi , Farkas Kovacsóczy , and László Sombori with the administration of Transylvania during Sigismund's minority. The Diet suggested to Stephen Báthory that he dismiss them, but he only dissolved
12300-401: The prince and his cousins. Other courtiers claimed that Balthasar Báthory was planning to dethrone Sigismund. A Jesuit priest was informed at Vienna that Gálffy and his allies wanted to murder the prince and his cousins. In late 1591 Sigismund stated that he was willing to renounce in favor of Balthasar if the members of the royal council favored his cousin. His offer was refused, but during
12423-536: The retreating Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu on 25 October. Although the victory was not decisive, the battle enabled the two voivodes to maintain their alliance with the Holy League. Ignoring the Székely warriors' preeminent role during the war, the Diet of Transylvania refused to restore their freedom on 15 December. Sigismund left for Prague to start negotiations with Rudolph II in early January 1596, tasking his wife and Stephen Bocskai with
12546-690: The ridges of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The maximum rainfall occurs in June, as a result of the intensification of cyclonic activity in the North Atlantic or in the Mediterranean basin. On the other hand, the lowest average monthly amounts fall in February–March. The snow layer is unstable and has insignificant thicknesses. Predominant winds blow from the north (16.9%), east (15%), northwest (9.1%) and south (8.4%), with average annual speeds between 1.2 and 3.8 m/s. Local winds include austru (dry wind from
12669-496: The sandy bottom of the river there are barbels ; sometimes trouts also wander on the middle course of the river. The first recorded mention of Margina dates from 1365, but it is mentioned even before 1300 as the seat of a Vlach district belonging sometimes to Hunyad County and sometimes to Temes County . In the Middle Ages it played an important role in the area; here there was a fortress, first mentioned in 1439 and disputed by
12792-492: The school year 2019/2020, Timiș County had a school population of 177,301: 25,266 children in pre-school education , 97,934 pupils in pre-university education and 54,101 students in university , post-university , academic and continuing education . In Timiș County, 617 educational units are accredited and authorized, of which 580 are state-funded . Timișoara is one of the four national university centers, together with Bucharest , Cluj-Napoca and Iași , as established by
12915-557: The second largest minority, with 14,525 people (or 2.1% of the county's population) at the 2011 census, although unofficial estimates put the figure at 45,000. Măguri , a component locality of Lugoj municipality, is the only village in the county where the Roma have an absolute majority (69.4% in 2011). The largest communities of Serbs , Germans and Bulgarians in Romania also live in Timiș County. The number of Serbs living in Timiș exceeds 10,000. Most of them are located in Timișoara and in
13038-550: The siege when an Ottoman army of 20,000 strong approached the fortress. The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III invaded Royal Hungary in summer. Sigismund joined his forces with the royal army, which was under the command of Maximilian of Habsburg. However, the Ottomans routed their united army in the Battle of Mezőkeresztes between 23 and 26 October. Sigismund again went to Prague to meet Rudolph II and offered to abdicate in January 1597. After he returned to Transylvania, he restored
13161-500: The sister of Sigismund III of Poland. The Holy See had proposed the marriage, which could have enabled Sigismund to rule Poland during the absence of the king, who was also King of Sweden , but the plan came to nothing. Murad III declared war against the Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolph in August. The sultan ordered Sigismund to send reinforcements to support the Ottoman army in Royal Hungary . According to diplomatic sources,
13284-541: The south), coșavă (high-speed cold wind), rușavăț (in the Banat Plain) and mountain breezes (in the east). Ethnic composition of Timiș County (2021) Religious composition of Timiș County (2021) According to the 2021 census , Timiș County had a population of 650,533 (or 3.4% of the country's population), being the sixth most populous county in Romania. The population density was 74.8/km (193.7/sq mi). Timiș County has an urbanization rate of 61.8%, above
13407-517: The tribute and to pay an additional tax of 100,000 florins if he was made the ruler of Transylvania. The Grand Vizier , Koca Sinan Pasha , supported Márkházy's claim. Taking advantage of the situation, Murad demanded the same payments from Sigismund, but Stephen Báthory and the " Three Nations of Transylvania " resisted. After receiving the customary tribute from Transylvania, the sultan again confirmed Sigismund's rule in November 1581. Stephen Báthory who took charge of Sigismund's education confirmed
13530-414: The valleys of Timiș (towards Lugoj ) and Bega (towards Făget ). In the east of the county lie the pre-mountain hills of Buziaș and the southern sector of the Lipova Plateau, whose peaks rise to altitudes between 200 and 400 m. The hills of Lăpugiu, Făget, Lugoj, Lipova, Silagiu and Sacoș are rich in pastures, orchards of fruit trees, vineyards, but also in cereal crops. The relief in the eastern part of
13653-489: The vinegar factory, one of the largest in Europe at that time. Up until 1930 the factory produced acetone and then vinegar and canned cucumbers and pickles. Because of the transition to state socialism during 1945 and 1947 it was closed, before being nationalized in 1948. During the 1960s–1970s it employed over 700 people. The factory closed permanently in 1998. Ethnic composition (2011) Religious composition (2011) Margina had
13776-436: The war against the Ottomans on 28 August, accusing them of plotting. Sándor and Gábor Kendi were beheaded along with two other members of the royal council; Balthasar Báthory, Kovacsóczy, and Ferenc Kendi were strangled in prison. All but one murdered noblemen were Protestants, mostly Unitarians . Many of their relatives converted to Catholicism to prevent the confiscation of their estates. Sigismund decided to join
13899-483: The western part of the county), sand ( Șag ) and glass sand ( Groși – Făget , Tomești and Gladna Montană ). Mineral waters are also exploited in Buziaș , Călacea , Ivanda , Bogda and Timișoara . The soil of Timiș County offers extremely favorable conditions for the cultivation of agricultural plants, especially for the cultivation of cereals, but also for technical and fodder plants, as well as for fruit growing and viticulture . The forests are relatively few. In
14022-547: Was also limited. The Diet of Transylvanian was authorized to impose taxes in Wallachia with a council of twelve boyars. After Aaron the Tyrant refused to sign a similar treaty, Sigismund invaded Moldavia and captured him in Iași . He made Ștefan Răzvan the new voivode on 3 June, forcing him to swear fealty to him. Thereafter, Sigismund styled himself " By the Grace of God , Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia, Prince of
14145-400: Was dissolved, but Sigismund's cousins convinced him not to resist the Diet, which was dominated by Protestant delegates. The Diet was again summoned in late 1588; on 8 December it ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits and declared Sigismund to be of age. Sigismund took the customary oath of the Transylvanian monarchs on 23 December 1588. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him for
14268-515: Was especially hostile towards the Anti-Trinitarians in his youth. His mother died in early 1581. Christopher Báthory fell seriously ill after his wife's death. At his request, the Diet of Transylvania elected Sigismund voivode in Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca in Romania) around 15 May 1581. Since Sigismund was still a minor, his dying father tasked a council of twelve noblemen with
14391-489: Was exclusively private. Banat cuisine has been strongly influenced by the Austro-Hungarian one , but to a large extent by Greek , Italian and French cuisines too. The dishes prepared in Banat are mostly made of pork , chicken or beef , with vegetables fried in lard or oil , with flour sauces, to make them more consistent, seasoned with pepper , thyme , paprika or caraway . Broadly speaking, Banat cuisine
14514-428: Was followed by a series of Ottoman victories, and Sigismund abdicated in favor of Rudolph II in early 1598, receiving the duchies of Racibórz and Opole as a compensation. His maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai , persuaded him to return in late summer, but he could not make peace with the Ottoman Empire. He renounced Transylvania in favor of Andrew Báthory and settled in Poland in 1599. During the following years, Transylvania
14637-504: Was homosexual. György Borbély, Ban of Karánsebes , captured Lippa (now Lipova in Romania) and other Ottoman fortresses along the Maros River before the end of August. Koca Sinan Pasha broke into Wallachia, forcing Michael the Brave to retreat towards Transylvania. Michael confronted the invaders in the Battle of Călugăreni , but he could not prevent them from seizing Târgoviște and Bucharest . He withdrew to Stoenești to await
14760-456: Was regularly pillaged by unpaid mercenaries and Ottoman marauders. Sigismund returned at the head of a Polish army in 1601, but he could not strengthen his position. He again abdicated in favor of Rudolph and settled in Bohemia in June 1602. After he was accused of a conspiracy against the emperor, he spent fourteen months in jail in Prague in 1610 and 1611. He died at his Bohemian estate. Sigismund
14883-705: Was signed on 23 December 1597. Rudolph II granted Sigismund the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and a yearly subsidy of 50,000 thalers . The agreement was kept secret for months. The Diet of Transylvania acknowledged Sigismund's abdication on 23 March 1598. Maria Christierna took charge of the government until the arrival of Maximilian of Habsburg, whom Rudolph II had appointed to administer Transylvania. Sigismund went to Silesia, but he did not like his new duchies. Bocskai, who had been dismissed after Sigismund's abdication, urged him to return. Sigismund came to Kolozsvár on 21 August. On
15006-502: Was still a child when the Diet of Transylvania elected him voivode at his dying father's request in 1581. Initially, regency councils administered Transylvania on his behalf, but Stephen Báthory made János Ghyczy the sole regent in 1585. Sigismund adopted the title of prince after Stephen Báthory died. The Diet proclaimed Sigismund to be of age in 1588, but only after he agreed to expel the Jesuits . Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him, but
15129-519: Was the son of Christopher Báthory and his second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai. He was born in Várad (now Oradea in Romania) in 1573, according to the Transylvanian historian, István Szamosközy . At the time of Sigismund's birth, his uncle, Stephen Báthory , was the voivode of Transylvania . After being elected King of Poland in late 1575, Stephen Báthory adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Sigismund's father voivode. Stephen Báthory set up
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