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53-456: Presidency Government Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) Supporters Opponents Family [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Eissa Al-Ayyat ( / ˈ m ɔːr s i / ; Arabic : محمد محمد مرسي عيسى العياط IPA: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈmoɾsi ˈʕiːsæ (ʔe)l.ʕɑjˈjɑːtˤ] ; 8 August 1951 – 17 June 2019) was an Egyptian politician, engineer, and professor who
106-521: A 25.5 percent share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012, following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred at the Egypt Election Authorities press conference when the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafik and his campaign
159-674: A Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005, officially as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under President Hosni Mubarak. He was a member of the Guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of
212-457: A Muslim man. On 22 December 2012, Mekki resigned. After Kamal Ganzouri 's resignation, Morsi tasked Hesham Qandil with forming the new government. On 2 August 2012, Qandil was sworn in as prime minister. Morsi also objected to a constitutional provision limiting presidential power. On 12 August 2012, Morsi asked Mohamad Hussein Tantawi , head of the country's armed forces, and Sami Hafez Anan ,
265-611: A new constitution is ratified. The declaration also required a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the Constituent Assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorized Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional Constituent Assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while members of
318-443: A number of protesters broke through police cordons around the palace, with some climbing atop an armored police vehicle and waving flags. On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree that had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that declaration would stand. A constitutional referendum was still planned for 15 December. George Isaac of
371-605: A speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free Omar Abdel-Rahman , convicted of the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City, along with the many Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution. A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the extradition was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi did not intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions. On 10 July 2012, Morsi reinstated
424-450: Is hanging for civilian convictions, and by firing squad for convictions by commissioned military personnel at the time of duty. The Grand Mufti of Egypt Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam , is responsible under Egyptian law for reviewing all death sentences in Egypt. Legally, his opinion is consultative and not binding on the presiding court that handed down the death sentence. Executions by hanging have generally been carried out at
477-785: The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état , the Freedom and Justice Party announced nine ministers offered their resignations. The cabinet was dissolved on 8 July 2013 with the resignation of Prime Minister Hesham Qandil in protest over the killing of 61 protestors by the military at the Republican Guard headquarters. Capital punishment in Egypt Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Egypt . The state carried out at least 44 executions in 2016, at least 35 in 2017, and at least 43 in 2018, according to Amnesty International . The method of execution
530-653: The Constitution Party said that Morsi's declaration did not offer anything new, the National Salvation Front rejected it as an attempt to save face, and the 6 April Movement and Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to address the "fundamental" problem of the nature of the Assembly that was tasked with drafting the constitution. Khaled al-Qazzaz was
583-626: The Egyptian Army from 1975 to 1976, serving in the chemical warfare unit. He then resumed his studies at Cairo University and earned an MS in metallurgical engineering in 1978. After completing his master's degree, Morsi earned a government scholarship that enabled him to study in the United States. He received a PhD in materials science from the University of Southern California in 1982 with his dissertation on aluminium oxide . While living in
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#1732851598126636-875: The Manfalut railway accident . On 5 January 2013, a cabinet reshuffle took place replacing ten ministers. The number of FJP members in the cabinet increased from five to eight after the reshuffle. On 7 May 2013, another reshuffle took place replacing nine ministers, increasing the number of FJP members to 10 out of a total of 36. On 1 July 2013, five cabinet members resigned together; they were tourism minister Hisham Zazou , communications and IT minister Atef Helmi , legal and parliamentary affairs minister Hatem Bagato, environment minister Khaled Abdel-Aal, and drinking water and sanitation facilities minister Abdel Khalifa . On 2 July 2013, foreign minister Mohamed Kamel Amr , petroleum minister Sherif Hadarra, and sports minister El Amry Farouk resigned. On 4 July 2013, one day after
689-519: The Port Said Stadium disaster . A retrial was ordered on 6 February 2014 and the number sentenced to death was reduced to 11 on 19 April 2015. Amid political unrest following the July 2013 removal of Mohamed Morsi from presidential office (which itself occurred following mass protests against his rule ), a court sentenced 683 suspected Muslim Brotherhood members to death on 28 April 2014, including
742-470: The President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011. Morsi reconvened Parliament in its original form on 10 July 2012; this was expected to cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature. Morsi sought to influence the drafting of a new constitution of Egypt , favoring a constitution which protects civil rights and enshrines Islamic law . In
795-460: The Suez Canal . Funding commitments had been received, including $ 8 billion from Qatar . The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development committed €1 billion. On 19 March 2013, on a visit to India, Morsi sought support from India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Although the project did not proceed under Morsi, his successor Abdel Fattah el-Sisi revived and launched a streamlined version of
848-597: The University of Southern California . He became an associate professor at California State University, Northridge , from 1982 to 1985 before returning to Egypt to teach at Zagazig University . Associating with the Muslim Brotherhood, which was then barred from office under President Hosni Mubarak , Morsi stood as an independent candidate for the 2000 parliamentary election . Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , which resulted in Mubarak's resignation, Morsi came to
901-528: The death penalty , a move denounced by Amnesty International as "a charade based on null and void procedures". His death sentence was overturned in November 2016 and a retrial ordered. Morsi died during trial on 17 June 2019 amid claims that he was being denied appropriate medical care while in custody. Mohamed Morsi was born in the Sharqia Governorate , in northern Egypt , of modest provincial origin, in
954-461: The 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate. His campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi at a rally in El-Mahalla El-Kubra , the epicentre of Egyptian worker protests. Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections, where exit polls suggested
1007-626: The Army chief of staff, to resign. He also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) restricting the president's powers would be annulled. Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and Anan would remain advisers to the president. Morsi named Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , who was then serving as chief of military intelligence, as Egypt's new defense minister. The New York Times described
1060-659: The Cairo Central Prison. However prisons of Wadi Al Natrun and Burj Al Arab both house an execution chamber. On 26 January 2013, an Egyptian court gave death sentences to 21 people convicted of involvement in a mass attack by fans of the Al-Masry Club against fans of the Al-Ahly Sports Club at Port Said Stadium on 1 February 2012. At least 72 people died in violence that erupted in Port Said , Egypt , during
1113-549: The Director of the Intelligence Directorate and the commander of his presidential guards . On 27 August 2012, Morsi named 21 advisers and aides in a slew that included three women and two Christians and numerous Islamist-leaning figures. He also appointed new governors to the 27 regions of the country. In October 2012, Morsi's government unveiled plans for the development of a major economic and industrial hub adjoining
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#17328515981261166-599: The Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded by the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt on 14 June 2012. According to Egypt's official news agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, much of whom are members of Morsi's Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups. A Morsi spokesman announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents, but eventually appointed Mahmoud Mekki ,
1219-489: The Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder. Oh Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them. Show us Your omnipotence, oh Lord." The prayers were broadcast on Egyptian state television and translated by MEMRI . Originally, MEMRI translated the broadcast as "Destroy the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder," but later revised their translation. Morsi did not attend
1272-466: The Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi. The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei who said Morsi had "usurped all state powers and appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh ". The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt, with protesters erecting tents in Tahrir Square , the site of the protests that preceded the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. The protesters demanded a reversal of
1325-708: The U.S. had not provided “evidence” that the attackers were Muslims. He also stated that the aircraft collision alone did not bring down the World Trade Center , suggesting something "happened from the inside." Such views are held by most Egyptians, including Egyptian liberals. His comments drew criticism in the United States. Morsi was arrested along with 24 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011. He escaped from prison in Cairo two days later. The break of Wadi el-Natroun Prison received widespread news coverage within hours of its occurrence, with some reports indicating
1378-426: The United States, Morsi became an assistant professor at California State University, Northridge from 1982 to 1985. In 1985, Morsi quit his job at CSUN and returned to Egypt, becoming a professor at Zagazig University , where he was appointed head of the engineering department. Morsi was a lecturer at Zagazig University's engineering department until 2010. Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000. He served as
1431-488: The army to be like after saying that no entity will be above the constitution. He suggested that parliament should control the army's spending, but that some parts of it should be kept secret. The Freedom & Justice Party would respect the Constitution of Egypt and not impose what they believe on people, he said. He said that Egyptians are committed to living in a society with full rights for everyone. The 2011 revolution
1484-580: The authority to legislate without the need for judicial oversight or review. This was a move to stop the Mubarak-era judges from getting rid of the Second Constituent Assembly . The new constitution that was then hastily finalized by the Islamist -dominated constitutional assembly, presented to the president, and scheduled for a referendum before the Supreme Constitutional Court could rule on
1537-431: The constitutionality of the assembly, was described by independent press agencies not aligned with the regime as an "Islamist coup". These issues, along with complaints of prosecutions of journalists and attacks on nonviolent demonstrators, led to the 2012 protests . As part of a compromise, Morsi rescinded the decrees. A new constitution was approved by approximately two-thirds of voters in the referendum , although turnout
1590-518: The corridor with an expansion of the Suez Canal in August 2014. On 19 October 2012, Morsi travelled to Egypt's northwestern Matrouh in his first official visit to deliver a speech on Egyptian unity at el-Tenaim Mosque. Immediately before his speech, he participated in prayers there where he openly mouthed "Amen" as cleric Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the local head of religious endowment, declared, "Deal with
1643-414: The courts before it had finished its work. President Morsi also agreed there would be no further retrials of former officials under Hosni Mubarak, unless new evidence was presented. On 1 December 2012, the Constituent Assembly handed the draft constitution to Morsi, who announced that a constitutional referendum would be held on 15 December 2012. On 4 December 2012, Morsi left his presidential palace after
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1696-407: The declaration and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on 27 November. Clashes were reported between protesters and police. The declaration was also condemned by human rights groups such as Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch and Freedom House . Egypt's highest body of judges decried the ruling as an "unprecedented assault on
1749-444: The declaration's language had not been altered, Morsi agreed to limit the scope of the decree to "sovereign matters" following four days of opposition protests and the resignation of several senior advisers. Morsi's spokesman said an agreement, reached with top judicial authorities, would leave most of the president's actions subject to review by the courts, but preserve his power to protect the Constituent Assembly from being dissolved by
1802-497: The enthronement of Coptic Pope Tawadros II on 18 November 2012 at Abbasiya Cathedral, though Prime Minister Hesham Qandil did attend. On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration which purported to protect the work of the Constituent Assembly drafting the new constitution from judicial interference. In effect, this declaration immunized his actions from any legal challenge. The decree states that it only applied until
1855-528: The first case whose death sentences were not upheld were each sentenced to 25 years in prison. Judge Saeed Youssef first attracted international condemnation and prompted an outcry from foreign human rights groups after he handed down the initial sentence for the 529 defendants on March 24, following a brief trial perceived as having been marked by irregularities. Later, he reversed 492 of those 529 death sentences, commuting most of them to life in prison. Egyptian law requires that death sentences be confirmed by
1908-450: The forefront as head of the Freedom and Justice Party. It became the largest party in the 2011–12 parliamentary election and Morsi was elected president in the 2012 presidential election . On June 30 2012, the SCAF handed the authority to Morsi, ending 6 decades of military rule. In November 2012, Morsi issued a provisional constitutional declaration that granted him unrestricted authority and
1961-444: The group's supreme guide, Mohammed Badie , and confirmed the death sentences of 37 of 529 alleged supporters previously condemned. The defendants were accused of violence at two sit-ins in Cairo, held by supporters of Morsi, where the police conducted sit-in dispersals on 14 August 2013 . Mohamed Elmessiry, an Amnesty International researcher monitoring the cases, said that they "lacked basic fair trial guarantees". The defendants from
2014-478: The independence of the judiciary and its rulings". Abdel Meguid Mahmoud , a prosecutor appointed by Hosni Mubarak, declared the decree "null and void." Morsi further emphasized his argument that the decree is temporary, and said he wanted dialog with the opposition. Morsi's statement failed to appease either the judges or citizenry dissatisfied with his decision and sparked days of protests in Tahrir Square. Though
2067-502: The move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of Mubarak. Al Jazeera described it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and military. On 14 August 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian regime. Morsi fired two more high-ranking security officials on 16 August 2012: intelligence chief Murad Muwafi
2120-609: The new party. While serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict that "the two-state solution is nothing but a delusion concocted by the brutal usurper of the Palestinian lands." Morsi condemned the September 11 attacks as a "horrific crime against innocent civilians". However, he accused the United States of using the 9/11 attacks as a pretext for invading Afghanistan and Iraq, and claimed that
2173-709: The number recorded in the whole of 2019. Amnesty said the spike in executions followed a botched breakout attempt in September at the Tora Prison in Cairo . Four police officers and four death-row prisoners died in the attempt. Amnesty International's annual global review of death penalty usage ranked Egypt as the world's third most frequent executioner in 2020. Egypt executed at least 107 people in 2020 following trials that Amnesty International has called "grossly unfair" and confessions perceived as forced, as lawyers could not meet their clients or conduct proper investigations due to
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2226-468: The online newspaper Egypt Independent , an English-language subsidiary of Egyptian daily Al-Masry Al-Youm , Okasha spent three hours on 27 May 2012 criticizing the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi on air. After Okasha aired a video allegedly depicting Tunisian Islamist extremists executing a Christian while asking "how will such people govern?", some analysts suggested that this was regarding Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood party. The Tunisian government characterized
2279-416: The political prisoners were sprung from detention by "armed gangs" taking advantage of the chaos of the Egyptian Revolution . Four years later, Morsi faced trial for his role in the prison break. He and 105 others were sentenced to death on 16 May 2015. The court of cassation overturned the death sentence on Morsi and five others and then ordered retrials. After Khairat El-Shater was disqualified from
2332-666: The presiding judge after reviewing the opinion of the Grand Mufti of Egypt , the country's leading official legal expert on religious matters. The Mufti's opinion to the judge is confidential. The guilty verdict and death sentences are still subject to review by appellate courts. "The case killed the credibility of the Egyptian judicial system," said Elmessiry of Amnesty International. Amnesty International accused Egyptian authorities of executing 57 people in October and November alone, nearly double
2385-524: The rule of the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood government (and affiliated with it president Morsi). Morsi also compared free markets to the Islamic system, but said Islam requires there to be an ethical component to ensure that the poor share in society's wealth. Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president. He succeeded Hosni Mubarak , who left the office of
2438-718: The secretary on foreign relations from 2012 to 2013 in the Morsi government. Morsi hosted the Islamic summit in Cairo , with the participation of 57 leaders from Muslim nations . The statement urged a "substantial dialogue" between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition to bring an end to the Syrian civil war . Qandil Cabinet Presidency Government Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) Supporters Opponents Family [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The cabinet of Egyptian Prime Minister Hesham Qandil
2491-476: The video as a farce in a harshly worded statement. On 24 June 2012, Morsi was announced as the winner of the election with 51.73 percent of the vote. Almost immediately afterward, he resigned from the presidency of the Freedom and Justice Party . I hope the people will choose me, an Islamist candidate from the Freedom & Justice party and Muslim Brotherhood , and God willing the system will move towards stability and development. He didn't say what he wanted
2544-503: The village of El Adwah , north of Cairo, on 8 August 1951 during the final years of the Egyptian monarchy . His father was a farmer and his mother a housewife. He was the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembered being taken to school on the back of a donkey. In the late 1960s, he moved to Cairo to study at Cairo University , and earned a BSc in engineering with high honors in 1975. He fulfilled his military service in
2597-451: Was less than a third of the electorate. In June 2013, protests calling for Morsi's resignation erupted. The military, backed by the political opposition and leading religious figures, stepped in and deposed Morsi in a coup . It suspended the constitution and appointed Adly Mansour as interim president. Pro-Morsi demonstrations were crushed , resulting in over 800 deaths. Egyptian prosecutors then charged Morsi with various crimes and sought
2650-527: Was noted for the Islamist character of its events. From the initial round of voting on 23 and 24 May 2012, Morsi had attempted to appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rival Ahmed Shafik as a holdover from the Mubarak-era of secular moderation. On 30 May 2012, Morsi filed a lawsuit against Egyptian television presenter Tawfiq Okasha, accusing him of "intentional falsehoods and accusations that amount to defamation and slander." According to
2703-665: Was sworn in on 2 August 2012. Qandil was appointed by President Mohamed Morsi , following the resignation of military-named premier Kamal Ganzouri . The cabinet consists of 36 ministers. The composition of the government is mostly formed by technocrats, with five Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) members and one member each from the Al-Wasat and Renaissance parties. On 12 August 2012, President Mohamed Morsi appointed Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as defense minister and Reda Hafez as military production minister. On 17 November 2012, transport minister Mohammad Rashad Al Matini resigned over
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#17328515981262756-601: Was the fifth president of Egypt , from 2012 to 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed him from office in a coup d'état after protests in June . An Islamist affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood organization, Morsi led the Freedom and Justice Party from 2011 to 2012. Morsi was born in El Adwah , Sharqia Governorate , before studying metallurgical engineering at Cairo University and then materials science at
2809-478: Was triggered by an " Islamic awakening " in the region, according to him. Morsi said Coptic Christians "are certainly just as Egyptian as I am, and have as much a right to this homeland as I do." He said freedom of religion is a right granted by Allah and sharia commands Muslims to respect the rights of non-Muslim compatriots. However, in real terms the condition of Egyptian religious minorities such as Shia Muslims and Christians steadily deteriorated during
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