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78-570: The movement was founded in 1925 among educated students in Rabat who founded secret organizations to spread opposition to the growing French intervention. By 1927, it contacted the Salafiyya movement whose leader was Allal al-Fassi , and they both aimed for religious reform and assertion of Moroccan political independence. When French authorities declared the Berber Dahir in 1930, the movement turned from

156-516: A Great Mosque in what is now the medina of Rabat and on the nearby site of Chellah (ancient Sala) they built a royal necropolis for their dynasty. In 1609, Philip III decreed the expulsion of all Moriscos (people of Muslim or Moorish descent) from Spain . About 2000 of these refugees, originally from the town of Hornachos near Badajoz , Spain, settled around Salé and occupied the kasbah, attracting between 5000 and 14,000 other Moriscos to join them. Rabat and neighboring Salé united to form

234-469: A haven for Barbary pirates . When the French established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912, Rabat became its administrative center. When Morocco achieved independence in 1955 Rabat became its capital. Rabat, Temara , and Salé form a conurbation of over 1.8 million people. Rabat is one of four Imperial cities of Morocco , and its medina is listed as a World Heritage Site . It is accessible by train through

312-713: A historic medina. The medina of Salé includes monuments from the Marinid period such as Bab Mrissa and the Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan as well as landmarks from later periods. Public: Private: Rabat's main airport is Rabat–Salé Airport . Rabat is served by two principal railway stations run by the national rail service ONCF . Rabat-Ville and Rabat Agdal are the two main inter-city stations, from which trains run south to Casablanca , Marrakech and El Jadida , north to Tangier , or east to Meknes , Fez , Taza and Oujda . Romanization of Arabic The romanization of Arabic

390-502: A lack of a universal romanization system they will not be pronounced correctly by non-native speakers anyway. The precision will be lost if special characters are not replicated and if a reader is not familiar with Arabic pronunciation. Examples in Literary Arabic : There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to romanize the language. A Beirut newspaper, La Syrie , pushed for

468-414: A lively mix of residential and commercial buildings. The residents are predominantly upper middle class); Hay Riad (affluent villas; this neighbourhood has experienced a surge of momentum since the 2000s); and Souissi (lavish villas, embassies, well-off residential neighborhood). On the outskirts of Souissi, are a number of less-dense regions mainly comprising large private houses to areas that seem out of

546-588: A metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. Rabat is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg , opposite Salé , the city's main commuter town . Rabat was founded in the 12th century by the Almohads . After a period of growth, the city fell into a long period of decline. In the 17th century, Rabat became

624-508: A new ribat on the site of the current kasbah as part of his efforts to hold back the Almohads . Almohads nonetheless defeated the Almoravids and destroyed the ribat shortly after. In 1150 or 1151 the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min built a new kasbah (citadel) to replace the former ribat , within which he included a palace and a mosque. This Almohad kasbah corresponds to the current Kasbah of

702-527: A new fortified imperial capital, called al-Mahdiyya or Ribat al-Fath , on the site of what is now the medina (old city) of Rabat, with new walls extending over a vast area beyond the kasbah. This project also included the construction of an enormous mosque (the remains of which include the Hassan Tower ) and of new grand gateways such as Bab er-Rouah and the main gate of the kasbah, now known as Bab Udaya or Bab al-Kbir . After al-Mansur's death in 1199

780-633: A new museum to be called Musée du caftan et de la parure ('Museum of the caftan and adornment'). The Museum of History and Civilizations (formerly the National Archeological Museum) showcases the history of Morocco through a collection of archeological artifacts from the Punic, Mauretanian, Roman, and Islamic periods. This includes a collection of ancient Roman bronze and marble statuary from sites such as Lixus, Volubilis , and Chellah, as well as coins, ceramics, and architectural fragments from

858-489: A private space. Mawazine is a music festival in Rabat organized under the auspices of King Mohammed VI of Morocco, that started in 2001 where music groups, fans and spectators come together in a week-long celebration of culture and music both locally and internationally. Musicians such as Scorpions , The Weeknd , Jennifer Lopez , Kanye West , Pitbull , Rihanna , Elton John , Stromae and many others have performed at

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936-558: A small elite movement into a popular anti-imperialist force that strongly opposed continued French rule. The Berber Dahir replaced the Islamic Sharia system in Berber areas with old pre-Islamic Berber laws. Many nationalists saw this as an attempt by the French to weaken the authority of the Makhzen and strengthen the autonomy of Berber tribes, causing public demonstrations and protests against

1014-551: A small group of nationalist leaders formed the Moroccan Action Committee. They submitted the Plan of Reforms to the sultan, resident general and the French foreign ministry, calling for a return to indirect rule, unification of judicial systems of Morocco, admission of Moroccans to government positions, elimination of the judicial powers of qaids and pashas , and the establishment of representative councils. The Plan of Reforms

1092-430: Is free to add phonological (such as vowels) or morphological (such as word boundaries) information. Transcriptions will also vary depending on the writing conventions of the target language; compare English Omar Khayyam with German Omar Chajjam , both for عمر خيام /ʕumar xajjaːm/ , [ˈʕomɑr xæjˈjæːm] (unvocalized ʿmr ḫyām , vocalized ʻUmar Khayyām ). A transliteration

1170-608: Is housed at the Bank al-Maghrib building downtown. Its main exhibits include a collection of coins and currency from ancient times to the modern era, as well as a gallery of Orientialist art. The Mohammed VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art was inaugurated in 2014. The Kasbah of the Udayas (also spelled "Kasbah of the Oudaias") is the oldest part of the present-day city, built by the Almohads in

1248-430: Is ideally fully reversible: a machine should be able to transliterate it back into Arabic. A transliteration can be considered as flawed for any one of the following reasons: A fully accurate transcription may not be necessary for native Arabic speakers, as they would be able to pronounce names and sentences correctly anyway, but it can be very useful for those not fully familiar with spoken Arabic and who are familiar with

1326-469: Is not technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, do not usually appear in Arabic writing. As an example, the above rendering munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah of

1404-821: Is that written Arabic is normally unvocalized ; i.e., many of the vowels are not written out, and must be supplied by a reader familiar with the language. Hence unvocalized Arabic writing does not give a reader unfamiliar with the language sufficient information for accurate pronunciation. As a result, a pure transliteration , e.g., rendering قطر as qṭr , is meaningless to an untrained reader. For this reason, transcriptions are generally used that add vowels, e.g. qaṭar . However, unvocalized systems match exactly to written Arabic, unlike vocalized systems such as Arabic chat, which some claim detracts from one's ability to spell. Most uses of romanization call for transcription rather than transliteration : Instead of transliterating each written letter, they try to reproduce

1482-545: Is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script . Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists . These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for

1560-504: The Arabic : مناظرة الحروف العربية is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ . Early Romanization of the Arabic language was standardized in the various bilingual Arabic-European dictionaries of the 16–19th centuries: Any romanization system has to make a number of decisions which are dependent on its intended field of application. One basic problem

1638-618: The Bank al-Maghrib building (built in the 1920s), the Central Post Office building (circa 1921, expanded in 1930s), the Parliament building (built in the 1920s), St.-Peter's Cathedral (inaugurated in 1921, with later additions), the Rabat-Ville train station (early 1920s), and some of the apartment blocs on Rue Gaza (built or begun in the 1930s), among others. Overlooking the shores of

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1716-552: The Barghawata Berbers who had established a Kharijite state to the south. This ribat was most likely on the same site as the current Kasbah of the Udayas , but its location has not been confirmed by historians. Around 1030, a new town called Salā (the present Salé ) was founded on the opposite side of the river (the north side) by the Banu 'Ashara family. One of the last Almoravid emirs, Tashfin ibn Ali (r. 1143–1145) built

1794-761: The Grand Theatre of Rabat , began in 2014. Designed by Zaha Hadid , it will reportedly be the largest theater in the Arab world and in Africa. It was scheduled to open in 2021. Many organizations are active in cultural and social issues. Orient-Occident Foundation and ONA Foundation are the biggest of these. An independent art scene is active in the city. L'appartement 22, which is the first independent space for visual arts created by Abdellah Karroum, opened in 2002 and introduced international and local artists. Other independent spaces opened few years after, such as Le Cube, also set up in

1872-456: The ONCF system and by plane through the nearby Rabat–Salé Airport . The name Rabat comes from the Arabic word الرباط ( a-Ribāṭ ) meaning the ribat , an Islamic base or fortification. This name is short for رباط الفتح ( Ribāṭu al-Fatḥ ) meaning the ribat of conquest or stronghold of victory —a title given by the Almohads when they established the city as a naval base in 1170. In

1950-682: The Rabbi Shalom Zaoui synagogue and the Talmud Torah Synagogue. There are also Christian churches and temples, including an Evangelical church and St. Peter's Cathedral ( Cathédrale de Saint-Pierre ), which hosts the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rabat . The Oudayas Museum (also formerly known as the National Museum of Jewellery) is housed in a pavilion residence built by Sultan Moulay Isma'il (r. 1672–1727) inside

2028-507: The Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627. This autonomous republic became a base for corsairs : pirates, also known as the " Salé Rovers ", who preyed on merchant ships around the shores of Western Europe . During this time, the area below the kasbah on the south bank became more heavily populated, thanks to the Morisco and Andalusi refugees. A new " Andalusian Wall " was built to delimit this area in

2106-911: The Revolution of the King and the People . Following the example of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), the Moroccan Nationalist Movement created a paramilitary force— Jaysh al-Tahrir ( جيش التحرير ), the Moroccan Army of Liberation —led by Abbas Messaadi in the north of Morocco in October 1955. Global events had directly inspired this pivotal moment in Moroccan history. According to nationalist leader Allal al-Fassi, "Nobody can deny

2184-456: The 12th century. It was later refortified and expanded by the corsairs and the 'Alawi dynasty in the 17th and 18th centuries. The kasbah is now a residential district with traditional houses painted white and blue on the outside. Its southern section includes the "Andalusian Garden", landscaped in the 20th century. The city's historic walls were first built by the Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur and completed in 1197, with later additions in

2262-514: The 17th and 19th centuries. A number of monumental gates are found along the walls, the most notable being Bab er-Rouah . The other Almohad-era gates are Bab el-Had, Bab al-Alou, Bab Zaers, and Bab al-Hadid, though many of them were modified in more recent periods. The 17th-century Andalusian Wall, which divides the zone inside the Almohad walls, has five more gates: Bab Jdid (formerly Bab Teben, mostly demolished), Bab al-Bouiba, Bab Chellah, Bab Mellah, and Bab Diouana. The old medina, located below

2340-504: The Academy, asserted that the movement to romanize the script was a Zionist plan to dominate Lebanon. After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and reemphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and

2418-591: The Andalusian Wall in the northern section. In the 1850s, Moulay Abd ar-Rahman (r. 1822–1859) further developed and completed the Dar al-Makhzen palace in the southwest corner of this enclosure. At the end of the 19th century or beginning of the 20th century, the city had some 20,000 to 25,000 inhabitants. The French invasion of Morocco began in the east with General Hubert Lyautey 's occupation of Oujda in March 1907 and in

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2496-415: The Arabic script). Most issues related to the romanization of Arabic are about transliterating vs. transcribing; others, about what should be romanized: A transcription may reflect the language as spoken, typically rendering names, for example, by the people of Baghdad ( Baghdad Arabic ), or the official standard ( Literary Arabic ) as spoken by a preacher in the mosque or a TV newsreader. A transcription

2574-626: The B-47s and with the completion of the USAF installations in Spain in 1959. With the USAF withdrawal from Rabat-Salé in the 1960s, the facility became a primary facility for the Royal Moroccan Air Force known as Air Base Nº 1, a status it continues to hold. The fifth Arab League summit took place in Rabat in 1969 to discuss the arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque by Australian citizen Denis Michael Rohan . In

2652-420: The French in all Moroccan cities. Lebanese prince Shakib Arslan took this as evidence of an attempt to de-Islamize Morocco. By May 1930, the scions of the country’s urban bourgeoisie challenged the protectorate authorities through mass protests against the so-called Berber dahir (edict), which replaced Islamic with customary law in many rural regions and thus aimed to fragment Moroccan society. In December 1934,

2730-573: The Islamic period. The Rabat Zoo (officially called the Zoological Garden of Rabat) was opened in 1973, in part to house the lions that were previously kept at the Royal Palace. The lions are descended from the now-extinct Barbary lions . Since then the zoo has expanded to house some 1800 animals and has engaged in conservation efforts. The Bank al-Maghrib Museum was inaugurated in 2002 and

2808-620: The Istiqlal party issued the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco . The sultan delivered the Tangier speech on April 10, 1947, which praised the march toward Moroccan “unity” and affirmed the sultan's belief in the country's Arab-Islamic destiny. French authorities attempted to disrupt the speech by committing a massacre in Casablanca on April 7. This led to a new national liberation movement known as

2886-521: The Kasbah of the Udayas. It was first opened in 1915, making it one of the oldest public museums in Morocco. Its collections, augmented by private donations, feature diverse objects from throughout Morocco, mostly from the 18th to 20th centuries. In 2006 it became the National Museum of Jewellery, with exhibits focusing on the history of Moroccan jewellery. As of 2019 it was under renovations to be transformed into

2964-585: The Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use hieroglyphics instead of the Latin alphabet. A scholar, Salama Musa , agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Egyptian Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in script, he believed, would solve

3042-468: The Roman alphabet. An accurate transliteration serves as a valuable stepping stone for learning, pronouncing correctly, and distinguishing phonemes. It is a useful tool for anyone who is familiar with the sounds of Arabic but not fully conversant in the language. One criticism is that a fully accurate system would require special learning that most do not have to actually pronounce names correctly, and that with

3120-653: The Romans on the Atlantic coast of the Mauretania Tingitana province. The port of Sala (now disappeared) was used by commercial Roman ships as a way station on their southwestward passages to Anfa and the Insula Purpuraria ( Mogador island ). Archaeological objects of Visigothic and Byzantine origin found in the area attest to the persistence of commercial or political contacts between Sala and Roman Europe, up to

3198-416: The Udayas (which was expanded in later periods). Abd al-Mu'min also had an underground canal dug to divert a water source to this location, allowing for future settlement and urbanization in the area. The site became a military staging ground for Almohad armies setting out on campaigns to Al-Andalus. The Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur (r. 1184–1199) embarked on an ambitious project to construct

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3276-482: The United States had established a military presence in Rabat at the former French air base. By the early 1950s, Rabat Salé Air Base was a U.S. Air Force installation hosting the 17th Air Force and the 5th Air Division , which oversaw forward basing for Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 Stratojet aircraft in the country. With the destabilization of French government in Morocco, and Moroccan independence in 1956,

3354-432: The ancient Berber Mauretanian Kingdom until it was formally annexed by Rome in the first century BC. On the site now known as Chellah , just south of the walled city today, the Romans built a city named Sala Colonia . Excavations have revealed that older Mauretanian structures existed on the site before Roman structures were built over them. Along with Lixus , Sala Colonia was one of the two main naval outposts held by

3432-530: The benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet . Different systems and strategies have been developed to address the inherent problems of rendering various Arabic varieties in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic phonemes that do not exist in English or other European languages;

3510-569: The change from Arabic script to Latin script in 1922. The major head of this movement was Louis Massignon , a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at romanization failed as the Academy and the population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. Sa'id Afghani, a member of

3588-670: The city consists of three parts: the Medina (old town); the Oudayas and Hassan both located to meet the Bou Regreg ; and the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, and along the waterfront, there is a succession of neighbourhoods. First, around the ramparts, there is the old neighbourhoods, Quartier l'Océan and Quartier les Orangers. Beyond that, a succession of mostly working-class districts: Diour Jamaa, Akkari, Yacoub El Mansour, Massira and Hay el Fath are

3666-713: The city is the " Old Mosque " ( Jama' al-'Atiqa ) in the Kasbah of the Udayas . It was originally founded during Abd al-Mu'min's construction of the kasbah in 1150, though its current form mostly dates from an 18th-century restoration. Other important mosques include the Great Mosque in the old medina, also known as the el-Kharrazin Mosque, and the As-Sunna Mosque in central Rabat, originally completed in 1785 by Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah. The last remaining synagogues in Rabat are

3744-467: The city walls, formerly limited to the Almohad-era perimeter, were extended significantly to the southwest, thus expanding the city to cover around 840 hectares. The old Almohad walls and gates were still retained and the Almohad-era enclosure remained a more privileged district containing the city's major monuments and its imperial residence. Most of the population remained concentrated in the medina behind

3822-951: The city. The prefecture is divided administratively into the following: Rabat features a Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with warm to hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Rabat has a mild, temperate climate, shifting from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights are always cool (or cold in winter, it can reach sub 0 °C (32 °F) sometimes), with daytime temperatures generally rising about 7–8 °C (13–14 °F). The winter highs typically reach only 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) in December–February. Summer daytime highs usually hover around 27 °C (80.6 °F), but may occasionally exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) during heat waves. Summer nights are usually pleasant and cool, ranging between 11 and 19 °C (51.8 and 66.2 °F) and rarely exceeding 20 °C (68.0 °F). Rabat belongs to

3900-476: The coastal cities were relatively small. Census figures are not available for the early years of the Protectorate, but in 1912 Rabat and nearby Salé can be estimated to have had about 35,000 to 40,000 inhabitants at most, according to Janet Abu-Lughod . One early French survey, based on the number of houses rather than a formal census, estimated the population of Rabat to be 25,642. A formal census in 1921 counted

3978-602: The establishment of a Byzantine presence in North Africa during the 7th century. However, Sala began to be abandoned in the 5th century and was mostly in ruins when the Muslim Arabs arrived in the 7th century and established Islamic influence in the region. In the 10th century the Umayyads of Cordoba , or their Zenata Berber allies in the region, founded a ribat or fortified monastery/outpost in this area, to defend against

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4056-569: The festival. Mawazine was host to more than 2,500,000 in 2013. Workshops are available for teaching dances and other arts. The festival is free. However, while most areas are free, there are those that require payment, specifically the smaller stages being the historical site of Chellah , the Mohammed V National Theater, and the Renaissance Cultural Center. The places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques. The oldest mosque in

4134-468: The first millennium BC the Phoenicians founded several trading colonies along the Atlantic coast of what is now Morocco, but the existence of a Phoenician settlement in the area, called Sala or Shallat , has been debated by archeologists. By the first century BC the local inhabitants were still writing in the neo-Punic language , but the region came under the influence of Rome . It was controlled by

4212-422: The founder of the 'Alawi dynasty , conquered the area in 1666 and united most of Morocco under his rule. Nonetheless, the 'Alawi sultans allowed the piracy to continue up until the reign of Moulay Slimane in the early 19th century. This led to the shelling of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack. During the early part of the 'Alawi period (17th–18th centuries),

4290-401: The government of Mohammed V wanted the U.S. Air Force to pull out of the SAC bases in Morocco, insisting on such action after American intervention in Lebanon in 1958 . The United States agreed to leave as of December 1959, and was fully out of Morocco by 1963. SAC felt the Moroccan bases were much less critical with the long range capability of the B-52 Stratofortresses that were replacing

4368-498: The impact of the War, the Atlantic Charter, the Allied landings in North Africa, and the declaration of independence of Syria and Lebanon... upon the nationalists." Mohammed V was exiled to Madagascar on 20 August 1953. This led to military hostilities between the Moroccan Nationalist Movement and French government troops from 19 August 1953 to 5 November 1955, causing the deaths of 1,000 individuals. On 5 November 1955, France agreed to grant Morocco independence and Mohammed bin Youssef

4446-563: The kasbah and above the line of the Andalusian Wall, contains many historic mosques and traditional houses. The rest of the area within the Almohad walls but south of the Andalusian Wall was largely built up in the 20th century when Rabat became the capital during the French Protectorate. These districts contain numerous public buildings and apartment blocs built in contemporary styles of that period, such as neo-Moorish (known as néo-Mauresque or arabisant in French), Art Nouveau , Art Deco , and modern architecture . Examples of these include

4524-445: The main parts of this axis. Hay el Fath, which ends this sequence, evolves into a middle-class neighbourhood. To the east, along the Bouregreg, the Youssoufia region (working and middle class) : Mabella; Taqaddoum; Hay Nahda (mostly middle class); Aviation (middle and upper middle class); and Rommani. Between the two axes, from north to south, there are three main neighbourhoods (middle class to affluent): Agdal (Ward Building;

4602-402: The major economic center, would be advantageous. In 1913, Lyautey hired Henri Prost to design the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector, as he did in other major Moroccan cities. The colonial period resulted in major economic changes as well as accelerated urbanization. Prior to this period, the major cities of Morocco had always been Fez and Marrakesh, while

4680-408: The means of representing the Arabic definite article , which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually i u or e o , accounting for variations such as Muslim /Moslem or Mohammed /Muhammad/Mohamed ). Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this

4758-487: The mosque and the capital remained unfinished and his successors lacked the resources or the will to finish it. The new city was never fully inhabited and the site was practically abandoned. During the Marinid dynasty period (13th to 15th centuries), the town of Salé across the river grew more important than the settlements of the south bank. In 1515 Leo Africanus reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 inhabited houses remained. The Marinids did build

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4836-503: The northern part of the former Almohad walled city. What is now known as the Street of the Consuls became an important road artery even at this time. The name "Rabat" was not yet in use; the city of the south bank was known as "New Salé" while the city of the north bank was known as "Old Salé". Corsair activities were based in New Salé, whereas the inhabitants of Old Salé generally did not participate in piracy. The pirates did not have to contend with any central authority until al-Rashid ,

4914-470: The population as 33,714. Some of this growth was due to the immigration of foreigners. In 1921, 59% of the population were Moroccan Muslims and 10% were Moroccan Jews, while 21.4% were French nationals and another 10% were foreigners of other origin. Nearby Salé, however, remained more homogenously Moroccan. Rabat's population grew to approximately 83,000 in 1936 and to approximately 156,000 in 1952. When Morocco achieved independence in 1956, Mohammed V ,

4992-425: The problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words. Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid and Muhammad Azmi , two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for romanization. The idea that romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for

5070-441: The river is the Hassan Tower , a monumental unfinished minaret constructed by Ya'qub al-Mansur in the late 12th century. It was built for an enormous mosque planned as part of the larger city al-Mansur was constructing. Across from the tower today, at the southern end of the mosque's remains, is the Mausoleum of Mohammed V (d. 1961), which houses the remains of King Mohammed V and King Hassan II . The mausoleum, completed in 1971,

5148-407: The ruling dynasty outside their main capitals. Moulay Slimane (r. 1792–1822) built another palace along the seaside called Dar al-Bahr and built new mosques such as the Moulay Slimane Mosque . He also ordered the creation of a Jewish quarter, the Mellah , in the eastern part of the Andalusian medina, in a formerly occupied by orchards. It was also towards the beginning of the 19th century that

5226-425: The same sound in the Arabic script, e.g. alif ا vs. alif maqṣūrah ى for the sound /aː/ ā , and the six different ways ( ء إ أ آ ؤ ئ ) of writing the glottal stop ( hamza , usually transcribed [ʼ ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ). This sort of detail is needlessly confusing, except in a very few situations (e.g., typesetting text in

5304-399: The same year, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , an organization that aims to protect the interests of the Muslim world, was founded at a summit in Rabat. The 1974 Arab League summit was also held in Rabat. The summit recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. In 1985, the sixth edition of the Pan Arab Games

5382-432: The sound of the words according to the orthography rules of the target language: Qaṭar . This applies equally to scientific and popular applications. A pure transliteration would need to omit vowels (e.g. qṭr ), making the result difficult to interpret except for a subset of trained readers fluent in Arabic. Even if vowels are added, a transliteration system would still need to distinguish between multiple ways of spelling

5460-428: The sub-humid bioclimatic zone with an average annual precipitation of 560 mm (22 in). The airport station is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the coastline, which will somewhat warm afternoons and cool nights down compared to a seaside location. The biggest place for theatre is the Mohammed V Theatre in the centre of the town, which was opened in 1962. Construction on a new performing arts center,

5538-408: The sultan's army), in the kasbah to serve as a counterbalancing force against other unruly tribes in the region. Under Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah (r. 1757–1790), a new royal palace, the Dar al-Makhzen , was established in the southwest part of the Almohad walled area towards the end of the 18th century. These additions began to give the city the character and function of a royal residence used by

5616-413: The sultans took some interest in the city of the south bank and carried out constructions and repairs to the kasbah. Moulay Isma'il (r. 1672–1727) expanded the kasbah southward and built a royal residence within it towards the end of the 17th century (it serves as a museum today). Moulay Isma'il was also responsible for settling a part of the Udayas (or Oudayas), a guich tribe (military tribe serving

5694-456: The then King of Morocco , chose to have the capital remain at Rabat. Rabat's growth continued unabated. The most important demographic shift after independence was the exodus of foreign nationals and their replacement by Moroccans, who gradually took over the jobs and functions that the foreigners had occupied. In the census of 1971, the population of Rabat had grown to around 368,000, of which only 3.5% were foreigners. Following World War II ,

5772-656: The west with the Bombardment of Casablanca in August 1907. The Treaty of Fes established the protectorate in March 1912. Acting as French administrator of Morocco, Lyautey decided to relocate the country's capital from Fes to Rabat after the riots of 1912 following the Treaty of Fes . Lyautey appears to have had a personal affinity for Rabat. He argued that its coastal location was more pleasant and more accessible, and that its proximity to Casablanca, which he estimated would become

5850-399: Was designed in a neo-Moorish or Moroccan revivalist style by Vietnamese architect Cong Vo Toan. A short distance south of the historic city walls is the archeological site of Chellah, a walled enclosure containing a 13th to 14th-century Marinid funerary and religious complex as well as the ruins of the Roman city of Sala Colonia. Across the river is the city of Salé, which also preserves

5928-511: Was held in Rabat. In 2015, the city became part of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. On 28 February 2024, Asmaa Rhlalou declared her resignation, months after she sparked a controversy that called into doubt her authority and validity within the City Council. Rabat is an administrative city. It has many shopping districts and residential neighbourhoods. The geographically spread out neighbourhoods are as follows: The heart of

6006-583: Was rejected by the French government, causing a split in the nationalist movement. A number of violent incidents in September 1937 caused the French administration to suppress the Istiqlal Party and arrest its leaders, including Allal al-Fassi. The Moroccan Nationalist Movement regained hope during World War II after Syria and Lebanon were promised independence. At its first conference in Rabat in January 1944,

6084-431: Was restored as sultan. Morocco formally achieved independence from France on March 2, 1956. Rabat Rabat ( / r ə ˈ b ɑː t / , also UK : / r ə ˈ b æ t / , US : / r ɑː ˈ b ɑː t / ; Arabic : الرباط , romanized :  ar-Ribāṭ ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country's seventh-largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and

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