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88-694: The Mūl Mantar ( Punjabi : ਮੂਲ ਮੰਤਰ , IPA: [muːlᵊ mən̪t̪əɾᵊ] ) is the opening verse of the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib . It consists of twelve words in the Punjabi language , written in Gurmukhi script, and are the most widely known among the Sikhs. They summarize the essential teaching of Guru Nanak , thus constituting a succinct doctrinal statement of Sikhism . It has been variously translated, with

176-593: A masculine quality to the Mūl Mantar which does not appear in the original Gurmukhi . These sacred words of Sikhism do not presume a particular gender. the Mūl Mantar serves as a "succinct statement which set the Sikh doctrine apart from the philosophical systems of both Indic and Semitic religious traditions." Some Sikh institutions, like the SGPC , consider the Mūl Mantar proper to end at gura prasādi , arguing that what follows

264-416: A mūrat i , and the term mūl u mantar u itself. Most of these cases still exist in the modern language in slightly different forms; features in the archaic language like the masculine singular direct suffix -u and feminine singular direct suffix -a parallel nominal declensions in other related languages. The included grave accent included in the above transliterations illustrates tones and guide

352-526: A liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like dukān , ġazal and more, as well as Turkic words like qēncī , sōġāt , etc. After the fall of the Sikh empire , Urdu was made the official language of Punjab under the British (in Pakistani Punjab , it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well. In the second millennium , Punjabi

440-468: A verb, as in jap u . The suffixed - a can indicate the masculine vocative case , as in Nānak a , the masculine singular oblique case in compounds as in gur a prasādi , and a feminine singular direct adjective as in akal a , as well as the masculine plural direct case and the feminine singular direct case. The suffixed - i can indicate the possessive case in compounds (as in sat i nāmu ), and

528-457: A vocative case form. In the absence of a noun argument, some adjectives decline like masculine nouns that do not end in आ / aː / ā . The vocative case has many similarities with the oblique case in Hindustani. In Sanskrit , the vocative ( सम्बोधन विभक्ति sambodhana vibhakti ) has the same form as the nominative except in the singular. In vowel-stem nouns, if there is a -ḥ in

616-539: A vocative ending of -če ([otьcь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : [otьče] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ' father ' , [kupьcь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : [kupьče] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ' merchant ' ), likewise nouns ending with [-dzь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) assume

704-749: A vocative ending. More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used ( Ричарде , instead of simply Ричард Richard, sounds unusual or humorous to native speakers). Vocative phrases like господине министре (Mr. Minister) have been almost completely replaced by nominative forms, especially in official writing. Proper nouns usually also have vocative forms, but they are used less frequently. Here are some proper nouns that are frequently used in vocative: Vocative case forms also normally exist for female given names: Except for forms that end in -[е] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) , they are considered rude and are normally avoided. For female kinship terms,

792-523: A vowel (it should appear directly below the "l" or "r" in these examples but may appear after them on some systems from issues of font display). All final consonants were lost in Proto-Slavic, so both the nominative and vocative Old Church Slavonic forms do not have true endings, only reflexes of the old thematic vowels. The vocative ending changes the stem consonant in Old Church Slavonic because of

880-529: A vowel (or f followed immediately by a vowel, which becomes silent when lenited). Examples of the use of the vocative personal names (as in Irish): The name "Hamish" is just the English spelling of Sheumais (the vocative of Seumas and pronounced ˈheːmɪʃ ), and thus is actually a Gaelic vocative. Likewise, the name "Vairi" is an English spelling of Mhàiri , the vocative for Màiri . The basic pattern

968-706: A word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification. Sequences with the consonant h have some additional gimmicks: The consonant h on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially. However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and Dogri , pronounce h as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. hatth > àtth . The Jhangvi and Shahpuri dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into Saraiki ) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties, and do not induce

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1056-452: A zero ending (i.e. the stem alone acts as the voc. sg.): Adõm "Adam!" in addition to Adõmai , Mýkol "Michael!" in addition to Mýkolai , vaikẽl "kid!" in addition to vaikẽli , etc. The vocative case in Irish operates in a similar fashion to Scottish Gaelic. The principal marker is the vocative particle a , which causes lenition of the following initial letter. In the singular there

1144-470: Is close-mid vowel [ eː ] , and e is open-mid vowel /ɛ/ . The vocative of diminutive nouns with the suffix -(i)ukas most frequently has no ending: broliùk "brother!", etc. A less frequent alternative is the ending -ai , which is also slightly dialectal: broliùkai , etc. Colloquially, some personal names with a masculine -(i)(j)o stem and diminutives with the suffixes -elis, -ėlis have an alternative vocative singular form characterized by

1232-482: Is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised. Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone. The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals [ŋ, ɲ] most commonly occur as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as

1320-515: Is also used in prayers: " Отче наш! " ( Otče naš , "Our Father!"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined (" Господи, Боже мой "). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: " Врачу, исцелися сам " ( Vraču, iscelisia sam , "Physician, heal thyself", nom. " врач ", vrač ). Vocative forms are also used in modern Church Slavonic . The patriarch and bishops of

1408-436: Is always written as نگ . Like Hindustani , the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects. Phonotactically , long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like ai and au get monophthongised into /eː/ and /oː/, and āi and āu into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively. The phoneme /j/

1496-511: Is canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to "absolute monotheistic unity of God". The varying capitalization of "God", "Reality", or "Being" affects the meaning in English . A number of translations erroneously change the Mūl Mantar from a list of qualities to a statement of facts and possessive adjectives . For example, they may change Satnam from "truth by name" to "His name is truth", which adds

1584-748: Is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries . One of the five, the Beas River , is a tributary of another, the Sutlej . Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश , 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत , prākṛta ) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit

1672-622: Is dripping." Colognian examples: The vocative case generally does not appear in Icelandic , but a few words retain an archaic vocative declension from Latin, such as the word Jesús , which is Jesú in the vocative. That comes from Latin, as the Latin for Jesus in the nominative is Jesus and its vocative is Jesu . That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see above ): The native words sonur ' son ' and vinur ' friend ' also sometimes appear in

1760-561: Is identical to the Urdu alphabet , however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology , not already found in the Urdu alphabet . In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic , just like Urdu does. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan ,

1848-404: Is identical to the nominative ( νύξ , night); otherwise, the stem (with necessary alterations, such as dropping final consonants) serves as the vocative (nom. πόλις , voc. πόλι ; nom. σῶμα , gen. σώματος , voc. σῶμα ). Irregular vocatives exist as well, such as nom. Σωκράτης, voc. Σώκρατες. In Modern Greek , second-declension masculine nouns still have a vocative ending in -ε. However,

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1936-1220: Is identical to the nominative. When different from the nominative, the vocative is simply formed from the nominative by appending either -e ([rabъ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : rabe ' slave ' ) or -o ( ryba  : rybo ' fish ' ), but occasionally -u ( krai  : kraju ' border ' , [synъ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : synu ' son ' , [vračь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : vraču ' physician ' ) and ' -i ' ([kostь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : kosti ' bone ' , [gostь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : gosti ' guest ' , [dьnь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : [dьni] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ' day ' , kamy  : kameni ' stone ' ) appear. Nouns ending with [-ьcь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) have

2024-505: Is in line with the stand taken by the nihangs and other groups who stress the recitation of the complete Mūl Mantar , arguing that this tradition has come directly from the time of the Gurus, and there is reliable evidence to support this contention; like the kamar kassā , or waist-belt body armor of Guru Gobind Singh , preserved at Moti Bagh Palace Museum in Patiala , bearing an inscription of

2112-468: Is more easily observable with adjectives that inflect for plural and definite differently, e.g. liten being lille when definite, but små when plural, an instance of suppletion . In several Norwegian dialects, north of an isogloss running from Oslo to Bergen , names in argument position are associated with proprial articles , e.g. gendered pronouns such as han ' he ' or hun ' she ' , which either precede or follow

2200-423: Is no special form, except for first declension nouns. These are masculine nouns that end in a broad (non-palatal) consonant, which is made slender (palatal) to build the singular vocative (as well as the singular genitive and plural nominative). Adjectives are also lenited . In many cases this means that (in the singular) masculine vocative expressions resemble the genitive and feminine vocative expressions resemble

2288-404: Is rather "Guru Nanak's mystical awareness of the one that is expressed through the many." The remaining ten words after the first two are literally translated as true name, the creator, without fear, without hate, timeless in form, beyond birth, self-existent, (known by) the grace of Guru. The verse is repeated in the Sikh scripture before numerous Shabad , or hymns. It existed in many versions in

2376-484: Is similar to Irish and Scottish. The vocative is confined to personal names, in which it is common. Foreign names (not of Manx origin) are not used in the vocative. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of names. It can be used with the particle " y ". The name Voirrey is actually the Manx vocative of Moirrey (Mary). Welsh lacks case declension but marks vocative constructions by lenition of

2464-402: Is sometimes used to "archaeise" speech; it is often seen as very formal, and sees use in rhetoric and poetry, or as a comedic device to subvert modern speech. Another example is the recurrent use of the phrase "O (my) Best Beloved" by Rudyard Kipling in his Just So Stories . The use of O may be considered a form of clitic and should not be confused with the interjection oh . However, as

2552-451: Is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'. The Arabic and Modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent . Since then, many Persian words have been incorporated into Punjabi (such as zamīn , śahir etc.) and are used with

2640-569: Is the name and first line of the Japji Sahib composition, citing the number of times that the verse appears as such preceding Gurbani compositions. On the other hand, other historic institutions, like some taksals (traditional Sikh religious educational institutions) and gurmat schools, hold the Mūl Mantar to be the full following verse, contending that this form has been used in the Amrit Sanchar baptizing ceremony since its inception. This

2728-502: Is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/. Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones . Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle). The transcriptions and tone annotations in

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2816-666: Is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in Lahore . The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan have slight differences. In India, it discludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore. "Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in Pakistani Punjab (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of Indian Punjab ,

2904-507: Is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet , based on the Indic scripts . Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone . The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi ) has been derived from the word Panj-āb , Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River . The name of

2992-721: The 2023 Pakistani census , and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the 2011 census . It is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora , particularly in Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , and the Gulf states . In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet , based on the Perso-Arabic script ; in India, it

3080-461: The Hazara region , most of Azad Kashmir and small parts of Indian Punjab such as Fazilka . These include groups of dialects like Saraiki , Pahari-Pothwari , Hindko and the extinct Inku ; common dialects like Jhangvi , Shahpuri , Dhanni and Thali which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the mixed variety of Punjabi and Sindhi called Khetrani . Depending on context,

3168-598: The Jap verse is: ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ ॥ ਜਪੁ॥ ਆਦਿ ਸਚੁ ਜੁਗਾਦਿ ਸਚੁ॥ ਹੈ ਭੀ ਸਚੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਹੋਸੀ ਭੀ ਸਚੁ॥੧॥ karatā purakh (u) nirapà'u niravair (u) akāl (a) mūrat (i) ajūnī saipàṅ gur(a)-prasād (i) ॥ ॥ jap (u) ॥ ād (i) sacch (u) jugād (i) sacch (u) ॥ hai pī̀ sacch (u) ॥ nānak (a) hosī pī̀ sacch (u) ॥1॥ agentive (doer) being, without fear, without hatred, timeless form, unbegotten, self-existent, known by

3256-684: The Majha region of the Punjab. In India , Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English , one of India's two primary official languages at the Union -level. In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards,

3344-457: The Nath Yogi -era from 9th to 14th century. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa , though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. Writing in 1317–1318, Amir Khusrau referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as Lahauri . The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries

3432-551: The Oxford English Dictionary points out, "O" and "oh" were originally used interchangeably. With the advent of "oh" as a written interjection , however, "O" is the preferred modern spelling in vocative phrases. Modern English commonly uses the objective case for vocative expressions but sets them off from the rest of the sentences with pauses as interjections, rendered in writing as commas (the vocative comma ). Two common examples of vocative expressions in English are

3520-413: The h consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi: ੍ਹ "perī̃ hāhā" , Shahmukhi: ھ "dō-caśmī hē" ); usually ṛh , mh , nh , rh and lh . The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. ghar > kàr "house", ḍhōl > ṭṑl "drum" etc. Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal"

3608-438: The locative (as in ād i and jugād i ) or instrumental case as in gura prāsad i ; these terms would be ād u , jugād u , and prasād u if taking the direct case. It is also another feminine singular direct case (as in mūrat i ); -a and -i are among the predominant declensions for this case. Adjectives and modifiers also agree in number and gender with their dependent element, hence ikk u oaṅkār u , akāl

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3696-414: The locative case , with the exception of a handful of words such as Bóg → Boże ' God ' , ojciec → ojcze ' father ' and chłopiec → chłopcze ' boy ' . Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative: The latter form of the vocative of człowiek ' human ' is now considered poetical. The nominative is increasingly used instead of

3784-514: The nominative . The vocative plural is usually the same as the nominative plural except, again, for first declension nouns. In the standard language first declension nouns show the vocative plural by adding -a . In the spoken dialects the vocative plural is often has the same form as the nominative plural (as with the nouns of other declensions) or the dative plural (e.g. A fhearaibh! = Men!) The vocative case in Scottish Gaelic follows

3872-498: The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as [s] , in e.g. shalwār /salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/ . The phonemic status of the consonants /f, z, x, ɣ, q/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/ , /z, d͡ʒ/ , /x, kʰ/ , /ɣ, g/ , and /q, k/ systematically distinguished in educated speech, /q/ being

3960-473: The 16th-century before it was given its final form by Guru Arjan in the 17th century. The essential elements of the mantar are found in Guru Nanak's compositions, the various epithets he used for Akal Purakh (Ultimate Reality). A mantar means "formula, succinct doctrinal or sacred words with spiritual meaning". The word mūl means "root, main or "fundamental." The Mūl Mantar is thus "root formula", or

4048-714: The 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the Western Punjabi 's Saraiki and Hindko varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. Pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab , and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar , Ludhiana , Chandigarh , Jalandhar , Ambala , Patiala , Bathinda , Hoshiarpur , Firozpur and Delhi . In

4136-467: The 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage. Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, Western Punjabi and Eastern Punjabi , which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The Majhi dialect , which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in

4224-666: The 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021, 300,000 in

4312-694: The Guru's grace. Recite: True at the beginning, true through the ages, is yet true, O Nanak , and will be true. The archaic language of the Guru Granth Sahib is highly inflected ; the suffixed short vowels parenthesized above indicate various declensions . In the Mūl Mantar, the suffixed - u indicates nouns and adjectives in the masculine singular direct case , though some words ending with - ā (like karat ā ) can also indicate this case. This suffix can also indicate an imperative when attached to

4400-459: The United Kingdom in 2011, 280,000 in the United States and smaller numbers in other countries. Standard Punjabi (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in education and news broadcasting , and is based on the Majhi dialect . Such as the variety used on Google Translate , Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It

4488-565: The United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant. It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ( gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh ) lost their aspiration. In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any voiced aspirates /ʱ/ and the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/ . These include the five voiced aspirated plosives bh , dh , ḍh , jh and gh (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi),

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4576-476: The accusative case is often used as a vocative in informal speech for a limited number of nouns, and always used for certain modern Greek person names: " Έλα εδώ, Χρήστο " "Come here, Christos" instead of " ...Χρήστε ". Other nominal declensions use the same form in the vocative as the accusative in formal or informal speech, with the exception of learned Katharevousa forms that are inherited from Ancient Greek Ἕλλην (Demotic Έλληνας , "Greek man"), which have

4664-412: The determiner precedes nouns in all cases except the vocative. Any noun not preceded by an article or other determiner is in the vocative case. It is most often used to address someone or some group of living beings, usually in conjunction with an imperative construct. It can also be used to address dead matter as if the matter could react or to tell something astonishing or just happening such as "Your nose

4752-643: The devoicing of the main five tonal consonants ( bh , dh , ḍh , jh , gh ). The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time. Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski , Gujari , Hindko , Kalami , Shina , and Torwali , though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi. Vocative case Historically,

4840-462: The eleventh-most widely spoken in India , and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. Lahndic dialects ) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan , being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population. Beginning with

4928-480: The examples below are based on those provided in Punjabi University, Patiala 's Punjabi-English Dictionary . Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone. There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.) However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in

5016-418: The far-north of Rajasthan and on the northwestern border of Haryana . It includes the dialects of Majhi , Malwai , Doabi , Puadhi and the extinct Lubanki . Sometimes, Dogri and Kangri are grouped into this category. "Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" ( لہندا , lit.   ' western ' ) is the name given to the diverse group of Punjabi varieties spoken in the majority of Pakistani Punjab ,

5104-564: The form that a given noun takes depends on its declension class and, sometimes, on its gender. There have been several changes in history, the last being the -ai ending formed between the 18th and 19th centuries. The older forms are listed under "other forms". Some nouns of the e- and a- stems declensions (both proper ones and not) are stressed differently: "aikš tė ": " aikš te!" ( square ); "tau ta": " tau ta!". In addition, nouns of e-stems have an ablaut of long vowel ė in nominative and short vowel e /ɛ/ in vocative. In pronunciation, ė

5192-402: The grace of the Guru. This Being is one, truth by name, creator, fearless, without hatred, of timeless form, unborn, self-existent, and known by the Guru's grace. There is one supreme being, the eternal reality (true name), the creator, without fear, devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, (known by) the grace of the Guru. The extended version with

5280-469: The grammatical particles lê (feminine) and lo (masculine): In Hindi - Urdu ( Hindustani ), the vocative case has the same form as the nominative case for all singular nouns except for the singular masculine nouns that terminate in the vowel आ / aː / ā and for all nouns in their plural forms the vocative case is always distinct from the nominative case. Adjectives in Hindi-Urdu also have

5368-580: The importance of the notice. The vocative is not generally marked in English in regular communication. A vocative expression in English may be marked by the particle "O" preceding the noun; this is often used in English translations of languages that do have the vocative case. It is often seen in the King James Version of the Bible : "O ye of little faith" (in Matthew 8:26). While it is not strictly archaic, it

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5456-636: The initial consonant of the word, with no obligatory particle. Despite its use being less common, it is still used in formal address: the common phrase foneddigion a boneddigesau means "gentlemen and ladies", with the initial consonant of boneddigion undergoing a soft mutation; the same is true of gyfeillion ("[dear] friends") in which cyfeillion has been lenited. It is often used to draw attention to at public notices orally and written – teachers will say " Blant " (mutation of plant ' children ' ) and signage such as one right show mutation of myfyrwyr ' students ' to draw attention to

5544-488: The interpretation of the first two words particularly contested. These are rendered as "There is one god", "One reality is", "This being is one" and others. Sometimes the disagreements include capitalizing g in god, or r in reality, which affects the implied meaning in English. Some consider it monotheistic , others monist . The general view favors the monotheistic interpretation, but not the Semitic understanding of monotheism. It

5632-569: The latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / ز , ਸ਼ / ش and ਫ਼ / ف began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / ش also used in Sanskrit borrowings . Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Sindhi , Haryanvi , Pashto and Hindustani . Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār ) may be used. Modern Punjabi emerged in

5720-486: The long form. Punjabi language Europe North America Oceania Punjabi , sometimes spelled Panjabi , is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India . It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to

5808-597: The most rarely pronounced. The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap . Some speakers soften the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively. In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from Sindhi . The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as نی or نج depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. نیاݨا /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved ñ ) as opposed to کنج /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into nj ). /ŋ/

5896-714: The nominative commonly takes the place of the vocative as well: Ania, chodź tu! instead of Aniu, chodź tu! ("Anne, come here!"). The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in Russian and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of Old Church Slavonic origin, are common in colloquial Russian: " Боже! " ( Bože , vocative of " Бог " Bog , "God") and " Боже мой! " ( Bože moj , "My God!"), and " Господи! " ( Gospodi , vocative of " Господь " Gospodj , "Lord"), which can also be expressed as " Господи Иисусе! " ( Gospodi Iisuse! , Iisuse vocative of " Иисус " Iisus , "Jesus"). The vocative

5984-461: The nominative, it is omitted and the stem vowel may be altered: -ā and -ĭ become -e , -ŭ becomes -o , -ī and -ū become short and -ṛ becomes -ar . Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative: The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in the masculine and feminine singular. Old Church Slavonic has a distinct vocative case for many stems of singular masculine and feminine nouns, otherwise it

6072-411: The noun in question. This is not the case when in vocative constructions. In Ancient Greek , the vocative case is usually identical to the nominative case, with the exception of masculine second-declension nouns (ending in -ος) and third-declension nouns. Second-declension masculine nouns have a regular vocative ending in -ε. Third-declension nouns with one syllable ending in -ς have a vocative that

6160-530: The phrases "Mr. President" and "Madam Chairwoman". Some traditional texts use Jesu , the Latin vocative form of Jesus . One of the best-known examples is Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring . In some German dialects , like the Ripuarian dialect of Cologne , it is common to use the (gender-appropriate) article before a person's name. In the vocative phrase then the article is, as in Venetian and Catalan, omitted. Thus,

6248-625: The region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name, Panchanada , which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca ( पञ्च ), Greek pénte ( πέντε ), and Lithuanian Penki , all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp ( अप् ) and with the Av- of Avon . The historical Punjab region , now divided between India and Pakistan,

6336-459: The root statement of Sikhism. The Mūl Mantar is: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ ikk (u) ōaṅkār (u) sat (i) -nām (u) karatā purakh (u) nirapà'u niravair (u) akāl (a) mūrat (i) ajūnī saipàṅ gur (a) -prasād (i) ॥ There is one god, named truth, the creator, without fear, without hate, timeless in form, beyond birth, self-existent, (known by)

6424-414: The same basic pattern as Irish. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of nouns. Lenition changes the initial sound of the word (or name). In addition, masculine nouns are slenderized if possible (that is, in writing, an 'i' is inserted before the final consonant) This also changes the pronunciation of the word. Also, the particle a is placed before the noun unless it begins with

6512-411: The same form: see Czech declension .) Using the vocative is strongly recommended in official and written styles. In Polish , the vocative ( wołacz ) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking -o except those that end in -sia , -cia , -nia , and -dzia , which take -u , and those that end in -ść , which take -i . Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of

6600-474: The same nominative and vocative forms instead. Kurdish has a vocative case. For instance, in the dialect of Kurmanji , it is created by adding the suffix -o at the end of masculine words and the -ê suffix at the end of feminine ones. In the Jafi dialect of Sorani it is created by adding the suffix of -i at the end of names. Instead of the vocative case, forms of address may be created by using

6688-562: The shortened forms son and vin in vocative phrases. Additionally, adjectives in vocative phrases are always weakly declined, but elsewhere with proper nouns, they would usually be declined strongly: Nouns in Norwegian are not inflected for the vocative case, but adjectives qualifying those nouns are; adjectival adjuncts modifying vocative nouns are inflected for the definite (see: Norwegian language#Adjectives ). The definite and plural inflections are in most cases identical, so it

6776-460: The so-called First Palatalization. Most modern Slavic languages that retain the vocative case have altered the ending to avoid the change: Bulgarian вълко occurs far more frequently than вълче . The vocative is distinct in singular and identical to the nominative in the plural, for all inflected nouns. Nouns with a nominative singular ending in -a have a vocative singular usually identically written but distinct in accentuation. In Lithuanian,

6864-481: The stem, the so-called thematic vowel of the case and the actual suffix. In Latin, for example, the nominative case is lupu s and the vocative case is lupe , but the accusative case is lupu m . The asterisks before the Proto-Indo-European words means that they are theoretical reconstructions and are not attested in a written source. The symbol ◌̩ (vertical line below) indicates a consonant serving as

6952-539: The terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western. While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance. The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues . There

7040-683: The verbal pronunciation of the verse. The Mūl Mantar is a widely known part of Sikh scripture, but it has posed a challenge to translators. The first two words Ik Onkar has been rendered multiple ways. It has been translated as "'There is one god', as 'One reality is', 'there is one God', 'singularity despite seeming plurality,' and 'This being is one,' and asserts the "distinctively Sikh theological emphasis" on "the ineffable quality of God" as "the Person beyond time," "the Eternal One," and "the One without form," and

7128-585: The vocative case was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in Latin , Sanskrit , and Ancient Greek . In many modern Indo-European languages (English, Spanish, etc.) the vocative case has been absorbed by the nominative, but others still distinguish it, including the Baltic languages , some Celtic languages and most Slavic languages . Some linguists, such as Albert Thumb  [ de ] , argue that

7216-447: The vocative form is not a case but a special form of nouns not belonging to any case, as vocative expressions are not related syntactically to other words in sentences. Pronouns usually lack vocative forms. Distinct vocative forms are assumed to have existed in all early Indo-European languages and survive in some. Here is, for example, the Indo-European word for "wolf" in various languages: The elements separated with hyphens denote

7304-457: The vocative is always used: In Czech , the vocative ( vokativ , or 5. pád – ' the fifth case ' ) usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular. In older common Czech (19th century), vocative form was sometimes replaced by nominative form in case of female names ( Lojzka, dej pokoj! ) and in case of male nouns past a title ( pane učitel! , pane továrník! , pane Novák! ). This phenomenon

7392-501: The vocative suffix -že ([kъnědzь] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help )  : [kъněže] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ' prince ' ). This is similar to Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit, which also employ the -e suffix in vocatives. Unlike most other Slavic languages , Bulgarian has lost case marking for nouns. However, Bulgarian preserves vocative forms. Traditional male names usually have

7480-534: The vocative to address people with their proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used: The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as Kocham Cię, Krzysiu! ("I love you, Chris!") or Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: Józiu przyszedł instead of Józio przyszedł ("Joey's arrived"). When referring to someone by their first name,

7568-514: Was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like almārī ), Greek (words like dām ), Japanese (words like rikśā ), Chinese (words like cāh , līcī , lukāṭh ) and English (words like jajj , apīl , māsṭar ), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. In fact, the sounds / z / (ਜ਼ / ز ژ ذ ض ظ ), / ɣ / (ਗ਼ / غ ), / q / (ਕ਼ / ق ), / ʃ / (ਸ਼ / ش ), / x / (ਖ਼ / خ ) and / f / (ਫ਼ / ف ) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances

7656-620: Was caused mainly by the German influence, and almost disappeared from the modern Czech. It can be felt as rude, discourteous or uncultivated, or as familiar, and is associated also with Slovakian influence (from the Czechoslovak Army) or Russian. In informal speech, it is common (but grammatically incorrect ) to use the male surname (see also Czech name ) in the nominative to address men: pane Novák! instead of pane Nováku! (Female surnames are adjectives , and their nominative and vocative have

7744-402: Was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Apabhraṃśa , a descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to

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