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95-715: Founded as a team for the English community in Montreal, they shared their home city with the Canadiens , who eventually came under the same ownership as the Maroons but were intended to appeal to the French Canadian population. This was the first time since 1918, when the Montreal Wanderers folded, that Montreal had a second major-league professional hockey team. In order to accommodate

190-558: A 6-3 loss on March 17 against the Canadiens. They finished the season with a record of 12 wins, 30 losses and 6 ties for 30 points in 48 games, placing the team last in the Canadian Division and last overall in the league. At the annual league meeting on June 22, the Maroons formally asked the league to suspend the franchise for a year; this was refused, and the league asked the Maroons to confirm by August 1 if they were to participate in

285-686: A Quebec context, are a linguistic minority in the francophone province of Quebec . According to the 2011 Canadian census, 599,225 people (around 7.7% of the population) in Quebec declare English as a mother tongue . When asked, 834,950 people (about 10.7% of the population) reported using English the most at home. The origins of English-speaking Quebecers include immigration from both English-speaking and non English-speaking countries, migration from other Canadian provinces , and strong English language education programs in Quebecois schools. This makes estimating

380-555: A large portion of the tuition on the condition that they teach the provincial curriculum; almost all private schools accept these conditions and the accompanying subsidy. Access to English-language public and semi-private education is restricted by provincial law to children who have at least one parent educated in English in Canada. Temporary residents of Quebec and English-speaking immigrants whose children have special learning needs may apply to

475-455: A larger proportion are French-speaking than before. However, immigrants from English-speaking countries such as Britain, the United States, and Jamaica usually come with a knowledge of English; Asians account for the fastest growing segment of the population, with over 26,000 Asians coming to Quebec between 1996 and 2001 and having English as their first official language spoken in 2001; as

570-624: A result, over a quarter of anglophones now come from visible minority groups. Some First Nation peoples such as the Mohawk , the Cree, and Inuit also use English in their day-to-day lives. These groups blend in easily in a community that defines itself increasingly as multicultural and bilingual . Its large diversity, mobility and access to mainstream North American society means that most anglophones in Quebec will identify themselves as Canadian or by their cultural group, and identify as "anglophone" only in

665-648: A result, programs to integrate English-speaking children into a French-speaking milieu (particularly in English-speaking areas on the West Island) are increasingly popular in French school boards, and have used in French-language private school for years. In an addition to the public system, many private schools provide instruction in English, including schools serving religious and cultural communities. Quebec subsidizes

760-457: A seat in the 1937 Ontario general election as a member of the Liberal Party . Tommy Gorman had tried to convince Conacher to stay with the Maroons and take over as coach; his retirement led Gorman to hire King Clancy . Clancy did not help improve the team's record, and on December 29 he was fired after 18 games and Gorman was re-instated as coach. Their last game for the Maroons franchise, was

855-404: A significant minority of the population is English-speaking . Ninety-three municipalities offer bilingual services in Quebec . In 2002, Quebec's French Language Charter was amended with Bill 104 , which aims to prevent education received in fully private English schools or through temporary certificates from producing constitutional education rights. Several court cases are still pending . After

950-514: A strong Canadian identity , with about 99% opposing Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995 referendums. Having no distinct political representation in Quebec, they tend to vote for the federalist Liberal Party of Canada federally and for the Quebec Liberal Party at the provincial level. In 2001, English-speaking Quebeckers viewed provincial language legislation as the principal challenge facing their community and more generally look to

1045-461: A suitable arena. In February, 1946 Peto announced plans to build a 20,000-seat arena on the site of the old Baker Bowl at a cost of US$ 2,500,000 (equivalent to about $ 39,061,433 in 2023). However, when his group was unable to get funding for the project by the league-imposed deadline, the NHL cancelled the Maroons franchise. The last active Maroons player in the NHL was Toe Blake , who last played in

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1140-457: A survey on the matter, English-speaking Quebecers cited limited economic prospects and politics ( Quebec's language policies and the Quebec independence ) as primary reasons for leaving. These political factors are also cited as having led to fewer Canadians from other provinces settling in Quebec. Anglophones are also less likely to migrate within the province than Francophones and Allophones. This

1235-543: A team to appeal to the anglophones and return to the NHL. In July 1924, construction began on a new arena, on the site of a former roller-skating rink known as the Forum. By fall, at a cost of CA$ 1,500,000 (equivalent to about $ 26,183,333 in 2023), the Montreal Forum was complete. The Montreal Forum was the first large arena in the NHL. The Maroons joined the NHL in 1924, along with the league's first United States–based team,

1330-496: A two-game total-goals series. The Forum was packed with 11,000 fans, in a building whose capacity was listed at 10,000, to watch the Canadiens defeat the defending Stanley Cup champions. The Maroons also participated in another moment of hockey history when, on November 26, 1926, they were the competition in the New York Rangers' NHL debut game. The Maroons got revenge on the Canadiens in the 1927–28 season, by eliminating them in

1425-543: A working knowledge of French. In 1974, the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa passed Bill 22 and restricted access to English schools to children who could pass a language test. In 1977, the separatist Parti Québécois passed the more intensive Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). This law made French the sole language of the civil service and of business in private workplaces with over 50 employees and established

1520-592: Is a cultural hub for Quebec City's English-speaking community, linked together by media institutions such as the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph , CBC Radio One ( CBVE-FM ) in Quebec City, and the La Maison Anglaise bookstore All English-speaking communities outside the Montreal metropolitan area have been in decline for over a century. However, communities near Montreal, the border with Ontario, and

1615-457: Is documented. A considerable number of census respondents in each category cite equal proficiency, knowledge, and use of different languages. In this case, census respondents are divided evenly among the language groups involved. As allophone immigrants (mother tongue other than English or French) generally arrive with knowledge of either English or French and eventually integrate into these two linguistic groups, first official language learned

1710-416: Is due to a strong sense of belonging among those in the Montreal area, the relative lack of English-language services and institutions outside Montreal, and a weak sense of identification with Quebec. Despite a lull in this outflux during an economic boom and break from separatist governments in 2003, this outmigration had returned to established levels by 2006 and is projected to continue at these rates over

1805-530: Is generally understood that this happened because of the concentration of the Liberal vote in the Centre and Western part of Montreal, where English speakers are often a majority. In 2001, Quebec had 340 primary and secondary English-language schools administered by nine English-language school boards. As in French-language schools, elementary education goes from Kindergarten to Elementary 6 (K-6), while high school goes from Secondary 1 to 5 (grades 7-11). The curriculum

1900-891: Is only symbolic as anglophones have moved away, or assimilated into the French-speaking community (usually Catholics such as the Irish). English-speaking communities in the Gaspé Peninsula and the Lower North Shore remain, as well as a small community in the Magdalen Islands . English-language media tend to come from outside the province. Most local English-language media are based in the Montreal area. The province's English-language television stations are CBMT ( CBC ), CFCF ( CTV ), CKMI ( Global ) and CJNT ( Citytv ), all in Montreal. These stations are available on cable throughout

1995-469: Is strictly controlled by the Ministère de l'Education, Quebec's provincial education ministry, and is generally identical to that offered in the French-language public school system. The exception is language education. French is taught as a second language in English schools from Grade 1 onwards, and English is symmetrically taught as a second language in French schools from grade 1 onwards. English schools in

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2090-622: Is used to determine the Official Language minority population. It is used by the federal government and Quebec anglophone community organizations to determine the demand for minority language services. Specifically, it classifies members of immigrant groups who learn English before French as English-speaking. Half of the people equally proficient since childhood in both English and French are placed into each linguistic community. The English-speaking population has shown an accelerated decline in population between 1971 and 2001. During this interval,

2185-1031: The Stanstead Journal in Stanstead , The First Informer in the Magdalen Islands , The Gleaner in Huntingdon , the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph in Quebec City, SPEC in the Gaspé region, the West Quebec Post in Buckingham , the Aylmer Bulletin in Aylmer , the Townships Sun in Lennoxville, the Suburban, Montreal Island's Largest English Weekly , the Chronicle and

2280-700: The 1947-48 NHL season as a long time left wing for the Montreal Canadiens. Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes Calder Memorial Trophy Hart Memorial Trophy English-speaking Quebecer Home language : 767,770 (9.6%) English-speaking Quebecers , also known as Anglo-Quebecers , English Quebecers , or Anglophone Quebecers (all alternately spelt Quebeckers ; in French Anglo-Québécois , Québécois Anglophone ) or simply Anglos in

2375-502: The 2022 Quebec general election , political leaders and commentators of the province issued growing concerns about the political weight of the English speaking Quebeckers in Quebec's democracy. The Quebec Liberal Party did indeed win the second place in parliament having 21 seats while having 14.37% of the popular vote, behind Québec Solidaire and the Parti Québécois , respectively in third and fourth place with 11 and 3 seats. It

2470-518: The Boston Bruins . The Canadiens initially objected to a second team in Montreal, but relented when compensated by the expansion fee. The expansion fee for each team was CA$ 15,000 (equivalent to about $ 261,833 in 2023). The Canadiens, the local rivals of the Maroons, received $ 11,000 of the Maroons' fee. While the Canadiens' owner initially lodged a formal objection to ensure he would get adequate compensation for sharing his franchise's territory, he

2565-571: The British North America Act of 1867 thanks to D'Arcy McGee , a prominent Irish Montrealer. Prior 2000, these school systems were merged into linguistic English-language boards. An English-speaking Black Canadian community grew in the 1860s with the coming of the railway industry centred in Montreal, settling in Little Burgundy and Saint-Henri . The first school built by the new Protestant Board of School Commissioners of Montreal

2660-902: The Canadian military . The club folded the following year as the Spokane Canaries . A new team was formed in 1918 and again were dubbed the Victoria Aristocrats , with players from the folded Portland Rosebuds . In 1922 they changed their name to the Victoria Cougars . Led by coach Lester Patrick , the Cougars would win the Stanley Cup in 1925 against the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Cougars were

2755-511: The Great Depression led to the Maroons suspending play after 1938. Despite efforts to revive the team, the franchise was cancelled in 1947, leaving the Canadiens as the sole NHL team in Montreal. Since the Maroons' demise, no NHL team that has won a Stanley Cup at any point in its history has subsequently folded or relocated. The Montreal Maroons hockey team was created to appeal to the anglophone neighbourhoods of Montreal. On January 2, 1918,

2850-631: The Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne , broadcasts in English and Kanien'keha . Listeners in Sherbrooke , Lennoxville and the Eastern Townships are served by CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 and the community radio station CJMQ . CBC Radio One is also available in many other Quebec communities. Parts of the province also receive English-language signals from Ontario , New Brunswick , New York or New England , notably VPR and PBS . However, no community in

2945-573: The Montreal Arena , shared by the Montreal Canadiens and the Montreal Wanderers , burned down. The Canadiens, who drew primarily Montreal's francophones, moved to the Jubilee Arena which, in 1919, also burned down, before settling in the Mount Royal Arena , which had natural ice and seating for 3,250. The Wanderers, team of Montreal's anglophone community, folded. By 1922, work began to build

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3040-485: The Official Languages Act of 1988 that ensures equality between English and French in the federal civil service and ensures that official minority language groups in Canada receive service in their language where numbers warrant and that supports the development of communities of speakers of official languages when they constitute a minority in a province or territory. Provincial legislation has also delimited

3135-600: The University of Pennsylvania did not have an ice plant, and both Penn and Madison Square Garden (which managed the Palestra) balked at the expense of installing one. Neither was the city-owned Convention Hall equipped to produce ice. The only arena in the city with an ice plant, Philadelphia Arena , was ruled out because its sight lines and capacity (5,500) were deemed inadequate even for temporary use. The league refused to extend its deadline to give Peto more time to find or build

3230-797: The West End Times in the West Island of Montreal , the Westmount Independent in Westmount , and The LowDown to Hull and Back News in La Pêche . From the 1990s until 2012, Montreal also had two English alternative weeklies, Hour and Mirror . Maisonneuve is a culturally literate bimonthly general-interest English-language magazine published in Montreal. The politics of language has always played against issues of Quebec nationalism and Quebec separatism . English-speaking Quebeckers maintain

3325-414: The 1929–30 season, by finishing first. During these years, the Maroons were led by one of the most feared forward lines in the early NHL years, the " S Line ", consisting of Hooley Smith , Babe Siebert and Nels Stewart , which was also one of the most penalized. In the 1929–30 season, Dunc Munro was signed as player-coach of the team. It was during this season, that Clint Benedict of the Maroons became

3420-655: The 1934–35 season, the Maroons hired Tommy Gorman as coach, who had coached the Chicago Black Hawks to the Championship the previous year. The Maroons finished the season in second place behind Ottawa. In the playoffs, the Montreal Maroons defeated Chicago with defensive hockey, defeated the New York Rangers at wide-open (offensive) hockey, and then defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs, who Gorman considered one of

3515-472: The 1937–38 season, rumours were rampant that the Maroon franchise would be moved to another city. In September 1937, Maroons president Donat Raymond said the team would be staying in Montreal. The team's bleak financial situation finally caught up with them as they finished 12–30–6, the club's worst season since winning only nine games in 1924–25 . Lionel Conacher retired prior to the season to enter politics, winning

3610-446: The 1950s, more immigration from Europe again changed the face of Montreal. Immigrants flocked to Montreal from all across Europe, bolstering the numbers of established cultural communities, with a Greek community planting strong roots in the English-speaking community. Immigrants of today come from all over the world (some have argued that they are largely more secular than members of the established English-speaking communities ). Also,

3705-587: The 1960s; the heritage of this era remains in neighbourhoods such as Westmount and the Golden Square Mile . Irish Quebecers established their schools, churches and hospitals in the mid-19th century in traditionally working-class neighbourhoods such as Point St. Charles and Griffintown . Separate English-language confessional (Protestant and Catholic) school systems emerged, in the religious-based Montreal Catholic School Commission and Protestant School Board of Greater Montreal , and would be guaranteed in

3800-454: The 1970–71 season. During this era, a team's best players often played the entire game with substitutions only made for injuries. For the 1926–27 season, the NHL expanded to ten teams and was divided into American and Canadian divisions. The Maroons finished third in the Canadian division, behind their rivals the Canadiens, with whom they now shared the Forum. The two teams met in the playoffs for

3895-508: The 1989 provincial election. As the sign law would have to be renewed in 1993, the Liberal government passed a law that mandated French on signs. As recommended by the Supreme Court, this law allowed other languages on the sign, as long as French was predominant. Although this law stands up to Supreme Court challenges, many anglophones refer to the inspectorate that enforces the law as "tongue troopers" and "language cops". In addition to

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3990-528: The Anglophone population in Quebec. The rise of 16,000 people (from 591,000 in 2001 to 607,000 in 2006) represents a growth rate of +2.7%, which is higher than that for the Francophone population (+2.0%) for the same period. This increase is attributed to a much reduced net outmigration of Anglophones, with some 34,000 departures vs 26,000 arrivals (primarily from Ontario). Emigration to other Canadian provinces

4085-615: The British North America Act of 1867 ( Constitution Act, 1867 ) guaranteeing Protestant confessional boards the right to administer most English schools. Section 133 still allows French and English to be used in the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec and makes both languages mandatory for the laws, records, and journals of those houses. It also gives any person the right to plead in either English or French in any of

4180-498: The Canadian constitution and international law overturned some of these provisions, forcing subsequent Quebec governments to blunt these Charter provisions many times. The Charter coupled with the looming 1980 Referendum on Sovereignty triggered an exodus of English-speaking Quebeckers between 1976 and 1980, exacerbating the already existing demographic decline. Head offices that employed anglophones moved mostly to Toronto, taking their employees with them. Structural unemployment in

4275-470: The Canadiens, were part of the Canadian Arena Company, as were Maroons owners James Strachan and Donat Raymond ). It became obvious that only one team could represent Montreal. The Maroons' dire financial straits caused them to sell off several players, including star winger Hooley Smith . Despite the Maroons' financial troubles, they continued to play competitive hockey well into the 1930s. For

4370-574: The Chateauguay Valley and Vaudreuil-Soulanges , are home to a significant anglophone presence. The town of Hudson , and the cities of Saint-Lazare and Pincourt , have an anglophone majority and pluralities respectively. In Laval, the neighbourhoods of Chomedey and Sainte-Dorothée have noticeable English-speaking communities, particularly of Italian and Greek descent . Many American and Anglo-Scottish merchants settled in Quebec City in

4465-464: The Constitutional guarantee to English legal proceedings and eliminated English translations of Quebec laws. It banned all languages other than French on all public signs, both inside and outside. (The regulations for signs would be modified in 1988 and 1993.) The law has therefore polarized Quebec along linguistic lines to this day. Legal challenges by English-speaking Quebeckers using provisions of

4560-698: The Courts of Quebec. In 1982, Section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982 guaranteed the right of Canadian citizens educated in English in Canada to attend English schools. This paved the way for the Constitutional Amendment, 1999 (Québec) which was passed unanimously by the federal Parliament and the National Assembly of Quebec that transformed Protestant confessional school boards into English linguistic school boards. The federal government also maintains

4655-414: The Eastern Townships and were in fact forced by the British to move from the lands that they were squatting on because the British desired to keep the Eastern Townships as an unpopulated buffer zone between the Canadians and the Americans. By the end of the 1790s, American homesteaders were allowed to come northward to settle lands across the border. Today, the southwestern portion of the Montérégie, notably

4750-526: The English-speaking population in these regions, but sizeable English-speaking communities remain in Sherbrooke ( Lennoxville ), North Hatley , Richmond , Ayer's Cliff , Brome Lake (Knowlton), and Sutton . The English-speaking population is anchored by such institutions as Bishop's University in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships School Board . There has been English-speaking settlement or immigration to some degree in almost all areas of Quebec at one time or another. What remains today in many regions

4845-422: The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa passed Bill 178 that made French the only language that could be used on outdoor commercial signs. This required invoking the notwithstanding clause in the Canadian Constitution , which overrode the Supreme Court decision. Discontent with the Liberals led anglophones in Western Montreal to form the Equality Party in protest, which surprised many by electing 4 candidates in

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4940-406: The Maroons' ten goals in the series. Stewart won the Hart Trophy for most valuable player. While not a smooth skater, Stewart compensated with size (at six foot one and 195 pounds, he was a giant compared to other players of that era), toughness (amassing 119 penalty minutes), and shooting (scoring 34 of Montreal's 91 goals during the season). Stewart's 34 goals remained an NHL record for rookies until

5035-437: The Maroons, a new arena was built for them in 1924, the Montreal Forum . The Maroons were a highly competitive team, winning the Stanley Cup twice and finishing first in their Canadian Division twice more. Some of the best players of the era played for the Maroons; eleven players were elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame , while five of the six head coaches of the Maroons were also honoured. Financial difficulties resulting from

5130-502: The Ministère de l'Education for permission to enter these schools. (see Charter of the French Language ). Access to private schools is open to anyone who can afford the tuition. Colleges provide 3-year career certification programs or 2-year pre-University curricula following Grade 11 (Secondary 5) high school. Most are public colleges and have very low tuition fees; a few are subsidized private institutions. Core courses in English literature, humanities, and French represent about 25% of

5225-480: The Montreal Maroons, for $ 165,000. In Montreal, financial strains from the Great Depression hurt the attendances of both the Canadiens and Maroons. However, there were far more francophone supporters for the Canadiens than anglophone supporters for the Maroons. As a result, the Maroons finished with the worst attendance in the league, three seasons in a row. Also, by 1935, both teams were owned by Canadian Arena Company . ( Ernest Savard and Maurice Forget , who owned

5320-538: The Montreal area were pioneers in French immersion and bilingual education starting in the late 1960s. As a result, they offer a range of established bilingual and short- and long-immersion programs. Programs offering both French and English curricula as a first language have recently been approved by the Minister of Education and are increasingly popular. English immersion programs are not common in French-language public schools. Some English-speaking Quebecers also opt to send their children to French-language schools. As

5415-422: The best hockey teams of all time, in three straight games. The Maroons won their second Stanley Cup; Gorman remains the only coach in history to win back-to-back Cups with two different teams. The Maroons team were the last team to win the Cup without a loss in the playoffs for 17 years. Gorman called this Maroon team "the greatest team that ever stepped on the ice." The playoffs of the 1935–36 season are famous for

5510-687: The border with the United States are still large enough to constitute a sizeable yet shrinking minority in these regions. Immigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland would further settle these regions in the mid 19th century, and pioneer the Outaouais region ( Gatineau and Pontiac region ) and many Laurentian communities. By the end of the nineteenth century, many grew into thriving small cities: Shawville , Aylmer, Hull , Lachute , Huntingdon , St. Johns (now Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ), Granby , Saint-Hyacinthe , Victoriaville , Drummondville , Magog , Sherbrooke , Sawyerville . Migration to larger cities in Canada (including Montreal) has since reduced

5605-466: The club was known by its official name, the Montreal Professional Hockey Club. With the team introducing maroon-coloured sweaters complete with a large capital letter "M" for a logo (the letter officially stood for their home city, not the colour) the "Maroons" nickname was picked up by the media. The club never officially changed the organizational name to incorporate the Maroons name. In the Maroons' first season of operation they finished second to last in

5700-412: The context of Quebec's French-speaking majority. In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the Eastern Townships and the Chateauguay Valley were pioneered by English-speaking settlers who moved north from the United States; the first were Loyalists (Tories in the U.S.) wishing to remain British subjects after The American Revolution . Very few of these Loyalists were allowed to stay in

5795-415: The curriculum. There are eight English-language Colleges, open to all Quebec residents. English is also the language of instruction at three Quebec universities ( McGill University , Concordia University and Bishop's University ) that offer 3-year undergraduate programs for Quebec students graduating from college. They also offer standard 4-year programs to students from all over Canada, North America, and

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5890-493: The east end as well, notably Saint-Leonard and Rivière-des-Prairies . The earliest English-speaking people arrived in Montreal at the beginning of the British regime in the second half of the 18th century. By 1831 the majority of the population were of British origin. American merchants, United Empire Loyalists and Anglo-Scot Protestants founded Quebec's public and private English-language institutions and would represent Quebec's elite merchant and financial classes up until

5985-417: The federal Commissioner of Official Languages and members worked with provincial administrations to maintain and increase access to English government services across the province. Sign laws governing language are a particular irritant to English-speaking Quebeckers . When the original Charter provision requiring French only on commercial signs and in trade names was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1988,

6080-441: The federal government to protect their individual and collective rights from provincial government limits on access to English education, health care, government services, and visibility on public signs. The Canadian constitution protects the language rights of English-speaking communities and individuals in Quebec; however, since 1867, the Quebec provincial government has had full jurisdiction over schools, with only Section 93 of

6175-402: The first Stanley Cup in their history. In December 1936, Maroons captain Hooley Smith was traded to the Boston Bruins, a move which would mark the beginning of the end for the franchise. The 1936–37 season saw Nels Stewart break Howie Morenz's record for career goals with 271. Stewart would hold the all-time career record for goals until it was broken by Maurice Richard in 1952. By the start of

6270-402: The first goaltender in NHL history to wear a mask, when he donned one to protect a broken nose. Although the Maroons finished first in the Canadian Division, they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Boston Bruins. For the 1930–31 season, Stewart again led his team in goals and points, but the Maroons only finished third in the Canadian division, and were eliminated easily in

6365-448: The first round of the playoffs by the New York Rangers. The Maroons made it into the playoffs of the 1931–32 season, by finishing five points ahead of the New York Americans. Montreal defeated Detroit in the opening round, but lost the semifinal match against the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Maroons finished the 1932–33 season in second place in the Canadian division and even had three of the top six players in league points. However, Montreal

6460-417: The goal of the course is not to learn or improve the mastery of a language. Victoria Cougars The Victoria Cougars were a major league professional ice hockey team that played in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) from 1911 to 1924 under various names, and (after the PCHA's merger with the Western Canada Hockey League ) in the Western Hockey League (WHL) from 1924 to 1926. The team

6555-434: The language rights of English-speaking Quebeckers and the role of their institutions since the Quiet Revolution as French-speaking Québécois sought to improve their economic prospects, assimilate immigrants into their community to maintain their population, and establish French as a language of business. Bill 63 , introduced by the Union nationale government in 1969, required that English schools provide all students with

6650-526: The large English-speaking market. English-language radio stations in Montreal include AM stations CKGM (sports), CJAD (news/talk) and FM outlets CBME ( CBC Radio One ), CKUT ( campus radio from McGill University ), CFQR ( Q92 , adult contemporary), CJFM ( Virgin Radio 96 , hot AC), CBM ( CBC Radio 2 ) and CHOM (mainstream rock). The Montreal off-island suburbs of Hudson / Saint-Lazare has English-language FM outlet CHSV ( Jewel 106.7 , soft adult contemporary). CKON-FM , owned by and serving

6745-408: The last non-NHL team to hoist the Stanley Cup as well as the last west coast team to win it until the Anaheim Ducks did so in 2007. They would attempt to repeat as champions in 1926 but they were unsuccessful as they lost the final series to the NHL's Montreal Maroons . The WHL dissolved after the season. That spring, a group of businessmen from Detroit won an NHL expansion franchise and bought

6840-414: The league. However, the new Forum was selling out and, with the addition of players Nels Stewart , Babe Siebert and Bill Phillips, success came quickly. In a single year, the Maroons went from having their worst record in franchise history to their best. In only their second season of operation, Montreal won their first Stanley Cup . The NHL playoffs that year were a two-game total-goals format. Montreal won

6935-489: The longest NHL playoff game of all time. On March 24–25, the Maroons lost 1–0 to the Detroit Red Wings in 176:30 of play (16:30 of the sixth overtime period). The game was especially significant for Detroit goaltender Normie Smith, who began his career with the Maroons. He shut out the Maroons again in the second game, and allowed Detroit to complete a three-game sweep by allowing only one goal. Detroit proceeded to win

7030-405: The major factors in their departure. By 2001, 50% of mother-tongue anglophones had left the province. Faced with increasing marginalization from the political process in Quebec, English-speaking community groups across the province banded together to form Alliance Quebec , a provincial lobby group that would advocate for English-language education, health, and social services. It was supported by

7125-475: The necessary funds for a hockey team. They also made sure to clarify that the Maroons franchise rights would expire in April 1947 unless something was done with them. Peto was able to get the necessary funding, and persuaded the league to transfer the Maroons to Philadelphia. However, despite being larger than all but two NHL cities, Philadelphia did not have an arena that could accommodate an NHL team. The Palestra at

7220-569: The next five years . At the time, this forecast made researcher Jack Jedwab predict a continued long term decline of the community. Most of Quebec's English-speaking population resides in the Montreal region on the Island of Montreal . The population is concentrated in the West Island and in the western half of Montreal 's urban core, where there is a large network of English-language educational, social, cultural, economic, and medical institutions. However, there are smaller English-speaking communities in

7315-401: The nineteenth century; however, the majority of anglophones were working-class Irish immigrants . In the 1860s, the proportion of English-speakers reached a historic high of 40%. The population gradually dwindled as Montreal replaced Quebec City as a centre of commerce and industry. English-speakers now represent 1.9% of the total population in the Quebec metropolitan area. The Morrin Centre

7410-457: The number of mother tongue anglophones decreased from 788,830 to 591,365, representing a drop in its share of the Quebec population from 13.1% to 8.3%. This is attributed primarily to an exodus of anglophones to other provinces and raised questions about the sustainability of the community. Immigration from other countries and integration of allophones helped to partially alleviate the impact of this trend. In 2001, one in three immigrants to Quebec

7505-649: The opening series over the Pittsburgh Pirates 6–4, then upset the favored Ottawa Senators 2–1. In the NHL playoff final, Montreal defeated Ottawa to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals against the Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League . In the last Stanley Cup Finals involving two different leagues, Montreal defeated Victoria three games to one. Contributing to the victory was rookie, and future Hall of Fame member, Nels Stewart, who scored six of

7600-465: The population of those who identify as English-speaking Quebecers difficult. Statistics Canada uses census data to keep track of minority language communities in Canada. It has recorded mother tongue (the first language learned as a child and still spoken) since 1921, home language (language spoken at home) since 1971, and first official language learned (English or French) since 1991. In addition, conversational knowledge of English and French

7695-512: The previous failure of the St. Louis Eagles led to the league refusing permission. At the 1945 annual league meeting, held on September 7, it was noted that the backers of the Maroons franchise were in discussion to sell to a group from Philadelphia fronted by Canadiens board member Len Peto . The league governors were prepared to approve the transfer, provided the Philadelphia group could prove they had

7790-453: The private sector with the mass hiring of francophones in an expanding civil service limited the economic opportunities of especially young non-bilingual anglophones in Quebec leading them to search for work elsewhere. Young highly educated anglophones, despite high rates of bilingualism and increased contact and openness to francophones, cite limited economic prospects caused by linguistic discrimination and an unsatisfactory political climate as

7885-883: The province and can also be received for free with the use of home TV antennas in cities located near television transmission towers. Anglophones in the Outaouais region are served by English stations from Ottawa . Southern Quebec is also served by American network affiliates from Vermont and New York's North Country who actually depend on the Montreal market for most of their revenue. The Burlington, VT stations are WCAX ( CBS ), WVNY ( ABC ), WFFF-TV ( Fox ), and Vermont Public Television ( PBS ). The Plattsburgh, NY stations are WPTZ ( NBC ) and WCFE ( PBS ). These stations are carried on Montreal-area cable networks, along with other English and French-language cable stations. (See Multichannel television in Canada .) Western Montreal carries more English-language programming to better serve

7980-539: The province besides Montreal and Hudson/Saint Lazare has an English commercial station. Quebec has two English-language daily newspapers: the large Montreal Gazette , and the small Sherbrooke Record , a local newspaper for the Eastern Townships. Many smaller communities in Quebec also have English-language weekly papers, including The Equity in Shawville , The Pontiac Journal , a bilingual and bimonthly paper,

8075-674: The right of all Quebeckers to work solely in French, now the sole official language of the province; it also favoured a demographic shift towards more francophones in Quebec by restricting access to English-language schools to children whose parents had attended Quebec English grade schools or high schools. The Charter is generally seen as emancipatory and a protector of culture and is immensely popular among Quebeckers. Other Charter provisions, though, deeply alienated English-speaking Quebeckers. The Charter cut off access to English schools to all but children who had parents who had received their education in English in Quebec. The Charter also eliminated

8170-530: The rights guaranteed by the constitution of Canada, the various regulations outside the Charter recognise other linguistic rights of Quebec anglophones. Quebeckers have the right to receive services in English from all public health care and social service institutions in Quebec. The charter also permits bilingual status to cities, but only those with a majority of English mother-tongue residents; other cities are not required to provide services in English but usually do if

8265-475: The semifinals of the playoffs. The Maroons then met the New York Rangers for the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals , but lost the series three games to two. Because the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus occupied Madison Square Garden , all five games were played at the Forum. The 1928–29 season was an oddly bad season for the Maroons, as they finished last in the Canadian division. However, they rebounded in

8360-429: The upcoming season or not. The league allowed the Maroons to suspend operations for the 1938–39 season . Lacking a formal dispersal draft, some of the Maroons were transferred to the Canadiens. Most of the Maroons players were either sold to the remaining NHL teams or washed out of the league altogether. The Maroons' owners tried to sell their dormant franchise to interests in St. Louis, Missouri , but doubts regarding

8455-538: The world. For Quebec residents, 85% of tuition is subsidized by the provincial government. Canadian students pay differential tuition fees based on the Canadian average. Foreign students pay the full cost of their tuition, although Quebec has signed reciprocal agreements with some jurisdictions such as France, Belgium, Bavaria , and Catalonia allowing students to pay local Quebec tuition rates. McGill and Concordia offer some instruction in French, and exams and assignments may be done in French at all universities, as long as

8550-452: Was English-speaking and settled in Montreal. This made the decrease in home-language anglophones less pronounced, particularly in the Montreal area. This situation is rapidly changing as the vast majority of immigrants now adopt French as their first language: three quarters of linguistic transfers of allophones arriving between 2001 and 2006 allophones arriving have been towards French instead of English. The 2006 census showed an increase of

8645-549: Was actually quite enthusiastic about having a second franchise in the same city; rather, he would later state, he "saw in them an important and lucrative local rivalry." At the time of their founding, the Maroons had no nickname. The Maroons' president, James Strachan , had been the owner of the Wanderers in the 1900s. He attempted to secure the Wanderers name, but negotiations failed (Wanderers' last owner Sam Lichtenhein wanted CA$ 5,000 (equivalent to about $ 87,278 in 2023)), so

8740-806: Was based in Victoria, British Columbia , and won the Stanley Cup in 1925 , becoming the final non-NHL team to win the Cup. The original Victoria franchise of the PCHA, the Victoria Senators , were formed in 1911, and became the Victoria Aristocrats in 1915. The Aristocrats challenged the Toronto Blueshirts for the Stanley Cup the following year, but lost. In 1916 the team was forced to move to Spokane, Washington , after having their arena ( Patrick Arena ) commandeered by

8835-404: Was eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Detroit. In the playoffs of the 1933–34 season, the Chicago Black Hawks eliminated both Montreal teams, first defeating the Canadiens, then upsetting the Maroons in the semifinals. In 1935, Leo Dandurand, owner of the Montreal Canadiens, sold that team to Canadian Arena Company, (Ernest Savard, Louis Gelinas and Maurice Forget), which also owned

8930-412: Was perceived as the biggest challenge facing the continued presence of English-language communities in Quebec, particularly outside Montreal, during the 1976 to 2001 period. English-speakers accounted for half the out-migrants from Quebec as they are extremely mobile compared to their francophone neighbours because they share a language and cultural identity with most other Canadians and North Americans. In

9025-755: Was the Royal Arthur School which opened in 1870. The early 1900s brought waves of settlers from all over Europe. Jews from Poland, Romania and Russia established a large Jewish community , and integrated into the English-speaking "Protestant" schools and businesses. Italian immigrants would adopt the Catholic institutions of either the Irish or francophone community. These and many other immigrant communities would initially settle along Saint Lawrence Boulevard (nicknamed "The Main"), before moving on to more prosperous suburbs such as Côte-Saint-Luc and Saint-Léonard . In

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