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77-399: The Constitution defines Montenegro as a civic, democratic and environmentally friendly country with social justice , established by the sovereign rights of its government. The preamble identifies the nationalities and national minorities of Montenegro as Montenegrins , Serbs , Bosniaks , Albanians , Muslims , Croats and others as citizens of Montenegro, free, equal and loyal to

154-609: A Venetian calque of the Montenegrin phrase " Crna Gora ", meaning literally "Black Mountain", deriving from the appearance of Mount Lovćen which was covered in dense evergreen forests. Crna Gora was mentioned for the first time in edicts issued by Stefan Uroš I to the Serbian Orthodox Zeta Episcopate seat at Vranjina island in Lake Skadar . It came to denote the majority of contemporary Montenegro in

231-665: A theocracy and later as a secular principality . Montenegro's independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1910, the country became a kingdom . After World War I , the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia , the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together proclaimed a federation . In June 2006 Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia and Montenegro following an independence referendum , creating Montenegro and Serbia as they exist today. Montenegro

308-456: A civic and democratic Montenegro. The Constitution identifies Montenegrin as the official language of the state, replacing Serbian after years of civil conflict. Serbian, Bosnian , Albanian and Croatian are all recognised as official languages. It declares that Cyrillic and Latin scripts have equal standing in law. The Constitution also officially recognises the current flag and coat of arms as legitimate state symbols, as well as

385-635: A double-headed eagle, was adopted as state. All three major religions were recognized (Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism and Islam), and the Montenegrin Church sanctioned. The capital was Cetinje . Montenegro in Europe  (dark grey)  –  [ Legend ] Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe , on the Balkan Peninsula . Its 25 municipalities have

462-553: A few months before the Russian Constitution of 1906 . It defined Montenegro as a nation-state of the Montenegrins . Montenegro thus became a constitutional absolutist monarchy. It defined three branches of authority: The National Assembly enacted laws. Prince Nicholas kept the power of adoption, and could also enact laws of significant national importance. The Prince (Књаз) was the hereditary head of state and commander of

539-473: A full-fledged municipality, independent from the Municipality of Podgorica . The SDP had refused to sign an agreement that approved a referendum to be held in six months to determine whether Malesija ( Tuzi ) would become a municipality. This agreement had been signed by DPS , PzP , BS , DUA , AA and HGI . It also established that the crosses will be removed from the flag and coat of arms of Montenegro, and

616-519: A member of NATO in June 2017, despite attempts by Russia to sabotage it, an event that triggered a promise of retaliatory actions from Russia's government . Montenegro has been in negotiations with the EU since 2012. In 2018, the earlier goal of acceding by 2022 was revised to 2025. Legislation is being passed bringing Montenegro law in line with EU membership requirements. In April 2018, Milo Djukanovic ,

693-505: A multi-cultural and multi-ethnic Montenegro. Predrag Popović, leader of the People's Party , said that he was unable to believe that Serbs would be limited to being classified as a national minority. He also said that this issue would enforce divisions among the ethnic groups and heighten the risk for conflict. Dobrilo Dedeić, a representative of the Serbian List , ripped up a revised edition of

770-574: A new agreement for continued cooperation and entered into negotiations regarding the future status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . This resulted in the Belgrade Agreement, which saw the country's transformation into a more decentralised state union named Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. The Belgrade Agreement also contained a provision delaying any future referendum on the independence of Montenegro for at least three years. The status of

847-554: A post-election coalition with ruling DPS and SDP. The party's sole parliamentary representative was Adrian Vuksanović, who was elected new president of the Party in 2019. In February 2019, following ideological disagreements with the HGI membership, Marija Vučinović was removed from the post president by the party's main board, remaining a minister in the Montenegrin government. Eventually she left

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924-580: A puppet Kingdom of Montenegro . In May, the Montenegrin branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia started preparations for an uprising planned for mid-July. The Communist Party and its Youth League organised 6,000 of its members into detachments prepared for guerrilla warfare . According to some historians, the first armed uprising in Nazi -occupied Europe happened on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro. Unexpectedly,

1001-537: A total population of 633,158 people in an area of 13,812 km (5,333 sq mi). It is bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Podgorica , while Cetinje is the Old Royal Capital and cultural centre. Before

1078-661: Is a political party of the Croat minority in Montenegro . The party was formed in 2002. It first participated in local elections in Tivat municipality that year, and established its headquarters in this town. HGI has best electoral results in Boka region, because the Croat minority is concentrated mostly in municipalities of Tivat and Kotor . Marija Vučinović was party president from 2006, until 2019. At

1155-570: Is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean , and has been in the process of joining the European Union since 2012. Montenegro's ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ɪ ˈ n iː ɡ r oʊ , - ˈ n eɪ ɡ r oʊ , - ˈ n ɛ ɡ r oʊ / MON -tin- E(E)G -roh, -⁠ AY -groh ; Montenegrin : Crna Gora / Црна Гора ; Albanian : Mali i Zi ) English name derives from

1232-517: Is defined as the state's capital. Power is vested in its citizens, who exercise it directly through the election of representatives to the Parliament. Decisions related to changes in constitutional status or to an alteration of borders are subject to a vote of the citizens of Montenegro exercised in a referendum . In the current constitution, there are 121 articles. The Constitution of the republic within SFRY

1309-788: Is therefore one of the newest internationally recognised countries in the world. Montenegro has an upper-middle-income economy , mostly service-based , and is in late transition to a market economy . It is a member of the United Nations , NATO , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the Council of Europe , and the Central European Free Trade Agreement . Montenegro

1386-902: The Bay of Kotor . After the second session of the AVNOJ during World War II in Yugoslavia , the contemporary modern state of Montenegro was founded as the Federal State of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Савезна држава Црне Горе / Savezna država Crne Gore ) on 15 November 1943 within the Yugoslav Federation by the ZAVNOCGB . After the war, Montenegro became a republic under its name, the People's Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Народна Република Црна Гора / Narodna Republika Crna Gora ) on 29 November 1945. In 1963, it

1463-472: The Bosniak Party said that the new Constitution will give Bosniaks more rights, and that there will be more democratic institutions in Montenegro for government control. The pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro declared the new Constitution to be "Anti-Serbian" , which may deepen political divisions within Montenegro. They said they would not respect the new constitution, saying that it violated principles of

1540-819: The Croatian Civic Initiative ) and the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro , as well as the opposition Movement for Changes , Bosniak Party and the Liberal Party of Montenegro voted in favour of the Constitution. The Socialist People's Party of Montenegro , People's Party , Democratic Serb Party and members of the Serb List opposed it. The ethnic Albanian minority representatives ( Democratic League in Montenegro and Albanian Alternative ) abstained from voting. The sole representative (and leader) of

1617-537: The Democratic Union of Albanians , Ferhat Dinoša, was abroad and unable to attend the session. Dinoša reportedly refused to vote because he did not want to be for the new Constitution, nor against it when Montenegro needed a Constitution. Vaselj Siništaj, the sole representative and leader of the Albanian Alternative , refused to vote because he was not given a guarantee by SDP that Malesija would become

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1694-682: The Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Empire, de facto recognizing Montenegro's independence. In the Battle of Vučji Do Montenegrins inflicted a major defeat on the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha . In the aftermath of the Russian victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , the major powers restructured

1771-599: The Karađorđević dynasty and opposing communism went on to become Chetniks , and turned to collaboration with Italians against the Partisans. War broke out between Partisans and Chetniks during the first half of 1942. Pressured by Italians and Chetniks, the core of the Montenegrin Partisans went to Serbia and Bosnia, where they joined with other Yugoslav Partisans. Fighting between Partisans and Chetniks continued through

1848-840: The Liberal Alliance of Montenegro , the Social Democratic and Socialist Parties, as well as minority parties such as the Democratic League in Montenegro , leading to a relatively low turnout of 66%. During the 1991–1995 Bosnian War and Croatian War , Montenegrin police and military forces, under orders of president Momir Bulatovic and Interior Minister Pavle Bulatovic joined Serbian troops in attacks on Dubrovnik , Croatia. These operations, aimed at acquiring more territory, were characterised by large-scale violations of human rights. Montenegrin General Pavle Strugar

1925-707: The Neretva River. Nicholas's grandson, the Serb King Alexander I , dominated the Yugoslav government. Zeta Banovina was one of nine banovinas that formed the kingdom; it consisted of the present-day Montenegro and parts of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia. In April 1941, Nazi Germany , the Kingdom of Italy , and other Axis allies attacked and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Italian forces occupied Montenegro and established

2002-482: The Venice Commission will supervise how the judicial council functions. Siništaj later reported that he believes that this Constitution was made for "future generations and better for tomorrow's Montenegro". Also, none of the amendments from any of the opposition parties was passed. Miodrag Živković, leader of the Liberal Party of Montenegro , announced that the text of the Constitution should be acceptable to all

2079-646: The 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro ( Zeta ) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family , then the Crnojević noble family , and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora . In 1421, Zeta was annexed to the Serbian Despotate , but after 1455, another noble family from Zeta, the Crnojevićs , became sovereign rulers of

2156-532: The 14th and 15th centuries. From the late 14th century to the late 18th century, large parts of southern Montenegro were ruled by the Venetian Republic and incorporated into Venetian Albania . The name Montenegro was first used to refer to the country in the late 15th century. After falling under Ottoman Empire rule, Montenegro gained semi-autonomy in 1696 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first as

2233-583: The 15th century. Modern-day Montenegro was more and more known by that name in the historical period following the fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1459. Originally, it had referred to only a small strip of land under the rule of the Paštrovići tribe, but the name eventually came to be used for the wider mountainous region after the Crnojević noble family took power in Upper Zeta . The aforementioned region became known as Stara Crna Gora ' Old Montenegro ' by

2310-491: The 19th century to distinguish the independent region from the neighbouring Ottoman-occupied Montenegrin territory of Brda (the "Highlands"). Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century, as the result of wars against the Ottoman Empire , which saw the annexation of Old Herzegovina and parts of Metohija and southern Raška . Its borders have changed little since then, losing Metohija and gaining

2387-497: The 2009 legislative elections in Montenegro, Croatian Civic Initiative was a part of victorious Coalition for a European Montenegro , alongside DPS , SDP , DUA and the Bosniak Party . HGI contested the 2012 legislative elections independently, and won 0.4% of votes, gaining one seat in the Parliament , because of the lower electoral threshold envisaged for the Croat minority, which has been set at 0.35%. The party entered

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2464-564: The 2020 elections, competing for one Croatian parliamentary seat with the HGI. As there were two parties running represent interest o Croatian minority, they split votes, which led to no party crossing the 0.35% electoral threshold. In April 2022, after the fall of Krivokapić Cabinet , new government under Dritan Abazović was composed including Adrian Vuksanović as minister without portfolio. Notes: Extra-parliamentary (2020-2022); Government (April-October 2022); Extra-parliamentary (October 2022-) This article about

2541-637: The German Deutsche Mark as its currency and subsequently adopted the euro , although not part of the Eurozone . Subsequent governments pursued pro-independence policies, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite political changes in Belgrade . Targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during Operation Allied Force in 1999, although the extent of these attacks was limited in both time and area affected. In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to

2618-458: The Montenegrin opposition, Serbian nationals and Russian agents; the coup was prevented. In 2017, fourteen people, including two Russian nationals and two Montenegrin opposition leaders, Andrija Mandić and Milan Knežević , were indicted for their alleged roles in the coup attempt on charges such as "preparing a conspiracy against the constitutional order and the security of Montenegro" and an "attempted terrorist act." Montenegro formally became

2695-568: The Ottoman Empire that permitted Montenegrin clans freedom from certain restrictions. Nevertheless, the Montenegrins were disgruntled with Ottoman rule, and in the 17th century, repeatedly rebelled, which culminated in the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century. Montenegrin territories were controlled by warlike clans. Most clans had a chieftain ( knez ), who

2772-418: The Ottoman Empire. Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in about 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II in 1909. The political skills of Abdul Hamid II and Nicholas I played a major role in the mutually amicable relations. Modernization of the state followed, culminating with the draft of a Constitution in 1905. However, political rifts emerged between

2849-707: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE), and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation." Furthermore,

2926-565: The Partisans in May and June 1943, Germans disarmed many Chetniks without fighting, as they feared they would turn against them in case of an Allied invasion of the Balkans. After the capitulation of Italy in September 1943, Partisans managed to take hold of most of Montenegro for a brief time, but Montenegro was soon occupied by German forces , and fierce fighting continued during late 1943 and 1944. Montenegro

3003-402: The army. He also named diplomatic representatives of the state. The Cabinet of Ministers was named and replaced by the prince, and the government was overseen by the parliament. The constitution guaranteed citizens' freedoms: equality under the law, personal freedoms and freedom of conscience. Montenegro's flag was a red-light blue-white tricolor and a variation of the princedom's coat of arms,

3080-535: The arrival of the Slav peoples in the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the area now known as Montenegro was inhabited principally by people known as Illyrians . During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia , the west; and Rascia proper, the north. The Principality of Zeta emerged in

3157-415: The breakup of Yugoslavia by Milo Đukanović (four-time prime minister and also twice president), accused of having established an authoritarianism and clientelist regime, while maintaining close relations with organized crime . The massive privatizations of the Đukanović era lead to the enrichment of him and oligarchs close to him. His brother Aleksandar, owner of Montenegro's first private bank, oversaw

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3234-426: The city of Budva , in that time known as "Budua". The Venetian territory was centred on the Bay of Kotor , and the Republic introduced governors who meddled in Montenegrin politics. Venice controlled territories in present-day Montenegro until its fall in 1797. Large portions fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire from 1496 to 1878. In the 16th century, Montenegro developed a unique form of autonomy within

3311-425: The country, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the Ottomans in 1496, and got annexed to the sanjak of Shkodër . For a short time, Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous sanjak in 1514–1528 ( Sanjak of Montenegro ). Also, Old Herzegovina region was part of Sanjak of Herzegovina . From 1392, numerous parts of the territory were controlled by Republic of Venice , including

3388-450: The current Montenegrin anthem . The Constitution states that a citizen of Montenegro is not allowed to be made a refugee, nor extradited to another country unless in compliance with a extradition treaty . The Constitution guarantees that religion is separate from the state . The President is constitutionally limited to two five-year terms of office . A candidate must be a citizen of Montenegro and have lived there for at least ten of

3465-434: The electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member-states of the European Union, and the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council all recognised Montenegro's independence. The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an OSCE / ODIHR team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from CDT (OSCE PA),

3542-491: The fighters laid down their arms and returned home. Nevertheless, intense guerrilla fighting lasted until December. Fighters who remained under arms fractured into two groups. Most of them went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans, consisting of communists and those inclined towards active resistance; these included Arso Jovanović , Sava Kovačević , Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo , Milovan Đilas , Peko Dapčević , Vlado Dapčević , Veljko Vlahović , and Blažo Jovanović . Those loyal to

3619-449: The leader of the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), won Montenegro's presidential election . The veteran politician had served as Prime Minister six times and as president once before. He had dominated Montenegrin politics since 1991. Croatian Civic Initiative The Croatian Civic Initiative ( Croatian / Montenegrin : Hrvatska građanska inicijativa , HGI , Montenegrin Cyrillic : Хрватска грађанска иницијатива, ХГИ )

3696-426: The map of the Balkan region. The Ottoman Empire recognised the independence of Montenegro in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The first Montenegrin constitution (also known as the Danilo Code) was proclaimed in 1855. Under Nicholas I (ruled 1860–1918), the principality was enlarged several times in the Montenegro-Turkish Wars and was recognised as independent in 1878. Nicholas I established diplomatic relations with

3773-438: The new Constitution as much as the ruling coalition had respected the former Constitution of Montenegro (i.e. the Constitution of the federal Serbia and Montenegro ). Goran Danilović of the Serbian People's Party said he believed that political crises and battles would begin in the country after adoption of the Constitution because it was not designed to achieve political reconciliation. Danilović also announced that he believes

3850-402: The new Constitution to be discriminatory to Serbs in Montenegro. According to Dragan Šoć of the People's Party , the Constitution of Montenegro as adopted is divisive. The Albanian minority parties consider the new Constitution to be against the interests of the Albanian people. Mehmet Bardhi, leader of the Democratic League in Montenegro , announced that the Montenegrin government has missed

3927-407: The next few decades, it expanded its territory to neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia, and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the beginning of the 12th century. After King Bodin's death (in 1101 or 1108), civil wars ensued. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–1081), and his grandson Constantine Bodin (1081–1101). As the nobility fought for

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4004-415: The northern part of the country, compared to 3.9 per cent in the coastal region, while a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line (2018). The Law on the Status of the Descendants of the Petrović Njegoš Dynasty was passed by the Parliament of Montenegro on 12 July 2011. It rehabilitated the Royal House of Montenegro and recognised limited symbolic roles within the constitutional framework of

4081-409: The occupation, King Nicholas fled the country and established a government-in-exile in Bordeaux . In 1922, Montenegro formally became the Oblast of Cetinje in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , with the addition of the coastal areas around Budva and Bay of Kotor . In a further restructuring in 1929, it became a part of a larger Zeta Banate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that reached

4158-430: The opportunity, through its lack of readiness, to use the new Constitution to fix Montenegrin-Albanian relations in Montenegro. The Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro was approved by Montenegro 's Parliament on October 12, 1992. This established Montenegro as a democratic ecological and social constituent republic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , with Serbian as its official language. Podgorica

4235-399: The party prior the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election . In July 2020 she became one of the founders of the new Croatian minority interests Croatian Reform Party , established when the centrist faction of the HGI defected from the party, and formed new political subject. At the first party congress, Vučinović was elected president of the new party. A newly formed party ran independently at

4312-442: The people of Montenegro. Nebojša Medojević, leader of the Movement for Changes , said that no one is completely satisfied with the new Constitution. Medojević said that this will be the Constitution of all citizens of Montenegro, and its approval will help the country gain admittance to the European Union. Milo Đukanović said to the press that the Constitution will "open the European doors to Montenegro's future". Kemal Purišić of

4389-440: The prior fifteen years. On 19 October 2007, the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro held a session filled with heated debate in order to attain the two-thirds supermajority of votes required to ratify the draft Constitution. 55 of the 76 members present voted in favour, the two-thirds supermajority was therefore achieved, and the Constitution duly ratified. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (which includes

4466-400: The privatizations, while his sister, Ana Kolarevic, has long controlled the judiciary. The clientelist networks of the ruling party dominated all segments of social life. A party card was required to start a business or obtain a position in the administration. This policy also contributed to the reinforcement of regional disparities and social inequalities. Unemployment climbs to 36.6 per cent in

4543-415: The proposal of the Montenegrin Constitution on 18 October 2007, a day before its adoption, declaring it to be discriminatory toward the Serbian people and stating that it will not bring reconciliation to Montenegro. He also said that the Serbian List, and Serbian people, would not respect the new Constitution. He said they would debate the Serbian issue in Montenegro. He said that the Serbian List would respect

4620-430: The realm and limit the monarch's rule. Prince Nicholas I wanted to forestall a revolution like the one in Russia by placating constitutionalists. At that time, Montenegro along with Andorra , Monaco , the Russian Empire , the United Kingdom , and the Ottoman Empire ( suspended ) were the only states in Europe without a written constitution. It was heavily influenced by the Serbian constitution and came into effect

4697-399: The reigning People's Party , who supported the process of democratisation and union with Serbia, and those of the True People's Party , who were monarchist. In 1910, Montenegro became a kingdom , and as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, a common border with Serbia was established, with Shkodër being awarded to Albania , though the current capital city of Montenegro, Podgorica,

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4774-474: The report stated that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights." On 3 June 2006, the Montenegrin Parliament declared the independence of Montenegro, formally confirming the result of the referendum. On 28 June 2006, Montenegro joined the United Nations as its 192nd member state. Montenegro has been dominated since

4851-422: The republic's title. Since 22 October 2007, a year after its independence, the name of the country became simply known as Montenegro . The country is known as Mali i Zi (lit. black mountain) in Albanian , while it is known as Crna Gora in Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian , and Croatian . Modern-day Montenegro was part of Illyria and populated by the Indo-European-speaking Illyrians . The Illyrian kingdom

4928-423: The republic. In 2015, the investigative journalists' network OCCRP named Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister Milo Đukanović "Person of the Year in Organized Crime". The extent of Đukanović's corruption led to street demonstrations and calls for his removal. In October 2016, for the day of the parliamentary election , a coup d'état was prepared by a group of persons that included leaders of

5005-400: The throne, the kingdom was weakened, and by 1186, the territory of modern-day Montenegro became part of the state ruled by Stefan Nemanja and was a part of various state formations ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for the next two centuries. After the Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, the most powerful Zetan family, the Balšićs , became sovereigns of Zeta. By

5082-404: The union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by a referendum on Montenegrin independence on 21 May 2006. A total of 419,240 votes were cast, representing 86.5% of the electorate; 230,661 votes (55.5%) were for independence and 185,002 votes (44.5%) were against. This narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to

5159-492: The uprising took hold, and by 20 July, 32,000 men and women had joined the fight. Except for the coast and major towns (Podgorica, Cetinje, Pljevlja, and Nikšić), which were besieged, Montenegro was mostly liberated. In a month of fighting, the Italian army suffered 5,000 dead, wounded, and captured. The uprising lasted until mid-August, when it was suppressed by a counter-offensive of 67,000 Italian troops brought in from Albania. Faced with new and overwhelming Italian forces, many of

5236-416: The war. Chetniks with Italian backing controlled most of the country from mid-1942 to April 1943. Montenegrin Chetniks received the status of "anti-communist militia" and received weapons, ammunition, food rations, and money from Italy. Most of them were moved to Mostar , where they fought in the Battle of Neretva against the Partisans, but were dealt a heavy defeat. During German operation Schwartz against

5313-412: Was "Vladika of Montenegro"). People from Montenegro in this historical period were described as Orthodox Serbs. In 1858, one of the major Montenegrin victories over the Ottomans occurred at the Battle of Grahovac . Grand Duke Mirko Petrović , elder brother of Knjaz Danilo , led an army of 7,500 and defeated the numerically superior Ottomans with 15,000 troops at Grahovac on 1 May 1858. This forced

5390-426: Was approved in 1974. The "Socialist Republic of Montenegro" was defined as a constitutive republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The capital was Titograd (since 1992, reverted to Podgorica ). Montenegro was defined a free, non-national civic state, with Serbo-Croatian as its official language. The Constitution of the Principality of Montenegro was introduced in 1905 in an effort to secularize

5467-404: Was conquered by the Roman Republic in the Illyro-Roman Wars and the region was incorporated into the province of Illyricum (later Dalmatia and Praevalitana ). Three principalities were located on the territory: Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia , the west, and Raška , the north. Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Roman Empire in 1042. Over

5544-451: Was convicted for his part in the bombing of Dubrovnik. Bosnian refugees were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča , where they were subjected to systematic torture and executed. In 1996, Milo Đukanović 's government severed ties between Montenegro and its partner Serbia, which was led by Slobodan Milošević . Montenegro formed its own economic policy and adopted

5621-531: Was established until the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ratified a new constitution in 1974. After the formal dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller Federal Republic of Yugoslavia along with Serbia. In the referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia in 1992 , 96% of the votes cast were in favour of the federation with Serbia. The referendum was boycotted by opposition parties such as

5698-522: Was liberated by the Partisans in December 1944. Montenegro became one of the six constituent republics of the communist Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Its capital became Podgorica, renamed Titograd in honour of President Josip Broz Tito . After the war, the infrastructure of Yugoslavia was rebuilt, industrialization began, and the University of Montenegro was established. Greater autonomy

5775-635: Was not permitted to assume the title unless he proved to be as worthy a leader as his predecessor. An assembly of Montenegrin clans ( Zbor ) was held every year on 12 July in Cetinje, and any adult clansman could take part. In 1515, Montenegro became a theocracy led by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral , which flourished after the Petrović-Njegoš of Cetinje became the prince-bishop (whose title

5852-567: Was on the old border of Albania and Yugoslavia. Montenegro became one of the Allied Powers during World War I (1914–1918). In the Battle of Mojkovac fought in January 1916 between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegrins achieved a decisive victory even though they were outnumbered five to one. The Austro-Hungarians accepted military surrender on 25 January 1916. From 1916 to October 1918 Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro. During

5929-562: Was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора / Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora ). As the breakup of Yugoslavia occurred, the SRCG was renamed to the Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Република Црна Гора / Republika Crna Gora ) on 27 April 1992 within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by removing the adjective "socialist" from

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