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36-682: Monte Velino is a mountain (2,487 m) in the province of L'Aquila , Abruzzo , central Italy , part of the Abruzzo Apennines . Located nearby the boundary with Lazio , between the Fucino plain and the Aterno , Salto and Velino rivers' valleys, it is the highest peak in the Sirente-Velino Regional Park , and the highest point in the Tiber basin  [ Wikidata ] . The massif

72-473: A dependence on space and a dependence on time. And more recently, through the application of a fractional solution of the reactive differential equation, a double power law model shows the number density decay in several possible ways, among which is a particular case the Utsu-Omori Law. The other main law describing aftershocks is known as Båth's Law and this states that the difference in magnitude between

108-479: A large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock. Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks and the sequences can last for years or even longer especially when a large event occurs in a seismically quiet area; see, for example, the New Madrid seismic zone , where events still follow Omori's law from the main shocks of 1811–1812. An aftershock sequence is deemed to have ended when

144-506: A low number of aftershocks and high foreshock rates compared to continental strike-slip faults . Seismologists use tools such as the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence model (ETAS) to study cascading aftershocks and foreshocks. Following a large earthquake and aftershocks, many people have reported feeling "phantom earthquakes" when in fact no earthquake was taking place. This condition, known as "earthquake sickness"

180-640: A main shock and its largest aftershock is approximately constant, independent of the main shock magnitude, typically 1.1–1.2 on the Moment magnitude scale . Aftershock sequences also typically follow the Gutenberg–Richter law of size scaling, which refers to the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in a region in a given time period. Where: In summary, there are more small aftershocks and fewer large aftershocks. Aftershocks are dangerous because they are usually unpredictable, can be of

216-503: A valuable organ placed in the church in 1955. The original Sanctuary of the Madonna di Pietraquaria was destroyed by Charles I of Anjou after the battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268 and rebuilt a few centuries later. In 1915, it did not suffer serious damage and was home to many survivors of the quake. There are 108 comuni ( sg. : comune ) in the province [1] . The largest are: Aftershock In seismology , an aftershock

252-670: Is Rocca Calascio (used in the 1980s as the location for the movie Ladyhawke ), which is the highest castle in Italy and one of the highest in Europe. Also nearby are several ski resorts like Gran Sasso d'Italia , the highest of the Apennines where in its valley the movie The Name of the Rose was filmed in the end of the 1980s. Sulmona has various piazzas, churches and palaces of historical and touristic interest. Some of these include: The remains of

288-656: Is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock , caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousands of instrumentally detectable aftershocks, which steadily decrease in magnitude and frequency according to a consistent pattern . In some earthquakes the main rupture happens in two or more steps, resulting in multiple main shocks. These are known as doublet earthquakes , and in general can be distinguished from aftershocks in having similar magnitudes and nearly identical seismic waveforms . Most aftershocks are located over

324-467: Is included in the Sirente-Velino Regional Park . It is characterized by a rough and desertic appearance, although specialized vegetation is widespread. Fauna includes Italian wolf and wild boar and the Marsican brown bear . This Abruzzo location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Province of L%27Aquila The province of L'Aquila includes the highest mountains of

360-420: Is proportional to the inverse of time since the mainshock and this relationship can be used to estimate the probability of future aftershock occurrence. Thus whatever the probability of an aftershock are on the first day, the second day will have 1/2 the probability of the first day and the tenth day will have approximately 1/10 the probability of the first day (when p is equal to 1). These patterns describe only

396-547: Is the Fontana Luminosa ("Luminous Fountain"), a sculpture of two women bearing large jars, built in the 1930s. The local cemetery includes the grave of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs , a 19th‑century German gay rights pioneer who lived in L'Aquila; every year, gay people from all over the world meet at the cemetery to honour his memory. The surrounding area boasts Roman ruins (the important Roman city of Amiternum ), ancient monasteries, and numerous castles. The best-known of these

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432-512: The 1812 New Madrid earthquake . Some scientists have tried to use foreshocks to help predict upcoming earthquakes , having one of their few successes with the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China. On the East Pacific Rise however, transform faults show quite predictable foreshock behaviour before the main seismic event. Reviews of data of past events and their foreshocks showed that they have

468-428: The 2008 Sichuan earthquake , the aftershock distribution in each case showed that the epicenter (where the rupture initiated) lay to one end of the final area of slip, implying strongly asymmetric rupture propagation. Aftershocks rates and magnitudes follow several well-established empirical laws. The frequency of aftershocks decreases roughly with the reciprocal of time after the main shock. This empirical relation

504-492: The Richter Scale . While the town of Calascio, which lies below the fortress, was rebuilt, the fortress was not. Avezzano , having been completely destroyed by the earthquake of 1915 , has no monuments of particular interest as do other locations in the region of Abruzzo. However, you can see some important remains of its ancient history. The remains of the ancient Roman site of Alba Fucens are located 7 kilometers north of

540-537: The 20th century, there were serious population declines in the rural areas, with the near collapse of the province's pastoral agricultural economy, as people moved to cities for work. Since the founding of the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga and Majella national parks, and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, tourists have been attracted to the mountainous landscapes. Tourism and associated services have boosted

576-671: The Apennines ( Gran Sasso , Maiella and Velino-Sirente ), their highest peak, Corno Grande , the high plain of Campo Imperatore , and Europe's southernmost glacier, the Calderone . The province's major rivers are the Aterno-Pescara, Sangro, Liri, Salto, and the Turano; its major lakes are Lago Scanno and Lago Barrea. It once included the third largest lake on the Italian peninsula, Lago Fucino , which

612-421: The ancient city are of little interest as ruins, but indicate the existence of a considerable town; among them are the vestiges of an amphitheatre , a theatre, and thermae, all of them located outside the gates of the modern city. About 3 km from the city, at the foot of Monte Morrone , are some ruins of reticulated masonry, traditionally believed to be Ovid's villa. Today, they are more properly identified as

648-484: The castle is the highest fortress in the Apennines . Built of stone and masonry exclusively for military purposes and intended only to accommodate troops and never as residence for nobles, the fortress overlooks the Plain of Navelli at one of the highest points in the ancient Barony of Carapelle. Construction of the fortress started in the tenth century as a single watchtower. A walled courtyard with four cylindrical towers at

684-439: The city. The Castello Orsini-Colonna was built in 1490 by Gentile Virginio Orsini , who had it built around a pre-existing medieval tower of the twelfth century; it is square, with round towers at the angles. The castle project was probably led by the engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini . In the sixteenth century the castle was expanded by the order of Marcantonio Colonna , becoming an elegant residence. Severely damaged by

720-450: The corners around a taller inner tower was added in the thirteenth century. The lower half of the fortress is built with distinctively larger stones than its upper half. It is believed that this feature was to make its base impenetrable to invaders. The fortress was never tested in battle. However, it was badly damaged in November 1461 by an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7 to 8 on

756-408: The deaths of 308 people, injured about 1,500, and left over 66,000 unhoused. At 01:32 GMT (03:32 CEST) on 6 April, an earthquake of 6.3 magnitude struck central Italy with its epicentre near L'Aquila, at 42°25′22″N 13°23′40″E  /  42.4228°N 13.3945°E  / 42.4228; 13.3945  ( Earthquake 6 April 2009 ) . Tourists in L'Aquila come mostly from Italy. In

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792-411: The earthquake of 1915, it was partially restored after 1990. The Tunnels of Claudius are located south of the city. They were built by the emperor Claudius between 41 and 52 AD by which the emperor made the first attempts at draining the huge Lake Fucino . To create the tunnels and the main gallery, 25,000 slaves were needed. They dug 32 wells and six tunnels. The lake was largely drained, but with

828-437: The earthquake of 2009 and subsequent aftershocks the transept and possibly more of the cathedral has collapsed. The Basilica of San Bernardino (1472) has a fine Renaissance façade by Nicolò Filotesio (commonly called Cola dell'Amatrice), and contains the monumental tomb of the saint, decorated with beautiful sculptures, and executed by Silvestro Ariscola in 1480. The church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio , just outside

864-447: The economy of rural L'Aquila and begun to reverse its population decline. Earthquakes mark the history of the province, especially its capital city L'Aquila. The city suffered earthquakes in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, followed by the 1703 Apennine earthquakes and most recently on 6 April 2009. This caused extensive damage to the city and areas of the province just outside L'Aquila, particularly along SS 17. It also resulted in

900-461: The fall of the Roman Empire the tunnels were obstructed and the lake returned to its previous levels. Many centuries later, Alessandro Torlonia completed the work by finally draining Lake Fucino, building on the original project of the emperor Claudius and turning the land under the great lake into a fertile plain. In 1977, the tunnels were opened as an archaeological park. The Avezzano Cathedral

936-419: The full area of fault rupture and either occur along the fault plane itself or along other faults within the volume affected by the strain associated with the main shock. Typically, aftershocks are found up to a distance equal to the rupture length away from the fault plane. The pattern of aftershocks helps confirm the size of area that slipped during the main shock. In both the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and

972-515: The highest part of the town is the massive Spanish Fort ( Forte Spagnolo ) , erected by the Spanish viceroy Don Pedro de Toledo in 1534. It is currently home to the National Museum of Abruzzo. L'Aquila Cathedral , dedicated to Saint Maximus of Aveia (San Massimo), was built in the 13th century, but crumbled down during the 1703 earthquake. The most recent façade is from the 19th century, but after

1008-456: The municipality has a museum, with a collection of Roman inscriptions and some illuminated service books. The Palazzi Dragonetti and Persichetti contain private collections of pictures. Outside the town is the Fontana delle novantanove cannelle , a fountain with ninety-nine jets distributed along three walls, constructed in 1272. The source of the fountain is still unknown. A well-known city landmark

1044-669: The rate of seismicity drops back to a background level; i.e., no further decay in the number of events with time can be detected. Land movement around the New Madrid is reported to be no more than 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) a year, in contrast to the San Andreas Fault which averages up to 37 mm (1.5 in) a year across California. Aftershocks on the San Andreas are now believed to top out at 10 years while earthquakes in New Madrid were considered aftershocks nearly 200 years after

1080-465: The sanctuary of Hercules Curinus . Nearby is the Badia Morronese , a large (c. 119 × 140 m) religious complex located near Pope Celestine V 's hermitage. It was founded by Celestine as a chapel in 1241, and was enlarged and later made into a convent. The Rocca Calascio is a mountaintop fortress or rocca in the municipality of Calascio . At an elevation of 1,512 metres (4,961 ft),

1116-410: The solution of a differential equation describing the evolution of the aftershock activity, where the interpretation of the evolution equation is based on the idea of deactivation of the faults in the vicinity of the main shock of the earthquake. Also, previously Utsu-Omori law was obtained from a nucleation process. Results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of aftershocks is separable into

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1152-404: The statistical behavior of aftershocks; the actual times, numbers and locations of the aftershocks are stochastic , while tending to follow these patterns. As this is an empirical law, values of the parameters are obtained by fitting to data after a mainshock has occurred, and they imply no specific physical mechanism in any given case. The Utsu-Omori law has also been obtained theoretically, as

1188-409: The town, has a very fine Romanesque façade of simple design (1270–1280) in red and white marble, with three finely decorated portals and a rose-window above each. The two side doors are also fine. The interior contains the mausoleum of Pope Celestine V erected in 1517. Many smaller churches in the town have similar façades (S. Giusta, S. Silvestro and others). The town also contains some fine palaces:

1224-462: Was built in 1000 and documented in the thirteenth century. After its destruction as a result of the earthquake of 1915, it was rebuilt after 1940 in the new central square of Avezzano. The facade is neo-Renaissance travertine. The three portals are topped with mosaics depicting Christ and the two protectors of Avezzano, the Virgin Mary and St. Bartholomew. The church inside presents three large naves and

1260-494: Was drained in one of the 19th century's largest engineering projects. The lake basin is today a flourishing agricultural area and an important technological district. The province is known for its many castles, fortresses and pristine medieval hill towns. The province's two major cities, L'Aquila and Avezzano , have had rapid economic expansion since the late 20th century, with the growth of transportation manufacturing, telecommunications, and computer industries. Throughout most of

1296-475: Was first described by Fusakichi Omori in 1894 and is known as Omori's law. It is expressed as where k and c are constants, which vary between earthquake sequences. A modified version of Omori's law, now commonly used, was proposed by Utsu in 1961. where p is a third constant which modifies the decay rate and typically falls in the range 0.7–1.5. According to these equations, the rate of aftershocks decreases quickly with time. The rate of aftershocks

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