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40-561: The team was created as a retcon to explain some events in the history of the Marvel Universe that were no longer plausible due to previous retcons. Their adventures are set during the late 1940s and 50's, a time when (in real life) Marvel/ Atlas was mostly printing stories about strange monsters and alien invaders. The Monster Hunters first appeared in Marvel Universe #4 (September 1998) and consisted of Ulysses Bloodstone , Makkari

80-550: A story by a narrator. The narrator may speak as a particular character, or may be the invisible narrator , or even the all-knowing narrator who speaks from "outside" in the form of commenting on the action or the characters. For narratologists all parts of narratives—characters, narrators, existents, actors—are characterized in terms of diegesis. In literature, discussions of diegesis tend to concern discourse/sjužet (in Russian Formalism ) (vs. story/ fabula ). In diegesis,

120-478: A collection of science fiction short stories originally published in Super Science Stories and Astounding Science Fiction from 1940 to 1950. Compiled into a single publication by Gnome Press in 1950, the collection features a framing sequence in which the stories are told to a reporter by Dr. Susan Calvin , chief robopsychologist at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men , Inc. Changes necessary to fit

160-521: A fictional work is in All-Star Squadron #18 (February 1983) from DC Comics . The series was set on DC's Earth-Two , an alternate universe in which Golden Age comic characters age in real time. All-Star Squadron was set during World War II on Earth-Two; as it was in the past of an alternate universe, all its events had repercussions on the contemporary continuity of the DC multiverse. Each issue changed

200-420: A film. Most soundtrack music in films is non diegetic; heard by the audience, but not by the characters. Some films reverse this convention; for example, Baby Driver employs diegetic music, played by the characters on music devices, to which many of the film's action scenes are set. These terms can also apply to other elements. For example, an insert shot that depicts something that is neither taking place in

240-410: A participating narrator offers an on-site, often interior, view of the scene to the reader, viewer, or listener by subjectively describing the actions and, in some cases, thoughts, of one or more characters . Diegetic events are those experienced by both the characters within a piece and the audience, while non-diegetic elements of a story make up the " fourth wall " separating the characters from

280-785: A popular character they had previously killed off. More subtle and nondiegetic methods would be ignoring or expunging minor plot points to remove narrative elements the author doesn't have interest in writing. Retcons are common in pulp fiction , and especially in comic books by long-established publishers such as DC and Marvel . The long history of popular titles and the number of writers who contribute stories can often create situations that demand clarification or revision. Retcons also appear in manga , soap operas , serial dramas , movie sequels, cartoons , professional wrestling angles , video games , radio series, and other forms of serial fiction . They are used in role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons . An early published use of

320-572: A series' continuity. Later stories may contradict the previous ones or explicitly establish that they never happened. A notable example of subtractive retconning is the X-Men film series . After X-Men: The Last Stand faced criticism for abruptly killing off characters such as Cyclops and Jean Grey , its sequel, X-Men: Days of Future Past , features the character Wolverine traveling back in time to 1973 to prevent an assassination that, if carried out, would lead to mutant extinction. The result of this

360-513: A warehouse it led the team into a direct conflict with heroes from the First Line . After the misunderstanding, the two teams battle a Skrull -created monster. After this, not much is known about the further adventures of the Monster Hunters, who started drifting apart over time and eventually disbanded. Since then Bloodstone and Druid have died, while Zawadi disappeared. Until recently, Makkari

400-631: Is a new timeline where Jean and Cyclops never died. Retroactive continuity is similar to, but not the same as, plot inconsistencies introduced accidentally or through lack of concern for continuity; retconning, by comparison, is done deliberately. For example, the ongoing continuity contradictions on episodic TV series such as The Simpsons (in which the timeline of the family's history must be continually shifted forward to explain why they are not getting any older) reflects intentionally lost continuity, not genuine retcons. However, in series with generally tight continuity, retcons are sometimes created after

440-442: Is not part of the story being told. The diegetic level or intradiegetic level is understood as the level of the characters, their thoughts and actions. The metadiegetic level or hypodiegetic level is that part of a diegesis that is embedded in another one and is often understood as a story within a story , as when diegetic narrators themselves tell a story. In dramatic texts, the poet never speaks directly; in narrative texts,

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480-448: Is referred to as "diegetic"; elements that belong to the film's narrative world are diegetic elements. This is why, in the cinema, we may refer to the film's diegetic world . "Diegetic", in the cinema, typically refers to the internal world created by the story that the characters themselves experience and encounter: the narrative "space" that includes all the parts of the story, both those that are and those that are not actually shown on

520-432: Is so common in superhero comics that the term " comic book death " has been coined for it. An early example of this type of retcon is the return of Sherlock Holmes , whom writer Arthur Conan Doyle apparently killed off in " The Final Problem " in 1893, only to bring him back, in large part because of readers' responses, with " The Empty House " in 1903. The character Zorro was retconned early in his existence. In

560-502: Is suddenly announced that "Oceania was not after all in war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia and Eurasia was an ally" (Part Two, Ch. 9), there is an immediate intensive effort to change "all reports and records, newspapers, books, pamphlets, films, sound-tracks and photographs" and make them all record a war with Eastasia rather than one with Eurasia. "Often it was enough to merely substitute one name for another, but any detailed report of events demanded care and imagination. Even

600-578: The Eternal (who organized the group using the alias Hurricane ), the psychic and mystic known as Doctor Druid , and Zawadi, a skilled huntress and warrior from Wakanda . They were later joined by Namora , cousin of the Sub-Mariner , in Marvel: The Lost Generation #2 (January 2001). When countless monsters began appearing around the world, suspicion turned to curiosity. Makkari , under

640-467: The Statue of Liberty with Dr. Druid calming the creature with telepathy. It is revealed during this time that Adam Clayton is the "real" name of Jake Curtiss, and that a "mystery man" was controlling Gorgilla. This was done to have Gorgilla divert a police escort of an African Premier to a bridge where a bomb was underneath, thus assassinating him. The Monster Hunters agree that Gorgilla should be taken back to

680-404: The epos (or epic poetry ) and drama . The "epos" relates stories by telling them through narration, while drama enacts stories through direct embodiment ( showing ). In terms of classical poetics , the cinema is an epic form that utilizes dramatic elements; this is determined by the technologies of the camera and editing . Even in a spatially and temporally continuous scene (mimicking

720-413: The audience. Diegesis in music describes a character's ability to hear the music presented for the audience, in the context of musical theatre or film scoring . Diegesis (Greek διήγησις "narration") and mimesis (Greek μίμησις "imitation") have been contrasted since Aristotle . For Aristotle, mimesis shows rather than tells , by means of action that is enacted. Diegesis is the telling of

760-401: The author may include elements that are not intended for the primary narrative, such as stories within stories. Characters and events may be referred to elsewhere or in historical contexts and are therefore outside the main story; thus, they are presented in an extradiegetic situation. The classical distinction between the diegetic mode and the mimetic mode relates to the difference between

800-465: The best name for it a few months back: 'Retroactive Continuity'. Has kind of a ring to it, don't you think?" Retcons sometimes add information that seemingly contradicts previous information. This frequently takes the form of a character who was shown to have died but is later revealed to have somehow survived. This is a common practice in horror films , which may end with the death of a monster that goes on to appear in one or more sequels. The technique

840-455: The end of Season 8, to be still alive when actor Patrick Duffy wanted to return to the series. This season is sometimes referred to as the "Dream Season" and was referred to humorously in later TV series such as Family Guy as a "gas-leak year". Other series such as St. Elsewhere , Newhart , and Roseanne would notably employ the same technique. Unpopular stories are sometimes later ignored by publishers, and effectively erased from

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880-499: The fact to explain continuity errors. Such was the case in The Flintstones , where Wilma Flintstone was mistakenly given two separate maiden names over the course of the series: "Pebble" and "Slaghoople". Though the term "retcon" did not yet exist when George Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four , the totalitarian regime depicted in that book is involved in a constant, large-scale retconning of past records. For example, when it

920-488: The game world itself can be considered as "extra-diegetic"; a game character does not know about them even though for the player they may present crucial information. A noted example of a diegetic interface in video games is that of the Dead Space series, in which the player-character is equipped with an advanced survival suit that projects holographic images to the character within the game's rendering engine that also serve as

960-439: The geographical knowledge needed in transferring the war from one part of the world to another was considerable." See historical revisionism (negationism) . Diegetic Diegesis ( / ˌ d aɪ ə ˈ dʒ iː s ɪ s / ; from Ancient Greek διήγησις ( diḗgēsis )  'narration, narrative', from διηγεῖσθαι ( diēgeîsthai )  'to narrate') is a style of fiction storytelling in which

1000-540: The history of the fictional world in which it was set. In the letters column , a reader remarked that the comic "must make you [the creators] feel at times as if you're painting yourself into a corner", and, "Your matching of Golden Age comics history with new plotlines has been an artistic (and I hope financial!) success." Writer Roy Thomas responded, "we like to think that an enthusiastic ALL-STAR booster at one of Adam Malin 's Creation Conventions in San Diego came up with

1040-527: The identities of Jake Curtiss and Mac Curry, encountered a monster of his own and then gathered Dr. Anthony Ludgate Druid and Ulysses Bloodstone when they too did the same. Bloodstone, while investigating where the alien Grottu had come from, was saved by Zawadi and decided to bring her along also. Their first meeting was at the Explorer's Club in New York City owned by Stanley Hathaway. This club would become

1080-403: The island heading toward Tokyo, their adventures only beginning. Harvey Elder (the future Mole Man ) is also present in the storyline. It is because of his defiant nature and constantly being in a thorn in the side of the Monster Hunters that he is left behind at "Monster Island". In 1958, the Monster Hunters are joined by Namora . When Dr. Druid picked up strange psychic emissions coming from

1120-571: The narrative itself are adjusted, ignored, supplemented, or contradicted by a subsequently published work that recontextualizes or breaks continuity with the former. There are various motivations for applying retroactive continuity, including: Retcons are used by authors to increase their creative freedom, on the assumption that the changes are unimportant to the audience compared to the new story which can be told. Retcons can be diegetic or nondiegetic. For instance, by using time travel or parallel universes , an author may diegetically reintroduce

1160-403: The narrator tells the story. Diegesis is multi-levelled in narrative fiction. Gérard Genette distinguishes between three "diegetic levels". The extradiegetic level (the level of the narrative's telling) is, according to Prince, "external to (not part of) any diegesis." One might think of this as what we commonly understand to be the narrator's level, the level at which exists a narrator who

1200-559: The new version included the name of the company (originally the Finmark Robot Corporation), new, earlier references to the Three Laws of Robotics , and new interpolated scenes featuring Dr. Calvin herself. The TV series Dallas annulled its entire Season 9 as just the dream of another character, Pam Ewing . Writers did this to offer a supposedly plausible reason for the major character of Bobby Ewing , who had died onscreen at

1240-426: The original 1919 novel, The Curse of Capistrano , Zorro ends his adventures by revealing his identity, a plot point that was carried over to the 1920 film adaptation The Mark of Zorro . In order to have further stories starring Zorro, author Johnston McCulley kept all the elements of his original story, but retroactively ignored its ending. One notable example is Isaac Asimov ’s 1950 fixup novel I, Robot ,

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1280-401: The phrase "retroactive continuity" is found in theologian E. Frank Tupper's 1973 book The Theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg : "Pannenberg's conception of retroactive continuity ultimately means that history flows fundamentally from the future into the past, that the future is not basically a product of the past." A printed use of "retroactive continuity" referring to the altering of history in

1320-439: The poet speaks as themself. In filmmaking the term is used to refer to the story as it is directly depicted onscreen, as opposed to the (typically much longer) real time events which said story purports to tell. (It is the difference between seeing an intertitle reading "a week later," and simply waiting a week.) Diegesis may concern elements, such as characters, events, and things within the main or primary narrative. However,

1360-511: The public front for the team. They identified themselves, and Druid revealed the origin of his powers. The group exchanged stories of their monster battles, and developed suspicions of one another, which they kept secret for the time being. Their meeting was cut short by a mysterious man waking a sleeping Gorgilla (a giant ape-like monster) on a boat in New York harbor. The battle with Gorgilla takes place in many areas of New York and finally ends at

1400-407: The screen, such as events that have led up to the present action; people who are being talked about; or events that are presumed to have happened elsewhere or at a different time; such as the intro to "Star Wars", with its now classic "A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..." Thus, elements of a film can be "diegetic" or "non diegetic". These terms are most commonly used in reference to sound in

1440-503: The team then go on a rescue mission to free Hurricane from the mystery villain that has caused all this. Battling monster after monster on an island in the Sea of Japan , the team finally rescues the now revealed Makkari from his nemesis, Kro of the Deviants , who had created most or all the monsters that they have encountered. After a fierce battle, the team causes Kro to retreat and they all escape

1480-418: The theatrical situation, as it were), the camera chooses for us where to look - and where not to look. In a similar way, editing causes us to jump from one place (and/or time) to another, whether it be elsewhere in the room, or across town. This jump is a form of narration; it is as if a narrator whispers to us: "meanwhile, on the other side of the forest". It is for this reason that the "story-world" in cinema

1520-575: The wild where he originated. While doing this, the team is attacked in their plane via an alien-looking craft. They are saved, though, with quick thinking from Clayton, who is now revealed to be the superhero Hurricane, sometimes called Mercury. When they arrive at Midnight Mountain in Borneo , they are again attacked by the Lizard Men, who succeed in capturing Hurricane. During the battle, Bloodstone's secrets and origin are revealed. The three remaining members of

1560-470: The world of the film, nor is seen, imagined, or thought by a character, is a non-diegetic insert . Titles, subtitles, and voice-over narration (with some exceptions) are also non-diegetic. In video games "diegesis" comprises the narrative game world, its characters, objects and actions which can be classified as "intra-diegetic", by both being part of the narration and not breaking the fourth wall . Status icons, menu bars and other UI which are not part of

1600-450: Was the only member of the original team that was still active. This changed, though, when the Agents of Atlas found a coffin at the ocean's bottom containing a very alive Namora. She has since joined that team. Retroactive continuity Retroactive continuity , or retcon for short, is a literary device in which facts in the world of a fictional work that have been established through

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