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42-596: Many of today's monograms are embroidered on items for the home like towels, bedding, robes etc. Monograms first appeared on coins, as early as 350 BC. The earliest known examples are of the names of Greek cities which issued the coins, often the first two letters of the city's name. For example, the monogram of Achaea consisted of the letters alpha (Α) and chi (Χ) joined together. Monograms have been used as signatures by artists and craft workers on paintings, sculptures and pieces of furniture, especially when guilds enforced measures against unauthorized participation in

84-480: A "UT" monogram (in the same color as the Longhorns logo, burnt orange ). The New York Yankees baseball team also uses a monogram on their ball cap insignia. The Consolidated Edison logo, with a rounded "E" nested inside a "C", has been described as a "classic emblem." Many fashion companies have a monogram for a logo, including Louis Vuitton and Fendi . The connected "CC" company logo, created by Coco Chanel ,

126-478: A linen closet or cupboard. There are many methods of folding linens for storage. For formal occasions, table linens may be ironed before use. Traditionally, table linens could be starched while ironing, to decrease wrinkling and retain a smooth, pristine appearance. Seasonal storage of linens led to the development of natural pest control methods in Europe to prevent moth larvae and other insects or rodents from eating

168-519: A number of different positions. Some personal monograms have become famous symbols in their own right and instantly recognizable to many, such as J.R.R. Tolkien 's monogram. Some companies and organizations adopt a monogram for a logo, usually with the letters of their acronym . For example, as well as having an official seal , and the Texas Longhorns logo, the University of Texas at Austin uses

210-692: A term for kitchen major appliances . Cleaning household linens is done as appropriate to the type of cloth. Household linens are most likely to have stains from organic sources such as food, blood, and soil. If the linens are made of natural fibres such as linen or cotton, the cloth will need to be rinsed as soon as possible in cold water to prevent the stain from becoming permanent. Stains from red wine, or red or purple berries and fruit are an exception and must be washed in boiling water, yet despite this, these stains may be impossible to remove. Otherwise, regular washing of household linens should be done in hot water for hygienic reasons, to destroy bacteria left on

252-544: A type of linen called Madeira cloth . The type of embellishment on the linens may make them collectable, especially embroidery , including Victorian-era redwork and bluework , which use only red or blue thread. Lace embellishments on linens also make them collectable, such as Battenberg lace . January " White sales " have been a custom in the United States since the late 19th century. White sales are held by department stores to sell household linens, bedding and towels, at

294-626: A year. Cotton gradually replaced linen for most uses in clothing, but remained preferred for bedsheets and tablecloths. Other European countries manufactured and traded their own types of household linens as well, and mass manufacturing techniques and trade competition gradually made affordable household linens common. Today, the term "linen" is still used for bedsheets, tablecloths and similar household textiles, even though most are made of cotton, synthetic fabrics, or blends. Especially in American English , they may be called "white goods", otherwise

336-504: Is another popular fibre for making cloth used for household linens. Its use in cloth-making also dates back to prehistoric times, in Indian subcontinent , China , Peru and Egypt . The Indian subcontinent was especially well known for high quality cotton cloth as early as 1500 BCE. Linen was an especially popular cloth during the Middle Ages in Europe, when cotton was an exotic import. It

378-471: Is not technically a monogram, since the letters are not combined. Royal monograms often appear on coins, frequently surmounted by a crown. Countries that have employed this device in the past include Bulgaria , Great Britain , Russia , Sweden and many German states . Today, several Danish coins carry the monogram of Margrethe II , while the current Norwegian 1 Krone coin has the "H5" monogram of Harald V on

420-593: Is one of the most recognizable monograms internationally. The victor is a monogram of the Latin victor or Spanish vítor painted on Spanish and Hispanic universities to celebrate a student receiving a doctorate . Athletes have also been known to brand merchandise with their monogram logo; notably Tiger Woods and Roger Federer . A notable example of a royal monogram is the H7 monogram of King Haakon VII of Norway . While in exile during World War II, Haakon VII spearheaded

462-524: Is the northernmost region of the Peloponnese , occupying the coastal strip north of Arcadia . Its approximate boundaries are: to the south, Mount Erymanthus ; to the south-east, Mount Cyllene ; to the east, Sicyon ; and to the west, the Larissos river . Apart from the plain around Dyme in the west, Achaea is generally a mountainous region. The name of Achaea has a slightly convoluted history. Homer uses

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504-419: Is washed in large tubs, rinsed, cleaned by beating on a stone made for the purpose, and then the linens are hung on lines to dry. Industrial linens are treated in steamers for several hours for hygienic reasons. Dhobis also iron linens. The collecting and restoring of antique linens can be complex, depending upon the condition of the cloth. Many old household linens were stored filled with starch, which damages

546-583: The Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Subsequently, Achaea was part of the Macedonian dominated Corinthian League . Achaea was conquered by the Romans in the year 146 BC. Emperor Augustus established Achaea as a senatorial province; generally speaking, the region benefited from the enlightened attitude of Roman emperors such as Augustus. This was because Achaea was geographically closer to Rome than other provinces, and so it

588-632: The British West Indies to Ireland , where it would be spun into yarn. The yarn would be imported into England, where mechanized factories employed thousands of workers, who would weave cloth on industrial looms. In 1781, a cloth producer from Manchester testified about his business to a committee of the House of Commons in the British Parliament . He stated that he employed 6000 workers, who would print and stamp 60,000 yards of cotton and linen fabric

630-521: The Merovingian period until the 14th century in the Frankish Empire and its successors, of signing a document or charter with a special type of monogram or royal cypher. Monograms of the names of monarchs are used as part of the insignia of public organizations in kingdoms, such as on police badges. This indicates a connection to the ruler. However, the royal cypher , so familiar on pillar boxes ,

672-586: The New Testament (e.g., Acts 18:12 and 19:21; Romans 15:26 and 16:5). However, Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, devotes one of the books of Description of Greece to the ancient region of Achaea, showing that the name, locally at least, still preserved the use from the Classical period. The name, Achaea, was later used in the crusader state, the Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), which comprised

714-536: The altar cloths used in church. The earliest known household linens were made from thin yarn spun from flax fibres to make linen cloth. Ancient Egypt , Babylon , and Phoenicia all cultivated flax crops. The earliest surviving fragments of linen cloth have been found in Egyptian tombs and date to 4000 BCE. Flax fibres have been found in cloth fragments in Europe that date to the Neolithic prehistoric age. Cotton

756-478: The obverse . The only countries using the Euro to have a royal monogram as their national identifying mark are Belgium and Monaco . In Thailand, royal monograms appear on the individual flag for each major royal family member. An individual's monogram may appear in stylized form on stationery, luggage, clothing, or other personalized items. These monograms may have two or three letters. A basic 3-letter monogram has

798-729: The Achaeans forced the Aegialians (now known as the Ionians ) out of their land. The Ionians took temporary refuge in Athens, and Aegialus became known as Achaea. It was supposedly for this reason that the region known as Achaea in Classical Greece did not correspond to Homeric references. Under the Romans, Achaea was a province covering much of central and southern Greece. This is the Achaea referenced in

840-563: The Hyperesians renamed their town Aigeira (Greek: Aίγειρα) to honor the goats. During the 5th century BC the cities of Achaea were neutral in the Persian Wars and were usually neutral in the struggles between Athens and Sparta . We begin to hear more of Achaea in the following centuries. In 373 BC, the Achaean city of Helike was destroyed in a great cataclysm. "Immense columns of flame",

882-811: The Norwegian resistance to the German occupation , and H7 became a symbol used by the Norwegian populace to mark solidarity and loyalty to the King, and adherence to the Norwegian resistance movement . The act of drawing or creating a H7 symbol in German-occupied Norway was punishable by imprisonment. Similarly, in Poland during the war, the "PW" monogram was used as a resistance symbol, known as 'The Anchor' (Polish: Kotwica ), due to its characteristic shape. Its meaning varied, as

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924-506: The Peloponnese, the Achaean cities agreed to an alliance with Thebes . But soon when oligarchs retook the cities of Achaea they allied with Sparta against Epaminondas. At the Battle of Mantinea in 362 BC the Achaeans were allied to Sparta, Athens and Mantinea against Thebes. The Achaeans were part of the Greek alliance led by Thebes and Athens which was defeated by King Philip II of Macedon at

966-670: The Roman Empire, and the Greeks began their own autonomous rule. However, Roman authority over Greece was reestablished soon after with Emperor Vespasian , who placed the province once again in the hands of the Roman Senate. 38°05′12″N 21°51′35″E  /  38.0868°N 21.8598°E  / 38.0868; 21.8598 Linens Linens are fabric household goods intended for daily use, such as bedding , tablecloths , and towels . "Linens" may also refer to church linens, meaning

1008-472: The Romans, and a general sense of free determination amongst the Greeks was commonplace. After the reign of Augustus the province of Achaea was combined with Macedonia from the years 15 until 44, coinciding with the frontier troubles. This combined imperial province was overseen by a governor placed at Moesia along the Danube River . In the year 67, Emperor Nero declared Greece to be politically free from

1050-436: The cloth over time since it hardens and causes wearing and tears in the fabric where it is folded and creased. The owner of an antique linen must determine if conserving, repairing, or mending are appropriate. Types of antique linens may be identified by the place where they were made. Some well-known locations for making heirloom-quality household linens include Ireland, for its Irish linen and lace, and Madeira , known for

1092-749: The cloth. Sachets made of dried Margosa (neem), cloves , lavender , and other herbs are traditional, as are cedar wood chips. Industrial laundries were developed in the Middle Ages, when large convents and monasteries used their own facilities. Hospitals and boarding schools followed this example. Today, there are several types of industrial laundries. Hospitals often use laundry chutes to collect used linens. These are transported to an industrial laundry, where they are sorted into three categories: regularly soiled, infected, or staff uniforms. They are laundered as appropriate, usually at high temperatures, to ensure that viruses, bacteria, and soil are cleaned and that

1134-474: The first record in history of the phenomenon of earthquake lights , were seen in the days leading up to the earthquake. The quake hit at night causing Helike to subside and then a massive tsunami rushed in from the Corinthian Gulf to inundate the city. All the inhabitants perished. The city of Boura , further inland, was also destroyed in the earthquake. In 367 BC, during Epaminondas ' third invasion of

1176-524: The first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus, is usually written as a cypher, but sometimes as a monogram. Perhaps the most significant Christogram is the Chi Rho , formed from the first two letters of Χριστος. The symbol was used by the Roman emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337) as part of a military standard . Signum manus (sometimes also known as Chrismon ) refers to the medieval practice, current from

1218-543: The initial letter of the organization's name and/or the letters v,c,f or e,f,v, together with an exclamation mark if the society is still active. A Japanese rebus monogram is a monogram in a particular style, which spells a name via a rebus , as a form of Japanese wordplay or visual pun . Today they are most often seen in corporate logos or product logos. Achaea (ancient region) Achaea ( / ə ˈ k iː ə / ) or Achaia ( / ə ˈ k aɪ ə / ; Greek : Ἀχαΐα , Akhaḯa , Ancient Greek: [akʰaía] )

1260-430: The initial of the individual's last name (surname) set larger, or with some special treatment in the center, while the first name initial appears to the left of it and the middle name initial appears to the right of it. There is a difference in how this is written for men and women. For example, if the individual's name is Mary Ann Jones, and Jones is the surname, then the arrangement of letters would be thus: M J A , with

1302-464: The initial of their shared surname. For example, the monogram M J A might be used for Michael and Alice Jones. However, monogramming etiquette for the married couple varies according to the item being monogrammed. Linens , for example, typically list the woman's given initial first, followed by the couple's shared surname initial and then the man's given initial ( A J M ). Monograms can often be found on custom dress shirts where they can be located in

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1344-605: The initials were useful for many different slogans, such as 'Poland Fights', 'Warsaw Uprising', 'Polish Army', and others. Like the Norwegian example above, its use was punished by the Nazi occupation authorities. Another example is the monogram of La Liga Filipina . The monogram sees the letters L and F as well as two hexagons. In the Germanosphere , certain student societies ( Studentenverbindung ) use monograms known as Zirkel ("circle", as in "circle of friends"), consisting of

1386-464: The linens are hygienic before being returned to the hospital. In India, Dhobi ghats provide laundry service to both institutions and households. Household linens and clothing are both collected on a fixed day of the week by the Dhobi, who washes the laundry at a ghat, which is often in a large Dhobi ghat zone where many Dhobis work at their own stall. Each stall is approximately four square metres. Laundry

1428-444: The linens from frequent use. Linen and cotton that are white may also become yellow over time, but this is eliminated by bleaching, either with liquid bleach , or by the traditional method of hanging the linens in the sun to let the sunlight bleach out the discoloration. Household linens are stored near the area where they are used, when possible, for convenience. Otherwise, bed and kitchen and dining linens may be stored together in

1470-435: The surname initial set larger in the center, the M for Mary to the left and the A for Ann to the right. Traditionally, individual monograms for men are based on the order of the name. The name Kyle George Martin would be written ( KGM ). Married or engaged couples may use two-letter monograms of their entwined initials, for example on wedding invitations . Married couples may also create three-letter monograms incorporating

1512-557: The term Achaeans as a generic term for Greeks throughout the Iliad ; conversely, a distinct region of Achaea is not mentioned. The region later known as Achaea is instead referred to as Aegialus . Both Herodotus and Pausanias recount the legend that the Achaean tribe was forced out of their lands in the Argolis by the Dorians , during the legendary Dorian invasion of the Peloponnese. Consequently,

1554-600: The thirteenth century BC. The twelve cities of Achaea were grouped into an early Achaean League which had important cultural and religious functions. In its later 3rd century BC incarnation the Achaean League would play an important role in Greek politics. According to Pausanias , in 688 BC the city of Hyperesia was threatened by an army from Sicyon . The locals defended their city by placing burning torches on their goats' ( aiges in Greek) horns. The Sicyonians retreated and

1596-403: The trade. A famous example of a monogram serving as an artist's signature is the "AD" used by Albrecht Dürer . Over the centuries, monograms of the name of Jesus Christ have been used as Christian symbols . The IX monogram consists of the initial Greek letters of the name "Jesus Christ," "I" for Ιησούς, ( Jesus in Greek) and "X" for Χριστος ( Christ in Greek). The "IHS" Christogram, denoting

1638-591: The whole Peloponnese, thus more closely following Roman use. The modern Greek prefecture of Achaea is largely based on the ancient region. Dolmens and cromlechs have been found in the ancient area of Achaea dating back to the Neolithic period. Flint axes and blades fabricated from materials such as quartz or obsidian have been found in megalithic chamber tombs from this ancient region. Among other finds, alabaster pottery sherds have been discovered during excavations at Antheia in Achaia and dated to

1680-486: The women in her family as a wedding present, to help her set up her new married home. In France this was called a trousseau , and was often presented to the bride in a wooden hope chest . The Industrial Revolution brought huge changes to cloth manufacturing. The rise of European colonialism at the same time helped support the rapid growth of cloth production by creating many cheap sources of raw materials. British cloth manufacturers would import raw cotton from America and

1722-565: Was given political advantages and greater status in order for the Roman court to maintain a political equilibrium within the empire. The rule of Achaea in Roman times was placed under the Senate while a proconsul of Praetorian rank was appointed as its governor with the administrative seat in Corinth . However, Rome exercised fairly light control over Achaea: no Roman garrisons were posted there, native religious and social groups were widely tolerated by

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1764-419: Was used for underclothing, chemises , shifts, shirts and blouses, in fact most clothing worn next to the skin, by those able to afford an extra layer of clothing. The tradition of calling household fabric goods "linens" dates from this period, but meant clothing as much as large sheets. According to medieval tradition, which survived up until the modern era, a bride would often be given a gift of linens made by

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