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53-457: Initially the Manastir Vilayet had the following sanjaks: After administrative reforms in 1867 and 1877 some parts of the Manastir Vilayet were ceded to newly established Scutari Vilayet (1867) and Kosovo Vilayet (1877). Administrative divisions of Manastir Vilayet until 1912: According to Russian consul in the Manastir Vilayet, A. Rostkovski, finishing the statistical article in 1897,

106-548: A Belgian magazine, the ethnic composition in 1912 when the vilayet was dissolved during the First Balkan War was: Scutari Vilayet The Vilayet of Scutari , Shkodër or Shkodra ( Turkish : İşkodra Vilayeti or Vilayet-i İşkodra ; Albanian : Vilajeti i Shkodrës ) was a first-level administrative division ( vilayet ) of the Ottoman Empire that existed from 1867 to 1913, located in parts of what today

159-657: A brief moment of an autonomous administration where local tax was collected into Albanian coffers. Calls for an autonomous united Albania made sultan Abdul Hamid II suppress the League of Prizren movement, especially after Gheg Albanians revolted in 1881 and posed a military challenge to Ottoman authority. Large parts of Gegënia posed a security problem for the Ottoman Empire, due to the tribalism of Gheg society and limited state control. Gheg freedoms were tolerated by Abdul Hamid II and he enlisted them in his palace guard, integrated

212-500: A slightly different dialect of the language, and are often taller and thinner than Tosks, but these traditional differences (often exaggerated in vulgar anthropology) have been much diminished by population movement in the post-communist period." There was a distinction between Ghegs and Tosks before the Ottomans appeared in Albania at the end of the 14th century. The Ghegs remained out of

265-461: Is Montenegro and Albania . In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of 13,800 square kilometres (5,310 square miles). The Scutari Vilayet was established in 1867. The Sanjak of Scutari was established when Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the Siege of Shkodra in 1478–79. A big part of Principality of Zeta was added to territory of Sanjak of Scutari in 1499. In 1514 this territory

318-755: Is sometimes considered illogical because the self-ethnonym Shqiptare seems to have been developed by Ghegs. According to the Austrian-Czech linguist Julius Pokorny , it derived from ( Attic ) Greek "γίγας" (giant). From the Homeric mythology the giants of the Acroceraunian mountains and probably denoting originally warlike invading tribes descending from Epirus . Cognate to Arbëresh ë (dialectal and archaic) "glatë" (tall, long) (Standard Albanian "gjatë", Gheg "gat"); Albanian "gatë" (heron) and Latin "gigas" (giant). In Albania, Ghegs predominantly live north of

371-414: The fis (clan) was headed by the oldest male and formed the basic unit of tribal society. A political and territorial equivalent consisting of several clans was the bajrak (standard). The leader of a bajrak, whose position was hereditary, was referred to as bajraktar (standard bearer). Several bajraks composed a tribe, which was led by a man from a notable family, while major issues were decided by

424-791: The Kosovo Vilayet and Dibra passed to the Monastir Vilayet , while Durrës (Dıraç) township became Durrës Sanjak. After the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Bar , Podgorica , İşpozi and Zabyak townships were ceded to Montenegro in 1878. Also Ülgün one was ceded to Montenegro in 1881. In the late Ottoman period, unlike in other areas of the empire, Albanian Catholics in İşkodra vilayet had access to emerging Albanian language schooling subsidized by Austria-Hungary. Local Catholic clergy were also involved in developing mostly religious Albanian literature, aimed at preserving and strengthening

477-533: The Malësia region of southeastern Montenegro , in both of which they form of a majority of population, while they have a thinner distribution in central Albania and northeastern Albania and Kosovo. There are also Ghegs who practice Orthodox Christianity, mainly living in the southwest of the Gheg-speaking region, especially Durrës (where they formed 36% of the population in 1918) and Elbasan (where they formed 17% of

530-496: The Shkumbin river along its right bank and extends up to modern border between Mat and Mirdita , where Leknia begins. Leknia itself is bordered to the north by Malësia . None of these regions overlap with one another and each has its own self-identification. This is reflected in the fact that only the people of proper Gegnia call themselves Gegë , while moving northwards it is not a form of regional self-identification. For example,

583-451: The Shkumbin river and in areas of the mountainous north. This region is widely referred to by Albanians as Gegënia or Gegnia and as Gegëria. The Ottoman Turkish term, used during the times when Albania and the wider area was included in the empire, was Gegalık, meaning land of the Ghegs. During the late Ottoman period apart from the term Arnavudluk (Albania) being used for Albanian regions,

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636-570: The Tosks ). They are differentiated by minor cultural , dialectal , social and religious characteristics. The Ghegs live in Albania (north of the Shkumbin river), Kosovo , North Macedonia , Serbia and Montenegro . The Ghegs speak Gheg Albanian , one of the two main dialects of Albanian language . The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally tribal , with several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs. The Ottoman Empire annexed and ruled

689-494: The northern Albanian tribes because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. The Ottomans implemented the bayraktar system within northern Albanian tribes, and granted some privileges to the bayraktars (banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces . During the late Ottoman period Ghegs often lacked education and integration within

742-448: The northern Albanian tribes of Ghegs because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. Instead, they implemented the bayraktar system, and granted some privileges to the bayraktars (banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces . Proper Gegnia (the land of the Gegë ) is located north of

795-700: The Ghegs blossomed at the beginning of 20th century. Gjergj Fishta and the Scutarine Catholic School of Letters led by Fishta significantly contributed to this blossoming. The Ghegs are known for their epic poetry . The revival of Catholicism among Albanians gave a new and important impulse to the rise of Gheg culture. The Ghegs have been described as an immensely tall people, with an average male height ranging from 183 to 187 cm, with round, hyper- brachycephalic heads , long faces, broad chests, robust builds, convex-shaped noses, and flat skulls. According to Pettifer & Vickers in 2007, "Ghegs speak

848-560: The Ghegs. Although Albanian writers in former Yugoslavia were almost all Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons. This change of literary language has significant political and cultural consequences because the language is the main criterion for Albanian self-identification. The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally tribal . The Ghegs of Northern Albania are one of only two tribal societies which survived in Europe until

901-697: The Latin rite and Catholic missions in central Albania in the 12th century fortified the Catholic Church against Orthodoxy, while local leaders found an ally in Catholicism against Slavic Orthodox states. During the Ottoman period in the history of Albania (1385–1912), the majority of Albanians converted to Islam. Today, the majority of Ghegs are Sunni Muslims , with a large minority being Catholic. Catholic Albanians are most heavily concentrated in northwestern Albania and

954-641: The Ottoman government: the rights of Albanian ethnicity and rights for the highlander population during the Albanian revolt of 1912 . The Ghegs were dominant in the political life of Albania in the pre-communist period. During World War II Nazi Germany recruited Ghegs from the northern territory of the Albanian Kingdom into the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) . This recruitment

1007-448: The Ottoman political system. The Malisors (highlanders) lived in three geographical regions within İşkodra sanjak. Malesia e Madhe (great highlands) with its religiously mixed Catholic-Muslim five large (Hoti, Kelmendi, Shkreli, Kastrati and Gruda) and seven small tribes; Malesia e Vogel (small highlands) with seven Catholic tribes such as the Shala, Shoshi, Toplana, Nikaj; and Mirdita, which

1060-424: The Ottoman system, while they had autonomy and military capabilities. Those factors gave the area of Gegënia an importance within the empire that differed from Toskëria. Still many Ottoman officers thought that Ghegs, in particular the highlanders were often a liability instead of an asset for the state being commonly referred to as "wild" ( Turkish : vahşi ). In areas of Albania were Malësors (highlanders) lived,

1113-630: The Roman Catholic faith in the region. Due partly to the location of being near the border with Montenegro the state exempted the townspeople of İşkodra from regular military service and unlike other urban dwellers within the empire they paid fewer taxes. Ottoman control mainly existed in the few urban centres and valleys of the vilayet and was minimal and almost non-existent in the mountains, where Malisors (Albanian highlanders) lived an autonomous existence according to kanun (tribal law) of Lek Dukagjini . Disputes would be solved through tribal law within

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1166-591: The Tosk-inhabited south at the beginning of the 15th century, while the territory populated by Ghegs remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the beginning of the 20th century. As a consequence, the Ghegs evolved isolated from the Tosks. Similarly, the Islamization of the Ghegs was incomplete, with a large area of northwestern Albania remaining Catholic. The Ottomans never completely subdued

1219-544: The Vilayet: During the 1880s, the population of İşkodra vilayet ranged between 200,000 and 300,000 people, split between the two sanjaks of İşkodra (Catholic majority) and Dıraç (Muslim majority). Albanians were the main ethnicity in the vilayet consisting more than 90 percent of the population. Ottoman-Albanian intellectual Sami Frashëri during the 1880s estimated the population of Shkodër as numbering 37,000 inhabitants that consisted of three-quarters being Muslims and

1272-415: The communist takeover was accompanied by the transfer of political power from the Ghegs to the Tosks. The Ghegs were consistently persecuted by the predominantly Tosk regime, which saw them as traditionalist and less developed. After Enver Hoxha died in 1985, he was succeeded by Ramiz Alia , who was one of the few Ghegs among the leaders of the country. He took cautious steps towards changing direction on

1325-524: The contention between Tosks and Ghegs. In 1998 Berisha exploited the traditional Gheg—Tosk rivalry when he encouraged armed anti-Government protesters in Shkodër in actions that forced the resignation of prime minister Fatos Nano . During the Kosovo War , rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks faded, and a huge number of refugees from Kosovo were catered for with no internal conflict, despite unavoidable grumbles about

1378-553: The designation Gegalık was also used in documents by Ottomans. Gegëni or Gegalık encompassed the İșkodra , Kosovo , and a small area of the Monastir vilayets. In the 1880s, Albanians defined the wider region of Gegalık (Ghegland) as encompassing the Ottoman administrative units of İșkodra (Shkodër) and Duraç (Durrës) sanjaks that composed İșkodra vilayet (province), the sanjaks of Yenipazar (Novi Pazar), İpek (Pejë), Priștine (Prishtinë), Prizren , Üsküp (Skopje) of Kosovo vilayet and

1431-450: The early 20th century. Marriage was basically an economic and political deal arranged among the members of the tribe, while those who got married had no say in the matter. Sworn virginity was occasionally practised among the Ghegs. Child betrothal was also practised by the Ghegs, sometimes even before birth. Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome until

1484-540: The eighth century. Then, dioceses in Albania were transferred to the patriarchate of Constantinople . In 1054 after the schism, the north became identified with the Roman Catholic Church . Since that time all churches north of the Shkumbin river were Catholic and under the jurisdiction of the Pope. Various reasons have been put forward for the spread of Catholicism among northern Albanians. Traditional affiliation with

1537-553: The empire only posted Ottoman officers who had prior experience of service in other tribal regions of the state like Kurdistan or Yemen that could bridge cultural divides with Gheg tribesmen. The Great Eastern Crisis resulted in Albanian resistance to partition by neighbouring powers with the formation of the Prizren League (1878) which issued a Kararname (memorandum) that declared both Ghegs and Tosks had made an oath to defend

1590-438: The fall of the communist regime, religion was again the major factor which determined social identity, and rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks re-emerged. The new political leaders of post-communist Albania appointed by Gheg Sali Berisha were almost all Ghegs from northern Albania. The administration of Sali Berisha was identified as northern nationalist Gheg in opposition to southern Socialist Tosk, which additionally increased

1643-496: The framework of vendetta or gjakmarrja (blood feuding) and the activity was widespread among the Malisors, while Ottoman officials strongly disproved of the practice. Nineteen percent of male deaths in İşkodra vilayet were caused by murders due to vendetta and blood feuding during the late Ottoman period. Malisors viewed Ottoman officials as a threat to their tribal way of living and left it to their bajraktars (chieftains) to deal with

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1696-565: The highlanders of the Dibra region known as the "Tigers of Dibra". Western Kosovo during the late Ottoman period was dominated by the Albanian tribal system, while parts of Albanian society within wider Kosovo were also part of the urban-professional and landowning classes of major towns. The Ghegs, particularly those who lived in the north-eastern area, were the most faithful supporters of the set of traditional laws ( Kanun ), traditional hospitality , and blood feud . Among Gheg Malësors (highlanders)

1749-601: The middle of the 20th century (the other being the Montenegrin highlanders in Montenegro and southern Serbia ). The tribal organization was based on the clan system of loyalties, and the dispersed settlement pattern of separate, scattered, mostly fortified homesteads. There are several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs which include Mirëdita , Kelmendi , Palabardhi , Kuqi , Vasajt , Hoti , Kastrati , Berisha , Krasniqi and Shala . Other important tribal groupings include

1802-424: The national identity issue by gradually assuming the cause of the Ghegs from Kosovo . This change was accompanied by a long-lasting fear that the introduction of "too-liberal" Albanians from Kosovo might disturb the fragile balance between the Tosk and Gheg sub-ethnic groups. Absorbing Yugoslav Ghegs, who were almost as numerous as all Albanians from Albania, could have ruined the predominantly Tosk regime. After

1855-561: The new Young Turk government resulted in four years of local revolts by Ghegs who fought to keep tribal privileges and the defense system of kulas (tower houses). Ghegs from the Shkodër region supported the Greçë Memorandum that called for Albanian sociopolitical rights within the Ottoman Empire during the Albanian revolt of 1911 . On the eve of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Gheg and Tosk Albanians managed to secure two concessions from

1908-531: The people of the Dukagjin highlands when asked about their regional appellation would reply na nuk jemi gegë, gegët janë përtej maleve (we are not Gheghs, the Ghegs live beyond the mountains). The popular perception in non-Albanian literature of all northern Albanians as Ghegs is a product of identifying major dialect groups with all corresponding regional groupings. Likewise, only the people of certain regions in southern Albania identify as Tosks. The etymology of

1961-555: The population in 1918). Orthodox Ghegs were traditionally also heavily concentrated in the region of Upper Reka (Reka e Epërme) in North Macedonia. There are also some groups of Ghegs who practice Bektashism , living in areas such as Kruja and Bulqiza . Additionally, as is the case with all Albanians as a legacy of the Enver Hoxha regime, many people don't identify with any faith, and a large number of people do not usually attend

2014-489: The reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the end of Ottoman rule. In areas where Ghegs were still tribesmen they followed their own laws and lived an autonomous existence. The fact that the tribes of northern Albania were not completely subdued by the Ottomans is raised to the level of orthodoxy among the members of the tribes. A possible explanation is that the Ottomans did not have any real interest in subduing

2067-579: The rest Christians made up of mostly Catholics and a few hundred Orthodox. According to Russian consulate Ivan Yastrebov's estimations, there were 80.000 Catholic males, 20.000 Orthodox males, and 9.500 Muslim males in the Sanjak of Scutari. The majority of the population spoke the Albanian language . He asserted that the Orthodox, and a number of Muslims, spoke the Serbian language . According to Ottoman census data,

2120-603: The sanjak of Debre (Debar) in Monastir vilayet. Little more than half of ethnic Albanians from Albania are Ghegs. Except for a Tosk population in north-western Greece and around lake Prespa as well as southern North Macedonia, the ethnic Albanians in the Balkans who live in Kosovo, North Macedonia (mostly) and Montenegro are Ghegs. The Ghegs speak Gheg Albanian, one of the two main Albanian dialects. The Albanian communist regime based

2173-479: The sanjak was dominated by a few powerful Albanian landowners such as the Toptani family who controlled the area around Kruja and Tirana as a personal fiefdom with family holdings amounting to some 123,000 acres. To protect economic interests landowning beys in the area maintained small private armies numbering between 200 and 500 men that also served as bodyguards during travel. In the 1880s from an Albanian point of view

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2226-406: The sanjaks of İşkodra and Dıraç along with the whole of İşkodra vilayet belonged to the region of Gegënia . In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War . In 1914 the territory of Scutari Vilayet became a part of Principality of Albania , established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913. Sanjaks of

2279-471: The services of any religion. After the Tanzimat reforms in the second half of the 19th century, aiming to gain influence over Catholic Albanians, Austria-Hungary , with Ottoman approval, opened and financed many schools in the Albanian language, and Franciscan seminaries and hospitals, and trained native clergy, which all resulted in the development of literature in the Albanian language . The culture of

2332-582: The sons of local notables from urban areas into the bureaucracy and co-opted leaders like Isa Boletini into the Ottoman system. During the Young Turk Revolution (1908) some Ghegs were one group in Albanian society that gave its support for the restoration of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 to end the Hamidian regime. Subsequent centralising policies and militarism toward the Albanian Question by

2385-433: The standard Albanian language mostly on Tosk Albanian . This practice has been criticized, notably by Arshi Pipa , who claimed that this decision deprived the Albanian language of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs, and referred to the literary Albanian language as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership which conquered anti-Communist north Albania militarily, and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on

2438-479: The state and homeland in the name of Islam. During the crisis Ghegs and Tosks made besas (pledges of honor) to arm themselves and shed blood to defend their rights. Better armed than its southern Tosk counterpart, Gheg society was in a more effective position to resist the redrawing of borders in the region. Ottoman officials initially assisted Gheg Albanians in their efforts to resist incorporation of their lands into Serbia, Montenegro or Bulgaria. Ghegs experienced

2491-427: The term Gheg is not completely clear. According to the writer Arshi Pipa , the term Gegë was initially used for confessional denotation, being used in pre-Ottoman Albania by its Orthodox population when referring to their Catholic neighbors. Some theories say that the term Gegë is derived from the onomatopoeic word for "babbling", in contrast to Shqiptare which is the Albanian word for those who speak clearly. This

2544-607: The total population of the vilayet in 1911 was 349,455 with the following ethnoreligious composition (Orthodox Serbs and Albanians were counted as Greeks): A publication from 21 December 1912 in the Belgian magazine Ons Volk Ontwaakt (Our Nation Awakes) estimated 185,200 inhabitants: "Scutari"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 518–519. Geg%C3%ABnia The Ghegs (also spelled as Gegs ; Albanian : Gegët ) are one of two major ethnic subgroups of Albanians (the other being

2597-434: The total population was 803,340, with Rostkovski grouping the population into the following groups: According to the 1906/07 Ottoman census the vilayet had a total population of 824,828 people, ethnically consisting as: According to Ottoman census data, the ethnoreligious composition in 1911 was the following (Serbs and Orthodox Albanians were included as either Greeks or Bulgarians): According to an estimation published in

2650-648: The tribe assembly whose members were male members of the tribe. The organization of once predominantly herder Gheg tribes was traditionally based on patrilineality (a system in which an individual belongs to his or her father's lineage), and on exogamy (a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group). The land belongs to the clan, and families are traditionally extended, consisting of smaller families of many brothers who all live in one extended ménage ( Albanian : shtëpi . Gheg Albanian: shpi). Girls were married without their consent, while bride stealing still existed to some extent until

2703-473: Was also a large powerful tribe that could mobilise 5,000 irregular troops. The government estimated the military strength of Malisors in İşkodra sanjak as numbering over 30,000 tribesmen and Ottoman officials were of the view that the highlanders could defeat Montenegro on their own with limited state assistance. Dıraç sanjak contained the fertile plain of Zadrima between Mirdita and the Drin river. Political life in

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2756-540: Was also supported by some anthropological research which considered Ghegs an Aryan race . At the end of World War II , communist forces predominantly composed of Tosks captured Albania after the retreat of the Wehrmacht . That was perceived by many Ghegs as the Tosk takeover of Gheg lands. Most members of the post-war communist regime and three quarters of the Communist Party of Albania members were Tosks. Therefore,

2809-587: Was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as separate Sanjak of Montenegro , under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević . When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was merged with Sanjak of Scutari, as unique administrative unit with certain degree of autonomy. In 1867, the Sanjak of Scutari merged with the Sanjak of Skopje and became the Scutari Vilayet. Its sanjaks were Sanjak of Scutari, Prizren , and Sanjak of Dibra . In 1877, Prizren passed to

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