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34-595: Moken may refer to: One of the Moken peoples Moklen language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Moklen . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moklen&oldid=933353254 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

68-585: A 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting. Mesofauna are macroscopic soil animals such as arthropods or nematodes . Mesofauna are extremely diverse; considering just the springtails ( Collembola ), as of 1998, approximately 6,500 species had been identified. Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including protozoans and very small animals such as rotifers ). To qualify as microfauna, an organism must exhibit animal-like characteristics, as opposed to microflora , which are more plant-like. Stygofauna

102-453: A group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping. One environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand (see Mystacocarida ). In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5–1 mm mesh but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh, but the exact dimensions will vary from researcher to researcher. Whether an organism passes through

136-475: A light wood with a long stem". To construct the boat, the different pieces are fitted into each other with the natural resources the Moken can find on land. The boat's usage was discontinued more than 40 years ago as the salt water eroded the wood within three to sixth months, therefore new techniques were devised to create more robust boats. The kabang lasts longer and one anthropologist, Jacques Ivanoff, suggests that

170-478: A nomadic lifestyle on the water due to rising sea levels. For most of the human population, unaided vision underwater is very poor because the eye's cornea fails to focus light onto the retina . In the air, the cornea accomplishes two thirds of the focussing of light; this is missing when underwater, yielding blur . Moken children, however, are able to see underwater while freediving to collect clams, sea cucumbers, and more. Anna Gislén and colleagues showed that

204-408: A typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the " Sonoran Desert fauna" or the " Burgess Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages , which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called faunistics . Fauna comes from the name Fauna , a Roman goddess of earth and fertility,

238-538: A variety of products to trade and to avoid the spread of deadly diseases. If an epidemic begins to spread, the infected members will remain at the location with a small amount of provisions, while healthy members will depart to a new location. The hope is that the provisions will allow the sick enough time to recuperate while not endangering the rest of the kin group with their sickness. The nomadic lifestyle can also reduce group conflict as affected parties may leave one kin group and enter another to give some distance and allow

272-523: A water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater. Such creatures are found in

306-408: Is any fauna that lives in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves , fissures and vugs . Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna is associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the water table . Stygofauna can live within freshwater aquifers and within

340-494: Is associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders , insects , myriapods and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell. Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit

374-550: Is built on the premise of life as outsiders, is under threat. There is much speculation as to the historical origins of the Moken people. It is thought that, due to their Austronesian language, they originated in Southern China as agriculturalists 5000–6000 years ago. From there, the Austronesian peoples dispersed and settled various South Asian Islands. It is theorized that the Moken were forced off of these coastal islands into

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408-407: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Moken people The Moken identify in a common culture; there are 1500 men and 1500 women who speak the Moken language , a distinct Austronesian language . Attempts by both Myanmar and Thailand to assimilate the Moken into the wider regional culture have met with very limited success. However,

442-456: Is relatively calm), the Moken used to live on their boats called kabang , which served not just as transportation, but also as a kitchen, bedroom, and living area. The last kabang of the Surin Islands was built in 2006 and an initiative to revive the tradition started in 2018. Previously the Moken used a kabang koman , "a dug-out boat equipped with a salacca gunwale [where] Salacca is

476-783: The Andaman Sea on the west coast of Thailand , the provinces of Satun , Trang , Krabi , Phuket , Phang Nga , and Ranong , up through the Mergui Archipelago of Myanmar. The group includes the Moken proper, the Moklen (Moklem), the Orang Sireh ( Betel -leaf People), and the Orang Lanta. The last, the Orang Lanta, are a hybridized group formed when the Malay people settled the Lanta Islands where

510-456: The Surin Islands retain their more traditional methods and lifestyle. The Burmese call the Moken Salone . In Thailand they are called chao le , which can mean people who "live by the sea and pursue a marine livelihood" or those who speak the Austronesian language. Another term that can be used is chao nam ("people of the water"), although these terms are also used loosely to include

544-695: The Urak Lawoi and even the Orang Laut . In Thailand, acculturated Moken are called Thai mai ("new Thais"). Because of their nomadic lifestyle, the Moken are also called "sea gypsies" (unrelated to the Romani people ), a generic term that applies to a number of peoples in Southeast Asia (see Sea Gypsies (disambiguation) ). The Urak Lawoi are sometimes classified with the Moken, but they are linguistically and ethnologically distinct, being much more closely related to

578-520: The pore spaces of limestone , calcrete or laterite , whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites. Troglofauna are small cave -dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna

612-543: The Malay people. Their knowledge of the sea enables them to live off its fauna and flora by using simple tools such as nets and spears to forage for food, which allows them to impact the environment more minimally than other more intensive forms of subsistence. Furthermore, their frequent movement in kin groups of between two and ten families also allows the land to rest and prevents overuse. Moken are considered hunter-gatherers due to their nomadic lifestyle and lack of material good accumulation. They also believe strongly in

646-409: The Moken face an uncertain future as their population decreases and their nomadic lifestyle and unsettled legal status leave them marginalized by modern property and immigration laws, maritime conservation and development programs, and tightening border policies. The people refer to themselves as Moken. The name is used for all of the Austronesian speaking tribes who inhabit the coast and islands in

680-470: The Moken suffered severe devastation to housing and fishing boats in common with other Moken communities. Fauna Fauna ( pl. : faunae or faunas ) is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding terms for plants and fungi are flora and funga , respectively. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as biota . Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to

714-574: The Roman god Faunus , and the related forest spirits called Fauns . All three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god Pan , and panis is the Modern Greek equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα). Fauna is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745 work Fauna Suecica . Cryofauna refers to

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748-423: The animals that live in, or very close to, cold areas. Cryptofauna is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed microhabitats . Epifauna, also called epibenthos , are aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the benthic fauna that live on top of the sediment surface at the seafloor. Infauna are benthic organisms that live within the bottom substratum of

782-468: The boat with its bifurcated bow and stern represent the human body. In monsoon season, which falls between the months of May and October, they set temporary camps on the mainland. During the monsoon season, they build additional boats and forage for food in the forest. Some of the Burmese Moken are still nomadic people who roam the sea most of their lives; however, much of their traditional life, which

816-424: The children see better underwater than European children: their "spatial resolution ... [is] more than twice as good". The researchers showed that the Moken children have the ability to constrict their pupils when underwater and the ability to increase the power of their eyes' lenses to the maximum when underwater. Decreasing the size of the pupil improves the eye's depth of field , reducing blur; increasing

850-400: The feud to die down. After some time has passed and the arguing parties see each other once more, the intensity of the argument will have decreased leading to more amicable relationships. The Moken use 83 plant species for food, 33 for medicinal purposes, 53 for construction of huts, boats and tools, and 54 species for other purposes. During the dry north-east monsoon season (when the sea

884-407: The fossil record and include lingulata , trilobites and worms . They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment. Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment . The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps ( Thalassinidea ), which go as deep as 3 metres (10 ft) into

918-634: The idea that natural resources cannot be owned individually but are rather something that the entire community has access to without restrictions. Their egalitarian society follows into their ancestral worship as they regularly present supernatural beings with food offerings. Aside from ancestor worship , the Moken have no religion. More recently, they have reached out and begun trading some food ( sea cucumbers and edible bird's nests ) as well as marine products like pearls for other necessities at local markets. Trading and epidemics ( cholera and smallpox ) also lead to their nomadic lifestyles in order to collect

952-423: The land due to their lack of knowledge and involvement in legal protocol. The islands the Moken inhabit received much attention during the recovery from the 2004 tsunami . As they are keenly attuned to the ocean, the Moken in the Surin Islands knew the tsunami that struck on 26 December 2004 was coming and managed to preserve many lives. However, in the coastal villages of Phang Nga Province , like Tap Tawan ,

986-472: The northwestern coast of Phuket Island, and on the nearby Phi Phi Islands of Krabi Province . The Andaman Sea off the Tenasserim coast was the subject of keen scrutiny from Myanmar's regime during the 1990s due to offshore petroleum discoveries by multinational corporations including Unocal , Petronas and others. Reports from the late-1990s told of forced relocation by Myanmar's military regime of

1020-510: The power of the eyes' lenses also reduces blur. The researchers ruled out other possible explanations for the Moken children's underwater abilities: They had not, at some state of their evolutionary history, traded off focussing power from the corneas to their eyes' lenses. Their eyes are not shortsighted . Their ability to alter the power of their lenses is not superior. Later, Gislén and others trained European children to see better underwater, for example by crossing their eyes, which increases

1054-629: The power of their lenses and reduces the diameter of their pupils. They found that the European children could then see as well underwater as the Moken children. The Burmese and Thai governments have made attempts at assimilating the people into their own culture, but these efforts have met with limited success. Thai Moken have been permanently settled in villages located in the Surin Islands ( Mu Ko Surin National Park ), in Phuket Province , on

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1088-437: The proto-Malay Orang Sireh had been living. The Moken are considered to be mostly sedentary with more permanent villages in the provinces of Phang-nga, Phuket, Krabi, and Satun. These individuals also have closer ties to the countries in which they reside as they accept both the nationality and citizenship. Their children are also educated through local schools and are exposed to more mainstream cultural ideas. The Moken residing on

1122-609: The sea nomads to mainland sites. It was claimed most of the Moken peoples had been relocated by 1997, which is consistent with a pervasive pattern of forced relocation of suspect ethnic, economic and political groups, conducted throughout Myanmar during the 1990s. In Thailand, the Moken have been the target of land grabs by developers contesting their ownership of ancestral lands. Although nomadic peoples have resided in Thailand's Andaman coastal provinces for several centuries, they have historically neglected to register official ownership of

1156-577: The sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Limnofauna refers to the animals that live in fresh water. Macrofauna are benthic or soil organisms which are retained on a 0.5 mm sieve. Studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa. Megafauna are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, Australian megafauna . Meiofauna are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and freshwater environments . The term meiofauna loosely defines

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