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45-498: The villages of Křemačov, Květín, Libivá, Podolí, Řepová, Studená Loučka and Újezd are administrative parts of Mohelnice. Studená Loučka forms an exclave of the municipal territory. Mohelnice is located about 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Šumperk and 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Olomouc . The eastern part of the municipal territory of Mohelnice lies in the Mohelnice Depression lowland. The western part lies in

90-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

135-458: A few months, however, the town was repopulated by families from other parts of Czechoslovakia. In the second half of the 20th century the town went through major urban changes, including the narrowing of the Mírovka Creek. Mohelnice is predominantly industrial town with significant electrotechnical, engineering and construction industries. There is an industrial zone on the eastern outskirts of

180-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

225-645: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Star%C3%A9 M%C4%9Bsto (Uhersk%C3%A9 Hradi%C5%A1t%C4%9B District) Staré Město ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈstarɛː ˈmɲɛsto] ; in 1950–1996 Staré Město u Uherského Hradiště ) is a town in Uherské Hradiště District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 6,600 inhabitants. The name means literally "old town". Staré Město

270-677: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

315-522: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

360-521: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

405-465: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

450-490: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

495-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

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540-598: Is located about 22 kilometres (14 mi) southwest of Zlín and creates a conurbation with Uherské Hradiště . It lies mostly in a flat agricultural landscape of the Lower Morava Valley , but a small western part of the municipal territory also extends into the Kyjov Hills . Staré Město is situated on the right bank of the Morava River, which forms the town's border with Uherské Hradiště. The Baťa Canal flows through

585-478: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

630-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

675-510: Is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by

720-475: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

765-512: The Morava River, which forms the eastern municipal border. The first written mention of Mohelnice is in a deed of bishop Jindřich Zdík from 1141, when it was owned by the Olomouc bishopric . In 1273, Mohelnice was first referred to as a town. In 1307 and 1312, the town was devastated by plague. In 1424, it was conquered by the Hussites and 700 people died. During the first half of the 16th century,

810-554: The Zábřeh Highlands . The highest point is the hill Hekelův kopec at 583 m (1,913 ft) above sea level. In the eastern part are located two artificial lakes created by flooding sandstone quarries, Mohelnické and Moravičanské. The easternmost part of Mohelnice with Moravičanské Lake is situated in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area . The Mírovka Creek flows through the town into

855-481: The 19th and 20th century the town was industrialised and various factories were established. In 1910 most of the old town walls were demolished. Before World War II , the town had a German-speaking majority population. In 1938, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland . After the war, the German population was expelled . This caused the town to become almost deserted. Within

900-591: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

945-725: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

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990-464: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

1035-528: The Kostelní Square is one of the oldest preserved buildings in whole region. It was built in the 13th century at the latest. Today, there is a regional museum. Mohelnice is twinned with: Enclave and exclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave

1080-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

1125-593: The eastern part of the town. In the 9th century, the area of Staré Město was part of Velingrad, one of two capital cities of the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of Great Moravia, Velingrad lost its importance and became a village with two churches. The first written mention of Velingrad is from 1141. In 1205, the Cistercian monks founded nearby a monastery and named it Velehrad . The market village of Velingrad became their property. The Great Moravian rotunda

1170-580: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

1215-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

1260-439: The historic floor plan of the town with a central square and annular streets. The Svobody Square is partially lined by two-storey burgher houses. Remains of the walls and the northern entrance gate from 1540 have been preserved from the town fortifications. The second important area is the Kostelní Square with the parish Church of Saint Thomas of Canterbury . The original church on this site was first mentioned in 1247. This church

1305-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

1350-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

1395-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

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1440-566: The stake. The town's textile industry began operating in 1713, and in 1714 the town suffered another plague. There was another significant fire in 1739, which destroyed more than half of the town. During the Silesian Wars the town was plundered several times. In 1772 Mohelnice had 1,867 inhabitants, in 1792 it was 3,887. There were cholera epidemics in 1832, 1849, 1851 and 1866. The town suffered from fire in 1841 and few smaller fires later. In 1863 Mohelnice built its first sanitation system. In

1485-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

1530-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

1575-653: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

1620-689: The territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

1665-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

1710-461: The town was rebuilt and the town fortifications were built. The Thirty Years' War devastated Mohelnice – in 1623 it was plundered by the Swedish troops and over 30% of the inhabitants died of the plague. The Swedes looted the town again in 1642, 1643, 1644 and 1647. Half of the town was destroyed by fire in 1662. 1685 saw the notorious witch trials during which a local vicar Alois Lautner was burned at

1755-614: The town. It replaces the unfinished section of the D35 motorway from Olomouc to the Hradec Králové Region . The I/44 road splits from it and connects Mohelnice with Šumperk and Jeseník . Mohelnice is located on the railway lines Prague – Olomouc (further continuing to Vsetín or Staré Město ) and Nezamyslice – Kouty nad Desnou . From 1975, Mohelnice was known for the folk and country music festival Mohelnický dostavník . The tradition ended in 2020. The historic centre consists of

1800-617: The town. The I/50 road (part of the European route E50 ) from Brno to Uherské Hradiště passes through the southern part of the municipal territory. Staré Město is a railway junction. The town is located on the railway lines Przemyśl – Graz , Prague – Luhačovice and Brno–Olomouc. Staré Město is known for the Great Moravia Monument. It was built above the foundations of the first discovered Great Moravian building in Czech territory, which

1845-475: The town. The largest employer based in the town are Hella Autotechnik Nova , manufacturer of lighting for the automotive industry. With more than 3,000 employees, it is the largest industrial company in the Olomouc Region. The second most notable company in the town is Montix (manufacturer of plastic parts, especially for the automotive industry). The I/35 road (part of the European route E442 ) passes through

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1890-452: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

1935-495: Was expanded in the 14th century, and rebuilt in the 15th century after it was burned down. Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque style intertwines in its construction. The last modifications were in the Neo-Gothic style. It has a rich baroque interior decoration. The church tower is the landmark of the town. The Church of St. Stanislaus was built in 1584. It was baroque reconstructed in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Bishop's Castle on

1980-512: Was rebuilt to the parish Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in 1250. In 1321, Velingrad was renamed Staré Město. In 1841, the railway was built. From 1971 to 1990, Staré Město was part of Uherské Hradiště. From 1990, it has been a separate municipality. Staré Město was hit by the 1997 Central European flood . In the same year, the municipality was promoted to a town. The I/55 road (the section from Olomouc to Uherské Hradiště ) runs through

2025-563: Was the church "Na Valách". Great Moravia Monument is a museum with expositions dedicated to the Great Moravian Empire and life in the 9th century. The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel dates from the first thalf of the 13th century. Its core contains remnants of a Great Moravian rotunda. The Church of the Holy Spirit is a modern church from 2002. Kovozoo is a unique " zoo " with animals and other exhibits created from metal. It

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