Hugh Armstrong Clegg (22 May 1920 – 9 December 1995) was a British academic who was a founder of the " National Board for Prices and Incomes " (1965–71) and later presided over the " Standing Commission on Pay Comparability " set up by James Callaghan in 1979.
72-641: The Modern Records Centre ( MRC ) is the specialist archive service of the University of Warwick in Coventry , England , located adjacent to the Central Campus Library. It was established in October 1973 and holds the world's largest archive collection on British industrial relations, as well as archives relating to many other aspects of British social, political and economic history. The BP corporate archive
144-685: A bachelor's degree —increasingly repositories list advanced degrees (e.g. MA, MLS/MLIS, Ph.D.) and certifications as a position requirement or preference. In the UK, the National Archives (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England and Wales . The physical records stored by the National Archives amount to 185 km (115 miles) of shelving, a number that increases every year. The English Heritage Archive
216-767: A fellow of Nuffield College in 1949. In 1965 he was appointed to the " Royal commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations " (also known as the " Donovan Commission ") set up by the Labour government under Harold Wilson to seek solutions to the problem of strikes which plagued the British economy of the period. Clegg successfully argued in the Commission that strikes were caused by poor industrial management , not by unions, effectively derailing Barbara Castle 's White paper , In Place of Strife , which sought to establish legislative intervention in major disputes, and which
288-533: A Mess of the Last One . From 1967 to 1979 Clegg was Professor of Industrial Relations at Warwick University (the first to hold this appointment), and took part in the launch of Warwick Business School , where he founded the Industrial Relations Research Unit in 1970. In 1979 James Callaghan requested Clegg to chair the "Standing Commission on Pay Comparability" with which it was hoped to tackle
360-730: A basis for nations to build their own standards. In the United States, ISAD (G) is implemented through Describing Archives: A Content Standard , popularly known as "DACS". In Canada, ISAD (G) is implemented through the Council of Archives as the Rules for Archival Description , also known as "RAD". ISO is currently working on standards. The cultural property stored in archives is threatened by natural disasters, wars, or other emergencies in many countries. International partners for archives are UNESCO and Blue Shield International , in accordance with
432-603: A body such as the American Library Association ). Subject-area specialization becomes more common in higher-ranking positions. Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola ), Procter and Gamble , Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to
504-550: A government archive, and frequent users include reporters , genealogists , writers, historians , students, and people seeking information on the history of their home or region. Many government archives are open to the public, and no appointment is required to visit. In the United States, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland , with regional facilities distributed throughout
576-711: A number of European organizations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence. A prominent church archive is the Vatican Apostolic Archive . Archdioceses , dioceses , and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches. Very important are monastery archives because of their antiquity, like
648-574: A particular message to posterity. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on the grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines, of which many identical copies may exist. This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. A person who works in archives
720-550: A tendency to prioritize tangible items over ephemeral experiences, actions, effects, and even bodies. This type of potentially biased prioritization may be seen as a form of privileging particular types of knowledge or interpreting certain experiences as more valid than others, limiting the content available to archive users, leading to barriers in accessing information, and potentially alienating under-represented and/or marginalized populations and their epistemologies and ontologies . As Omnia El Shakry shows, dealing with destruction
792-629: Is a challenge central to decolonial historiography. When faced with a lack of archival documents, historians resort to different sources and methods. For example, due to the lack of a Palestinian state archive, many historians of Nakba had to rely on sources in the Israeli state's archives. As a result of this perceived under-representation, some activists are making efforts to decolonize contemporary archival institutions that may employ hegemonic and white supremacist practices by implementing subversive alternatives such as anarchiving or counter-archiving with
SECTION 10
#1732852298227864-504: Is being created. Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist . Academic archives exist to preserve institutional history and serve the academic community. An academic archive may contain materials such as the institution's administrative records, personal and professional papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items
936-517: Is called an archivist . The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science . The physical place of storage can be referred to as an archive (more usual in the United Kingdom ), an archives (more usual in the United States ), or a repository. The computing use of the term "archive" should not be confused with
1008-529: Is kept on reels of specially developed film in a steel vault buried deep beneath the permafrost , with the data storage medium expected to last for 500 to 1000 years. The International Council on Archives (ICA) has developed a number of standards on archival description, including the General International Standard Archival Description ISAD(G). ISAD (G) is meant to be used in conjunction with national standards or as
1080-544: Is located next to the MRC, but has separate staff and facilities. The Modern Records Centre holds by far the largest collection of archives of British trade unions in the country. The largest collection held in the centre is the archive of the Trades Union Congress (TUC). Other significant collections of archives relating to British trade unions include: Significant collections relating to trade union federations include
1152-683: Is the public archive of English Heritage . The National Records of Scotland , located in Edinburgh , serves that country; while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in Belfast is the government archive for Northern Ireland. A network of county record offices and other local authority-run archives exists throughout England, Wales, and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church, and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogs to
1224-999: The Alcan Foils Wembley Factory trade union committees, the British Leyland Trade Union Committee, Coventry Chain Shop Stewards' Committee, Coventry Trades Council , the GCHQ Trade Union Campaign Committee , and the London Transport Aldenham Bus Overhaul Works trade union committees. The centre also holds significant collections relating to leaders of trade unions, including: Large collections of papers of more junior trade unionists include: The Modern Records Centre holds some collections of archives relating to joint employer/employee industrial relations negotiating committees. Significant among these are
1296-661: The Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques is an affiliation of 49 European national and regional film archives founded in 1991. For a comprehensive look at the history of film preservation and the institutions and organizations that developed various practices, see Penelope Houston 's Keepers of the Frame. Non-profit archives include those in historical societies , not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and repositories within foundations . Such repositories are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve
1368-934: The Bristol Unity Players' Club , the Certification Office for Trade Unions and Employers' Associations , the Commercial Vehicle and Road Transport Club , the Low Pay Commission , the Royal Commission on Legal Services , the Royal Commission on the National Health Service , the Social Workers' Benevolent Trust , the Social Workers' Educational Trust , the Society for the Study of Labour History , and
1440-772: The British Association for Commercial and Industrial Education , the British Institute of Management , the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference , the Institute of Administrative Management , the Institute of Management Services , and the Institute of Personnel Management . One of the collecting specialities of the Modern Records Centre is Trotskyist politics. Significant collections of papers relating to Trotskyist organisations include Bookmarks Publications ,
1512-736: The British Steel Corporation , Victor Gollancz Ltd , Wallpaper Manufacturers Ltd , and J. Parnell & Son Ltd, builders, of Rugby. The centre also holds the archives of the Transport Development Group and of Arthur Primrose Young , manager of the Rugby works of the British Thomson-Houston Company . The Modern Records Centre holds a growing collection of the archives of professional associations, especially those associated with social work. Major collections in
SECTION 20
#17328522982271584-736: The British Universities Industrial Relations Association , Incomes Data Services and Industrial Relations Research Unit are also held. The Modern Records Centre also collects archives of employers' associations and trade associations . The largest of these are the archives of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and its predecessor, the Federation of British Industries (FBI). Other major association employers' and trade association collections include: Archives of related organisations include those of
1656-578: The Confederation of Employee Organisations , the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions , the Council of Civil Service Unions , the Federation of Post Office Supervising Officers , the General Federation of Trade Unions , the National Federation of Construction Unions (formerly the National Federation of Building Trade Operatives ), the National Federation of Professional Workers ,
1728-683: The Council for the Preservation of Rural England , and Dame Eileen Younghusband , social worker. The Modern Records Centre holds some archives relating to business, especially the motor industry. Archives relating to the motor industry include Jensen Motors , the Rover Company , Rubery Owen , the Standard Motor Company , and the Triumph Engineering Company . Archives relating to other firms include Birmingham Small Arms ,
1800-518: The Cyclists' Touring Club , and the National Cyclists' Union , as well as archives of many other cycling organisations and clubs, manufacturers of bicycles and accessories, and individuals connected with cycling, such as Eric Claxton , Tony Hadland , Alex Josey , Derek Roberts and Frank Rowland Whitt . A significant collection of material relating to operational research includes the archives of
1872-642: The Dollar Exports Council , India, Pakistan and Burma Association , Iron and Steel Board and Trade Board (Employers') Consultative Council , as well as those of Richard Wood, an official of the Construction Industry Training Board and the National Federation of Building Trades Employers. A second part of the Modern Records Centre's collecting base is the archives of pressure and campaigning groups. Significant among these are
1944-606: The French Revolution . The French National Archives , which possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world (with records going as far back as 625 A.D.), was created in 1790 during the Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries. In 1883, French archivist Gabriel Richou published the first Western text on archival theory, entitled Traité théorique et pratique des archives publiques ( Treaty of Theory and Practice of
2016-1271: The Inland Revenue Departmental Whitley Council , the Joint Industry Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry , the Local Authorities' Conditions of Service Advisory Board (LACSAB), the National Joint Council for the Engineering Construction Industry , the National Maritime Board , and the National Whitley Council for the Civil Service . Papers of various academics and/or conciliators concerned with industrial relations include those of Sir George Bain , William Brown , Colleen Chesterman , Hugh Clegg , Bob Fryer , Geoffrey Goodman , Richard Hyman , Grigor McClelland , Arthur Marsh , Sir Jack Scamp , and Bert Turner . Archives of
2088-1001: The International Marxist Group , the International Socialism Group , the Militant tendency , the Revolutionary Socialist League , the Socialist Party , Socialist Reproduction , the Socialist Vanguard Group , and the Spartacist League . Papers of individuals associated with Trotskyist organisations include those of Chris Bambery , Colin Barker , Alan Clinton , Jimmy Deane , Reg Groves , Alistair Mutch , Geoff Pugh , Bob Purdie , Tony Whelan , and Harry Wicks . The centre also holds
2160-609: The Methodist Kingswood School , he rebelled by becoming a Communist for a period in his youth, but gained a scholarship to study Classics at Magdalen College , Oxford University ; he then served for five years in the army during the Second World War. After returning to Oxford, where he gained a first class degree in PPE in 1947, he was persuaded by G. D. H. Cole to take up the study of industrial relations . He became
2232-772: The National Council for Diplomas in Art and Design , the National Council for Technological Awards , REPLAN , the Society for Research into Higher Education , and the Universities Association for Lifelong Learning . The Modern Records Centre holds the National Cycle Archive, the principal archive covering all aspects of cycling history in the United Kingdom. This includes the archives of the Auto-Cycle Union ,
Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-412: The National Joint Committee of Postal and Telegraph Associations , the Post Office Engineering Federation , and the Printing and Kindred Trades Federation . International trade union federations are represented by major collections of the International Transport Workers' Federation and the World Federation of Scientific Workers . Collections relating to joint trade union committees include those of
2376-443: The National Overseas Archives (ANOM, 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) of physical records), the National Archives of the World of Labour [ fr ] (ANMT, 49.8 kilometres (30.9 mi) of physical records), and all local public archives (departmental archives, or archives départementales , located in the préfectures of each of the 100 départements of France plus the City of Paris, more than 400 municipal archives in
2448-484: The Young Women's Christian Association . Papers of individuals include those of management consultant John Goddard, Catherine Hoskyns , an expert on gender politics and the European Union, and Sir George Pope , general manager of The Times . Archive An archive is an accumulation of historical records or materials – in any medium – or the physical facility in which they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over
2520-433: The California State Prison System describe what happened to them. The archive's mission is to gather stories from women who want to express themselves and want their stories heard. This collection includes transcripts and an audio recording of the women telling their stories. The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records, or diaries created or collected by
2592-428: The Commission had originally supported. He also became a member of the "National Board for Prices and Incomes" set up in 1965 to regulate a prices and incomes policy , but the intractable circumstances of labour relations in Britain meant that this initiative remained a "damp squib". The Board was wound down in 1971 and Clegg wrote a book on his experience entitled How to Run an Incomes Policy, and Why We Made Such
2664-494: The Greek word is ἀρχή ( arkhē ), meaning among other things "magistracy, office, government", and derived from the verb ἄρχω ( arkhō ), meaning "to begin, rule, govern" (also the root of English words such as "anarchy" and "monarchy"). The word archive was first attested in English in the early 17th century, and the word archivist in the mid-18th century, although in these periods both terms were usually used only in reference to foreign institutions and personnel. Not until
2736-406: The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999. From a national and international perspective, there are many collaborations between archives and local Blue Shield organizations to ensure the sustainable existence of cultural property storage facilities. In addition to working with United Nations peacekeeping in the event of war, the protection of
2808-411: The Modern Records Centre is in archives concerned with education. As well as the archives of the teachers' trade unions, the Centre holds significant archive collections of the Association of Technical Institutions , the Committee of Directors of Polytechnics , the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals , the Council for National Academic Awards , the Joint University Council for Social Studies ,
2880-482: The Operational Research Branches of British Coal and the British Overseas Airways Corporation , the Department of Operational Research of the British Steel Corporation , the Institute for Operational Research , the International Federation of Operational Research Societies , the Local Government Operational Research Unit , and the Operational Research Society , as well as the papers of prominent operational researchers Ken Bowen and Stephen Cook . The Centre holds
2952-401: The Public Archives ), in which he systematized the archival theory of the respect des fonds , first published by Natalis de Wailly in 1841. Historians, genealogists , lawyers, demographers , filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique and depends upon the institution that houses the archive. While there are many kinds of archives,
Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-469: The United Methodist Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church, and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Film archives collect, restore, investigate and conserve audiovisual content like films, documentaries, tv programs and newsreel footage. Often, a country has its own film archive to preserve its national audiovisual heritage. The International Federation of Film Archives comprises more than 150 institutions in over 77 countries and
3096-480: The United States. Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility vary widely. Similar to the library profession, certification requirements and education also varies widely, from state to state. Professional associations themselves encourage the need to professionalize. NARA offers the Certificate of Federal Records Management Training Program for professional development. The majority of state and local archives staff hold
3168-598: The University of Victoria , which contain a multitude of collections of donations from both individuals and organizations from all over the world. Many of these donations have yet to be cataloged but are currently in the process of being digitally preserved and made available to the public online. The Arctic World Archive is a commercially-run facility for data preservation located in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, that contains data of historical and cultural interest from several countries as well as all of American multinational company GitHub 's open source code . The data
3240-725: The academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries. Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public. Many academic archives work closely with alumni relations departments or other campus institutions to help raise funds for their library or school. Qualifications for employment may vary. Entry-level positions usually require an undergraduate diploma, but typically archivists hold graduate degrees in history or library science (preferably certified by
3312-402: The ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and the ancient Romans (who called them Tabularia ). However, those archives have been lost since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated relatively quickly, unlike their clay tablet counterparts. Archives of churches, kingdoms, and cities from the Middle Ages survive and have often kept their official status uninterruptedly to
3384-524: The archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Diplomatic Archives [ fr ] , ca. 120 kilometres (75 mi) of physical records) are managed separately by their respective ministries and do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Archives of France Administration. In India , the National Archives (NAI) are located in New Delhi. In Taiwan , the National Archives Administration are located in Taipei . Most intergovernmental organizations keep their own historical archives. However,
3456-528: The archives of the: Papers of individuals associated with campaigning and pressure groups include those of Marjory Allen, Lady Allen of Hurtwood , landscape architect, campaigner for pre-school education and child welfare, Sir Ernest Benn , publisher, libertarian and individualist, Mary Brennan , peace activist and prominent member of CND, William Driscoll , chief training officer of the Economic League, Sir Victor Gollancz , publisher and activist, Sir Leslie Scott , Conservative MP, judge and prominent member of
3528-441: The archives requires the creation of "no-strike lists", the linking of civil and military structures, and the training of local personnel. Archives that primarily contain physical artifacts and printed documents are increasingly shifting to digitizing items that did not originate digitally , which are then usually stored away. This allows for greater accessibility when using search tools and databases, as well as an increase in
3600-429: The availability of digitized materials from outside the physical parameters of an archive, but there may be an element of loss or disconnect when there are gaps in what items are made available digitally. Both physical and digital archives also generally have specific limitations regarding the types of content that are deemed able to be preserved, categorized, and archived. Conventional institutionalized archive spaces have
3672-526: The course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the history and function of that person or organization. Professional archivists and historians generally understand archives to be records that have been naturally and necessarily generated as a product of regular legal, commercial, administrative, or social activities. They have been metaphorically defined as "the secretions of an organism", and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate
SECTION 50
#17328522982273744-506: The education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base. Web archiving is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web and ensuring the collection is preserved in an archive, such as an archive site , for future researchers, historians, and the public. Due to the massive size of the Web, web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated collection. Similarly, software code and documentation can be archived on
3816-470: The history and administration of their companies. Business archives serve the purpose of helping corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past. Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historical aspect of archives. Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to
3888-411: The individual, regardless of medium or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence, and meeting minutes. Some archives are made up of a compilation of both types of collections. An example of this type of combined compilation is the Transgender Archives at
3960-634: The inherent impermanence and gradual change of physical objects over time as a result of being handled. The concept of counter-archiving brings into question what tends to be considered archivable and what is therefore selected to be preserved within conventional contemporary archives. With the options available through counter-archiving, there is the potential to "challenge traditional conceptions of history" as they are perceived within contemporary archives, which creates space for narratives that are often not present in many archival materials. The unconventional nature of counter-archiving practices makes room for
4032-546: The intention of making intersectional accessibility a priority for those who cannot or do not want to access contemporary archival institutions. An example of this is Morgan M. Page's description of disseminating transgender history directly to trans people through various social media and networking platforms like tumblr , Twitter , and Instagram , as well as via podcast . While the majority of archived materials are typically well conserved within their collections, anarchiving's attention to ephemerality also brings to light
4104-472: The larger towns and cities of France, and 12 newer regional archives) which possess 3,591 km (2,231 miles) of physical records and 225.25 terabytes of electronic archives (as of 2020 ). Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world. The archives of the French Ministry of Armed Forces ( Defence Historical Service , ca. 450 kilometres (280 mi) of physical records) and
4176-657: The late 19th century did they begin to be used widely in domestic contexts. The adjective formed from archive is archival . The practice of keeping official documents is very old. Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of clay tablets dating back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla , Mari , Amarna , Hattusas , Ugarit , and Pylos . These discoveries have been fundamental to learning about ancient alphabets, languages, literature, and politics. Oral literature, such as Palestinian hikaye , can also have archival functions for communities. Archives were well developed by
4248-416: The latter area include the Association of Child Care Officers , the Association of Social Workers , the British Association of Social Workers , the Institute of Medical Social Workers , the National Association of Social Workers in Education , and the National Institute for Social Work . Other professional associations with significant representation are the Association of Teachers of Domestic Science ,
4320-404: The maintenance of ephemeral qualities contained within certain historically significant experiences, performances, and personally or culturally relevant stories that do not typically have a space in conventional archives. The practices of anarchiving and counter-archiving are both rooted in social justice work. Hugh Clegg (industrial relations) Clegg was born in Truro . Educated at
4392-420: The most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed. Another type of archive is the Public Secrets project. This is an interactive testimonial, in which women incarcerated in
SECTION 60
#17328522982274464-411: The most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: academic , business (for profit) , government , non-profit , and others . There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans. These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive
4536-540: The national " Access to Archives " program and online searching across collections is possible. In France, the French Archives Administration ( Service interministériel des Archives de France ) in the Ministry of Culture supervises the National Archives ( Archives nationales ), which possess 373 km (232 miles) of physical records as of 2020 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625, and 74.75 terabytes (74,750 GB ) of electronic archives, as well as
4608-413: The ones of Monte Cassino , Saint Gall , and Fulda . The records in these archives include manuscripts, papal records, local church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings. Most Protestant denominations have archives as well, including the Presbyterian Historical Society , the Moravian Church Archives, the Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives,
4680-402: The organisational archives of the University of Warwick itself and also Coventry College of Education , which amalgamated with it in 1971. It also holds the papers of some individuals connected with the university, notably the sociologists Gillian Rose and Meg Stacey , and Sir Arthur Vick , who was the university's chairman of council and pro-chancellor. Other significant collections include
4752-525: The papers and histories of specific people or places. These institutions may rely on grant funding from the government as well as private funds. Depending on the availability of funds, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archive. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold it. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, paraprofessionals , or volunteers, as
4824-433: The papers of several Labour Members of Parliament: Richard Crossman , Maurice Edelman , Terry Fields , William Hamling , Pat Wall , and William Wilson . Other political holdings include the papers of former general secretary of the Labour Party Jim Mortimer , Conservative MP Derek Coombs , National Front activist Wayne Ashcroft , and the Warwick and Leamington Constituency Labour Party. A further specialisation of
4896-430: The present. They are the basic tools for historical research on this period. England, after 1066, developed archives and archival access methods. The Swiss developed archival systems after 1450. The first predecessors of archival science in the West are Jacob von Rammingen's manuals of 1571. and Baldassarre Bonifacio 's De Archivis libris singularis of 1632. Modern archival thinking has some roots dating back to
4968-426: The public and are only used by workers of the owner company, though some allow approved visitors by appointment. Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their company and are therefore selective about how their materials may be used. Government archives include those maintained by local and state governments as well as those maintained by the national (or federal) government. Anyone may use
5040-458: The public service disputes of the sort which had led to the ' Winter of Discontent ' of 1978–9. The Commission was disbanded by the incoming government of Margaret Thatcher , who blamed it for over-inflating the government wage bill. Clegg wrote numerous studies, including a three volume History of British Trade Unions (published between 1964 and 1994). His book The System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain (1953, revised 1970 and 1979)
5112-548: The record-keeping meaning of the term. The English word archive / ˈ ɑːr k aɪ v / is derived from the French archives (plural), and in turn from Latin archīum or archīvum , the romanized form of the Greek ἀρχεῖον ( arkheion ). The Greek term originally referred to the home or dwelling of the Archon , a ruler or chief magistrate , in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted; from there its meaning broadened to encompass such concepts as " town hall " and " public records ". The root of
5184-533: The web, as with the example of CPAN . Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs
#226773