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67-581: The delta's northernmost point is the confluence of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers and follows a southerly direction that ultimately opens into the head of Mobile Bay through the Mobile , Tensaw , Apalachee , Middle , Blakeley , and Spanish rivers near the Battleship Parkway . It is contained within sections of Baldwin , Clarke , Mobile , Monroe , and Washington counties. The Mobile–Tensaw delta

134-654: A Southern Fiction medal from Publishers Weekly . " Tapestry incorporates important African-American history everyone should learn and remember. I urge people to read this book and visit the places it introduces, testaments to the strength and resilience of our ancestors,” said Frazine Taylor, President of the Elmore County Association of Black Heritage, Chair of the Black Heritage Council of the Alabama Historical Commission and President of

201-411: A lawsuit against International Paper (IP) , as this company had owned the now-shuttered paper plant. The environmental group claim that IP's improper handling of waste through the decades contaminated the land and water, and the company did not clean up the site as required after closing the plant. In January 2018, reporter Ben Raines found the charred remains of a ship that he thought might prove to be

268-605: A local news station." Defined as roughly bounded by Jakes Lane, Paper Mill and Warren roads, and Chin and Railroad streets, the historic district was designated in 2009 as a site on Mobile's African American Heritage Trail. The Africatown Historic District was subsequently affirmed as significant by the state and the National Park Service , and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 2012. Given its location along waterways, this area

335-472: A port-side window in the pilot house, which began filling with water, while the captain remained at the helm. Soon the tugboat emerged from beneath the other side of the bridge and righted itself, with water pouring from the doorways and decks. One of the two main ventilator funnels had tilted to the center, yet one engine was still running, and the captain steered to anchor the tugboat in a flooded cornfield. Another downstream tugboat, M/V Tallapoosa , rescued

402-474: A shipbuilder and landowner; his brother Byrnes (also spelled Burns) Meaher; John Dabey; and others invested money to hire a crew and captain for one of Meaher's ships to go to Africa and buy Africans enslaved by the chiefs of Dahomey . They used Timothy Meaher's ship Clotilda , which had been designed for the lumber trade. It was commanded by Captain William Foster. While the ship was in port at Whydah in

469-565: A short film about him. She returned later and frequently visited Lewis over a period of three months. She wrote a book about this experience and Lewis's life but was unable to get it published. Her book was posthumously published as Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" , in an annotated edition in May 2018. During interviews, Lewis would tell about the civil wars in West Africa, in which members of

536-454: A slave. She married and the couple had a daughter. The family continued to work at the Smith plantation after emancipation. While Redoshi Smith was interviewed by Zora Neale Hurston and known by others, later in her life and after her death, she was forgotten. In 2019, researcher Hannah Durkin published new information about her: she documented that Redoshi Smith lived until 1937, making her apparently

603-510: A spokesman for the people of Africatown. He was visited by American writers Emma Langdon Roche and Zora Neale Hurston , and educator Booker T. Washington , president of Tuskegee Institute . Roche published a book in 1914 about American slavery and the Africatown community. In 1927, Hurston interviewed Cudjo Lewis for the Journal of Negro History . Although she never published the article, she made

670-572: Is also a common pastime. Most of the Delta is very shallow water. To access these areas, airboats, canoes, kayaks or other small craft are typically used. Tombigbee River The Tombigbee River is a tributary of the Mobile River , approximately 200 mi (325 km) long, in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Alabama . Together with the Alabama , it merges to form the short Mobile River before

737-507: Is an historic community located three miles (5 km) north of downtown Mobile, Alabama . It was formed by a group of 32 West Africans , who in 1860 were bought and transported against their will in the last known illegal shipment of slaves to the United States . The Atlantic slave trade had been banned since 1808 , but 110 slaves held by the Kingdom of Dahomey were smuggled into Mobile on

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804-497: Is ecologically important and includes a wide variety of habitats, including mesic flood plains , cypress - gum swamps , tidal brackish water marshes , bottomland forests and submersed grass beds. As one of the most biologically diverse regions in both Alabama and the United States, it is home to 126 species of fish, 46 mammals, 69 reptiles, 30 amphibians, and at least 300 species of bird, including more than 110 which nest in

871-749: Is the largest dam upstream of the Mobile water basin located in Monroe County, Alabama. Exotic invasive plant and animal species have permanently altered the Mobile–Tensaw River Delta’s ecology. Both invasive plants and animals pose a threat to the native populations of wildlife that call the Mobile Delta home. Some of the most common non-native invasive plant species to conquer the delta include Eurasian watermilfoil, hydrilla, water hyacinth, and common salvinia. The most common invasive invertebrates include

938-481: The Clotilda , which was burned and scuttled to try to conceal its illicit cargo. More than 30 of these people, believed to be ethnic Yoruba , Ewe , and Fon , founded and created their own community in what became Africatown. They retained their West African customs and language into the 1950s, while their children and some elders also learned English. Cudjo Kazoola Lewis , a founder of Africatown, lived until 1935 and

1005-518: The Clotilda . On March 5, 2018, Raines announced that the wreck he had discovered was likely not the Clotilda as the wreckage appeared to be "simply too big, with a significant portion hidden beneath mud and deep water". A few weeks later, Ben Raines and a team from the University of Southern Mississippi returned to the river and performed the first ever modern survey of the 12 Mile Island section of

1072-613: The Eliza Battle and James T. Staples . The "Tombigbee River Waltz" or the singing song "Tombigbee River" are beloved old time waltzes performed by fiddlers including James Bryan, Kenny Jackson, Jay Ungar and Eric Hatling. The song was featured as a Charles Ingalls song in the Little House books. 31°8′11″N 87°56′39″W  /  31.13639°N 87.94417°W  / 31.13639; -87.94417 Africatown Africatown , also known as AfricaTown USA and Plateau ,

1139-622: The Amoco Foundation, gave a bronze plaque to the City of Mobile to commemorate the life of Lewis. It was installed in Bienville Square downtown. Africatown expanded as newcomers arrived to work in the paper mills of International Paper (IP) and Scott Paper . In this period, the population reached a peak of 12,000. But it declined later in the 20th century, following the closing of the major industries. In 1997, descendants and friends founded

1206-517: The Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States by the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves , many smugglers continued to deliver slaves while evading federal authorities. In 1860, a group of wealthy slaveholders in Mobile, Alabama decided to make a friendly bet between themselves and a group of men from New England that they could sneak a shipment of slaves into the country without being captured by federal agents. Timothy Meaher ,

1273-404: The Clotilda . Cudjoe Lewis lived until 1935 and until 2019 was thought to be the last survivor of the original group. He was a spokesman for the community and was interviewed by early 20th-century writers Emma Langdon Roche and Zora Neale Hurston , among others, who both relied on his accounts for the history of the capture, voyage and community. In the post-Civil War and emancipation period,

1340-484: The Clotilda : Peter Lee, Cudjo Kazoola Lewis, and Charlie Lewis. They identified some artifacts that may have been brought from Africa. In 2012, there was clean-up work in the newly designated historic district, and the cemetery was cleaned and restored. Also, a large historical marker has been installed outside the cemetery that explains its history and significance. About 2,000 people live there in 2018, including 100 known descendants of survivors of Clotilda . Among

1407-829: The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, as they adopted some European-American ways. But Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, in order to remove the Native Americans and enable development by European Americans. The United States forced the Chickasaw west of the Mississippi to Indian Territory , extinguishing most of their claims to land in the Southeast. The Tombigbee River has five lock and dams along its length. Lock & Dams are listed from north to south;

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1474-524: The Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day port of Ouidah in Benin ), additional work was done to accommodate and conceal the transport of enslaved people. Foster bought the slaves and loaded them. The ship sailed in May 1860 from Dahomey for its final destination, Mobile, with 110 persons held as slaves. Foster had paid for 125 slaves, but as he was preparing for departure, he saw steamers offshore and rapidly departed to evade them. The captives were said to be mostly of

1541-457: The Mobile River . Among the founders of Africatown was a man named Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis (his Yoruba name was Kazoola or Kossola). He was said to be the oldest slave on the Clotilda and a chief . Accounts also refer to Charlie Poteet as a chief. Their medicine man was named Jabez, or Jaba. Charles Lewis ( Oluale was his Yoruba name) and his future wife Maggie were also among the Africans on

1608-515: The Pharr Mounds near the northern county line of Itawamba County , at what was once known as the source of the east fork of the river . Historically, the beginning of the river was in northern Monroe County at the confluence of Town Creek (also known as West Fork Tombigbee River) and the east fork of the river. The river flows east through Aberdeen Lake near Aberdeen , and Columbus Lake near Columbus . It flows through Aliceville Lake on

1675-596: The Tennessee River via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway . The name "Tombigbee" comes from Choctaw /itumbi ikbi/ , meaning "box maker, coffin maker", from /itumbi/ , "box, coffin", and /ikbi/ , "maker". The river formed the eastern boundary of the historical Choctaw lands, from the 17th century when they coalesced as a people, to the forced Indian Removal by the United States in the 1830s. The river begins in northeastern Mississippi just south of

1742-467: The drawbridge -section, which failed to re-open fast enough while the river was near flood stage (drawbridges must close and re-open to allow waiting traffic to cross). The fast currents pinned the Cahaba's starboard side against the bridge in high waters. The force was so great that it pulled the boat downward, tilting it beneath the bridge, and fully submerging it in the river. The underwater pressure blew out

1809-507: The port of Mobile . Trying to evade discovery, Foster had the ship towed at night upriver beyond the port. He loaded the slaves onto a steam riverboat and sent them ashore; he set fire to the Clotilda and scuttled it to hide the evidence of its smuggling slaves. The Africans were mostly distributed as slaves among the parties who had invested in the venture. Before being taken from Mobile, they were on their own in terms of surviving. They built shelters out of whatever they could find growing in

1876-491: The "Tarkbar" tribe, but research in the 21st century suggests that they were Takpa people, a band of Yoruba or Nupe people from the interior of present-day Nigeria . They had been taken captive by forces of the King of Dahomey . He sold them into slavery at the market of Whydah. The captured people were sold for $ 100 each to Foster, captain of the Clotilda . In early July 1860, the Clotilda entered Mobile Bay and approached

1943-625: The AfricaTown Mobilization Project to campaign for the community to be designated as an historic district and to promote its redevelopment. The Africatown Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 2012. In 2010, Neil Norman of the College of William and Mary conducted an archeological excavation and preservation project in Africatown. It was funded by local and state agencies. He excavated three homesites of former enslaved people trafficked on

2010-464: The Alabama Historical Commission, which hired Search Inc., to verify the find. The discovery was kept secret for a year, until the verification process was complete. On May 22, 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced that the wreckage of the Clotilda had been found in the Mobile River near Africatown. In 2020, Alabama author Beth Duke featured Africatown in her novel Tapestry, which won

2077-501: The Alabama lowlands, and adapted their hunting to the rich game. Some slaves were sold to areas more distant from Mobile. Among them were Redoshi, a woman from the Clotilda , and a man who became her husband, who were both sold to Washington Smith of Dallas County, Alabama . He had a plantation in the upcountry of the state, and later founded the Bank of Selma. Redoshi was known as Sally Smith as

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2144-532: The Amazonian apple snails , Asiatic clams , and subtropical water fleas. Invasive fishes include common carp and grass carp. The invasive species that poses the largest threat to the entire ecosystem is wild swine. They are detrimental to the entire Alabama ecosystem because they will eat almost any type of plant or animal materials, including agricultural crops, food discarded by humans, carrion, small mammals, birds, turtles, snakes, and amphibians. Humans are considered

2211-522: The Civil War and emancipation, the people asked the U.S. government to repatriate them to Africa, but they were refused. The community developed along the spine of Telegraph Road in the early 20th century, becoming known both as Plateau, for its high ground, and Magazine. Those areas became part of the cities of Mobile and Prichard , respectively. Considerable company housing was built in Prichard for workers at

2278-648: The Delta on July 7, 1860, carrying 103 enslaved West Africans captured in Dahomey , and was scuttled to prevent being prosecuted under the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves . It was the last slave ship to enter the United States via the Atlantic slave trade . After the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment , many of the descendants of the Clotilda would establish

2345-819: The Forever Wild ranking system, the Mobile-Tensaw Delta is one of their top priorities for protection. The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) Game & Fish Division has also listed the Mobile-Tensaw Delta as one of their highest priorities for inclusion into the state Wildlife Management Area System. The delta is one of 327 watersheds (of the 2,100 in the United States) to be deemed as being of irreplaceable value to conserving populations of all freshwater fish and mussel species at risk. Conservators’ wide range of obstacles include hydrological alterations from man-made developments, stream pollution,

2412-583: The Mississippi-Alabama border, then generally SSE across western Alabama in a highly meandering course, past Gainesville and Demopolis . There it is joined from the northeast by the Black Warrior River . South of Demopolis it flows generally south across southwestern Alabama (forming Sumter and Choctaw counties' borders with Marengo County ). Past Jackson it joins the Alabama River from

2479-400: The Mobile River. One week later, Raines and Monty Graham, head of Marine Sciences at the University of Southern Mississippi, explored several of the 11 wrecks identified in the survey, along with Joe Turner and a team from Underwater Works Dive Shop. On April 13, the team pulled up the first piece of Clotilda to see the light of day in 160 years. The coordinates and survey data were shared with

2546-756: The Old Landmark Church. In 1876, they opened the Old Plateau Cemetery, also known as the Africatown Graveyard. In the early 20th century, they replaced the old church with the brick Union Missionary Baptist Church , which is still in use. The community started its first public school in 1880; it is known as the Mobile County Technical School. Cudjoe Lewis helped his fellow Africans to adapt to their new country, although they had been badly treated by whites. For decades, he served as

2613-569: The United States, preserving their history through families, the church, and schools. Part of the community's land was appropriated by the government for the development of the western approach of the Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge , completed in 1992. In 1997, descendants and friends formed the Africatown Community Mobilization Project to seek recognition of an Africatown Historic District and encourage

2680-497: The area. An area of 190,000 acres of the Delta was designated as a National Natural Landmark in 1974, and four sites within the Delta are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Mobile–Tensaw River Delta and the adjacent Mobile estuary make up one of the largest wetland ecosystems in the United States, which is why protecting its wide range of biodiversity is a top priority for conservators. According to

2747-729: The basin upstream. Trace elements detected in fish tissue collected from sites throughout the Mobile River Basin suggest that aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, strontium, and zinc are the trace elements that are most prevalent in the water. Upstream dams are put into place most commonly for the purposes of power generation, navigation, and flood control. Dams distort the natural hydrological flow by either physically restricting movement of wildlife or by creating large areas of inhospitable habitat. In both cases, populations are isolated, which can have detrimental effects on reproduction and natural migration. The Claiborne Lock and Dam

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2814-449: The captain and all three crew members; with the pilot, then secured the two barges of coal. The barges were later towed to Mobile by the same company's towboat M/V Mauvilla. The Mauvilla is otherwise notable for its later involvement in the 1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck . Pleasure boats, cruising America's Great Loop , use the waterway each year in the fall. The river is closely associated with several steamboat disasters, including

2881-466: The church which the settlers founded in Africatown. He helped preserve the story of his father and the Clotilda, as did the families and later community schools, through oral histories . The women raised and sold crops, and the men worked in mills for $ 1 a day, saving money to purchase the land from Meaher. When possible, they avoided white people. They established the African Church, later known as

2948-728: The delta region at least as far back as 5,000 years ago. During the Mississippian period , people of the Pensacola culture built earthen mounds along Bottle Creek and the Tensaw River. During the late prehistoric period, other peoples moved into the area, including the Taensas (Tensaw), the Creek , and the Choctaw . In the 16th century, the area was visited by Spanish forces. French explorers arrived in

3015-539: The descendants of Charles Lewis and his wife Maggie, who was also born in Africa, is a great-great-great grandson Ahmir Khalib Thompson , the 21st-century drummer and music producer known as Questlove . Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , he is descended from their son Joseph and his wife. Most of the community now lies within Mobile's city limits. Its people passed down the story of its founders and how they were brought to

3082-424: The effects of upstream dams on stream flow, and effects of exotic invasive plant and animal species. The construction of the causeway in the 1920s is considered one of the most significant man-made obstructions to the delta. The causeway restricts sediment and water exchange with Mobile Bay resulting in an immensely higher sedimentation rate. The loss of hydrological connectivity between the Delta and Mobile Bay reduced

3149-448: The federal government's dropping the case. Meaher initially used 32 of the enslaved Africans as workers on his plantation . After the Civil War (1861–1865) they were emancipated , but they continued to work Meaher's property in the delta north of Mobile on the west side of the river. The former slaves founded a community known as Africatown, bounded on three sides by water: a bayou , Three Mile Creek (formerly Chickasabogag Creek), and

3216-482: The last survivor of the slaves from the Clotilda. Federal authorities prosecuted Meaher and his partners, including Foster. Lacking the ship and related evidence, such as its manifest, the 1861 federal court case of US v. Byrnes Meaher, Timothy Meaher and John Dabey did not find sufficient grounds to convict Meaher. The case was dismissed. Historians believe the start of the American Civil War contributed to

3283-532: The last years of the 17th century, eventually settling colonial Mobile in 1702 at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff on the Mobile River. During the Creek War , Red Stick Creeks attacked Fort Mims near the confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers in August 1813, where they killed most of the mixed-blood Tensaw and Lower Town Creeks, intermarried whites, slaves, and nearly 275 militia. The schooner Clotilda arrived in

3350-454: The latter empties into Mobile Bay on the Gulf of Mexico . The Tombigbee watershed encompasses much of the rural coastal plain of western Alabama and northeastern Mississippi, flowing generally southward. The river provides one of the principal routes of commercial navigation in the southern United States, as it is navigable along much of its length through locks and connected in its upper reaches to

3417-405: The losing side were sold into slavery to Africans and Europeans. His were Takpa people, who had lived in a village in the interior. Cudjo related how he and others from his village had been captured by warriors from neighboring Dahomey , taken to Ouidah and imprisoned within a large slave compound. They were sold by the King of Dahomey to Foster and transported to the U.S. on the Clotilda . After

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3484-600: The neighborhood of Africatown in Mobile . The last important battle of the American Civil War took place at the fortified town of Blakeley , located on the edge of the delta. A railroad line to connect Mobile to Montgomery , now part of the CSX system, opened across the delta in 1872. In the mid-1920s, the Causeway was built across the lowest part of the delta, connecting the western and eastern shores of Mobile Bay. Later, I-65 and I-10 were constructed to span different parts of

3551-407: The north on the Mobile - Baldwin county line, approximately 30 mi (50 km) north of Mobile ; this confluence forms the Mobile River . After the completion of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in 1985, much of the middle course of the river in northeastern Mississippi was diverted into the new, straightened channel. Above Aberdeen Lake, the waterway flows alongside the original course of

3618-452: The only significant threat to the hog population, which is why they are one of the only hunted animals in the state that are not monitored by a season for hunting. Boating and fishing are popular in the Mobile Delta. Boat ramps and water access points are abundant throughout the area. The Bartram Canoe Trail provides a system of waterways by which boaters may explore the delta. The area is known for its excellent bird watching . Hunting

3685-438: The people from the Clotilda . Other descendants live across the country. In 2009, the neighborhood was designated as a site on Mobile's African American Heritage Trail. The Africatown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Its related Old Plateau Cemetery, also known as Africatown Graveyard, was founded in 1876. It has been given a large historical plaque telling its history. Although

3752-510: The people in Africatown were joined by people from the same ethnic groups who were living in the Mobile area. They gathered as a community to live independently and evade supervision by whites. The community had two major sections: the first and larger one, of about 50 acres, and a second section of about 7 acres, located about two miles west. The latter area was called Lewis Quarters after founder Charlie Oluale Lewis and his wife Maggie. Cudjo Lewis's son Joe (Joseph) learned to read and write at

3819-521: The region. The delta's considerable biodiversity has led to it being described as an "American Amazon " by naturalist E. O. Wilson . Margaret Renkl has written about the delta and its vulnerability to coal ash pollution from the James M. Barry Electric Generating Plant upstream along the Mobile River . The delta lies in a river valley which began forming several million years ago. Many separate inland streams joined as they flowed southward across land which

3886-541: The restoration and development of the town site. In 2000 it submitted documentation as a Local Legacy Project to the Library of Congress, through Representative Sonny Callahan from Alabama's 1st congressional district . "Materials include[d] 16 pages of text, 11 color photographs, a map of the AfricaTown district, newspaper articles, information on the AfricaTown Mobilization Project, and a videotape, "AfricaTown, USA," made by

3953-534: The river mile indicates the distance from the mouth of the Mobile River at Mobile Bay . Tributaries that empty directly into the Tombigbee: On April 28, 1979, a tugboat named M/V Cahaba was on the Tombigbee near Demopolis, Alabama trying to guide two coal barges under a flooded side-span of the old Rooster Bridge (removed years later), but the flood current was too strong. The tug and barges approached

4020-687: The river. In addition to the Black Warrior, the river is joined by the Buttahatchee River from the east, north of Columbus, Mississippi. To the South of Columbus, Luxapalila Creek joins with the Tombigbee River, approximately 5.2 miles from downtown Columbus. Approximately 10 mi (15 km) north of Gainesville, it is joined from the north by the Sipsey River . At Gainesville, it is joined from

4087-424: The salinity of the surrounding rivers and bay. Several species of fish, crustaceans, shellfish, and plant communities have been altered as a result of reduced salinity. It is important to recognize that human activates resulting in upstream pollution within the Mobile River Basin have profound impacts on the Mobile-Tensaw Delta. Such pollution can include sediments, trace elements, metals, and pesticides draining from

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4154-400: The same plantation. Durkin later published research indicating that another slave, Matilda McCrear , in fact outlived Smith, dying in 1940. The population of Africatown has declined markedly from a peak population of 12,000 in the 20th century, when paper mills operated there. In the early 21st century, the community has about 2,000 residents. It is estimated 100 of them are descendants of

4221-611: The shipyards and paper mills. Up until World War II , Africatown survived as a distinct community, but later it was absorbed as a neighborhood of Mobile. It was also known as Plateau. The Cudjo Lewis Memorial Statue was placed in front of the Union Missionary Baptist Church in 1959, in recognition of his leadership in the community. In 1977 the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History , in cooperation with

4288-443: The west by the Noxubee River . The Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is along the river in southwestern Alabama, approximately 20 mi (30 km) northwest of Jackson. The upper reaches of the Tombigbee formed the homeland of the formidable Chickasaw . The French official Bienville used the Tombigbee to travel with his forces in his 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw. In the nineteenth century, they were considered one of

4355-412: Was developed for mills and other industrial uses, especially in the early 20th century. A paper plant was built in 1928 and operated for decades on land first owned by A. Meaher Jr. on the edge of Africatown. Residents say they have a serious industrial pollution and public health problem, which has caused a high rate of cancer since the late 20th century. In 2017, a group of about 1,200 residents launched

4422-479: Was long thought to be the last survivor of the slaves from the Clotilda living in Africatown. In 2019, scholar Hannah Durkin from Newcastle University documented Redoshi , a West African woman who was believed at the time to be the last survivor of slaves from the Clotilda. Also known as Sally Smith, she lived to 1937. She had been sold to a planter who lived in Dallas County, Alabama . Redoshi and her family continued to live there after emancipation, working on

4489-496: Was once covered by the Gulf of Mexico . By the end of the last major ice age (approximately 18,000 years ago), when the sea level was much lower and Alabama's coastline was about 60 miles (97 km) south of its present location, the waterways of the delta valley extended much farther than their current-day southern termination at the head of Mobile Bay. As the ice age ended and global temperatures increased, sea levels began to rise again to their present-day level. Humans inhabited

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