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54-451: The main arena on the first floor accommodates six kendo courts. The second floor contains 838 spectator seats. International kendo competitions are regularly held there. Auxiliary facilities: training room, meeting room, fitness room, health / physical consultation room, rest room, equipment depot, changing rooms, shower rooms, room dedicated to broadcasting, offices The project was designed by Sensei Tadashi Chihara, guarantor and tenth of

108-521: A tameshigiri technique called kabuto wari ( 兜割り , "helmet breaking") , which involved slicing through a steel helmet with a single stroke of the sword. In 1887 he performed this before the Emperor Meiji , as part of a demonstration organised by one of the Emperor's relatives. Of the three sword masters present who attempted this cut, Sakakibara was the only one to succeed in cutting the helmet, despite

162-452: A kendōka begins practice in armor, a practice session may include any or all of the following types of practice: Techniques are divided into shikake-waza (仕掛け技; to initiate a strike) and ōji-waza (応じ技; a response to an attempted strike). Kendōka who wish to use such techniques during practice or competitions often practice each technique with a motodachi . This is a process that requires patience. The kendōka and motodachi practice

216-440: A base for the men to fit comfortably. Kendo training is quite noisy in comparison to some other martial arts or sports. This is because kendōka use a shout, or kiai ( 気合い ) , to express their fighting spirit when striking. Additionally, kendōka execute fumikomi-ashi ( 踏み込み足 ) , an action similar to a stamp of the front foot, during a strike. Like some other martial arts, kendōka train and fight barefoot. Kendo

270-410: A kendo competition ( tai-kai ) is defined as an accurate strike or thrust made onto a datotsu-bui of the opponent's kendo-gu with the shinai making contact at its datotsu-bu , the competitor displaying high spirits, correct posture and followed by zanshin . Datotsu-bui or point scoring targets in kendo are defined as: Datotsu-bu of the shinai is the forward, or blade side ( jin-bu ) of

324-424: A metal grille ( 面金 , men-gane ) to protect the face, a series of hard leather and fabric flaps ( 突垂れ , tsuki-dare ) to protect the throat, and padded fabric flaps ( 面垂れ , men-dare ) to protect the side of the neck and shoulders. The forearms, wrists, and hands are protected by long, thickly padded fabric gloves called kote ( 小手 ) . The torso is protected by a breastplate ( 胴 , dō ) , while

378-521: A professor at the Kōbusho ( 講武所 ) , a shogunate -sponsored military academy . He received this post through the auspices of his teacher Otani, who had himself been granted a teaching position there. In this role, Sakakibara was noticed by the shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi , who appointed Sakakibara as his bodyguard and fencing instructor. He also married Taka, the daughter of the shōgun ' s personal retainer Iwajiro Mihashi. In order that his headmastery of

432-610: A unified swordsmanship style. This led to the rise of the Battotai (抜刀隊, lit. Drawn Sword Corps ), consisting mainly of sword-wielding policemen. However, it proved difficult to integrate all sword arts, leading to a compromise of ten practice moves ( kata ) for police training. This integration effort led to the development of modern kendo. In 1878, Kawaji wrote a book on swordsmanship, Gekiken Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Swordsmanship), stressing sword styles should not disappear with modernization, but should be integrated as necessary skills for

486-467: Is 1.66 million, with over 6 million practitioners worldwide, with registered dan holders and active kendo practitioners without dan grade. In 1975, the All Japan Kendo Federation developed and published "The Concept and Purpose of Kendo" (reproduced below). Kendo is a way to discipline the human character through the application of the principles of the katana . Kendo

540-418: Is also used. Age Group Shinai Size Kendōka also use hard wooden swords ( 木刀 , bokutō ) to practice kata . Kendo employs strikes involving both one edge and the tip of the shinai or bokutō . Protective armor is worn to protect specified target areas on the head, arms, and body. The head is protected by a stylized helmet, called men ( 面 ) , with

594-478: Is ideal. This can be to any part of the opponent's body, with valid strikes being: debana-men , debana-kote , and debana-Tsuki . These counter-attack techniques are performed by executing a strike after responding or avoiding an attempted strike by the opponent. This can also be achieved by inducing the opponent to attack, then employing one of the Ōji-waza . Avoiding an attack from another, then instantly responding. Here, timing has to be correct. A response that

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648-486: Is ideally practiced in a purpose-built dōjō , though standard sports halls and other venues are often used. An appropriate venue has a clean and wooden sprung floor , suitable for fumikomi-ashi . Kendo techniques comprise both strikes and thrusts. Strikes are only made towards specified target areas ( 打突-部位 , datotsu-bui ) on the wrists, head, or body, all of which are protected by armor. The targets are men , sayu-men or Yoko-men (upper, left or right side of

702-401: Is practiced wearing a traditional Japanese style of clothing, protective armor ( 防具 , bōgu ) and using one or, less commonly two, shinai ( 竹刀 , shinai ) . The shinai is meant to represent a Japanese sword ( katana ) and is made up of four bamboo slats which are held together by leather fittings. A modern variation of a shinai with carbon fiber reinforced resin slats

756-446: Is too slow or fast may not be effective. Therefore, close attention to an opponent's every move is required. If struck by an opponent's shinai , this technique sweeps up their shinai in a rising-slide motion, with the right ( ura ) or left ( omote ) side of the shinai . Then strike in the direction of their shinai , or at the opening resulting from their composure's collapse. This technique needs to be smooth. That is, do not separate

810-482: Is used to indicate one's proficiency in kendo. The dan levels are from first-dan ( 初段 , sho-dan ) to tenth-dan ( 十段 , jū-dan ) . There are usually six grades below first-dan, known as kyu . The kyu numbering is in reverse order, with first kyu ( 一級 , ikkyū ) being the grade immediately below first dan, and sixth kyu ( 六級 , rokkyū ) being the lowest grade. There are no visible differences in dress between kendo grades; those below dan-level may dress

864-721: The Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法), introduced gekiken (撃剣) (full contact duels with bamboo swords and training armor) to the curriculum of tradition arts in the 1820s. Due to the large number of students of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō at the end of the Edo period , the use of bamboo swords and armor as a form of practice became popular. Modern kendo techniques, such as Suriage-Men and Oikomi-Men, were originally Hokushin Ittō-ryū techniques, were named by Chiba Shūsaku. After

918-571: The International Kendo Federation (FIK) with the support of the host nation's kendo federation. The European championship is held every year, except in those years in which there is a world championship. Kendo is also one of the martial arts in the World Combat Games . Technical achievement in kendo is measured by advancement in grade, rank or level. The kyū ( 級 ) and dan ( 段 ) grading system, created in 1883,

972-554: The Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s, Sakakibara Kenkichi popularized public gekiken for commercial gain, resulting in increased interest in kendo and kenjutsu. In 1876, five years after a voluntary surrender of swords, the government banned the use of swords by the surviving samurai and initiated sword hunts . Meanwhile, in an attempt to standardize the sword styles ( kenjutsu ) used by policemen, Kawaji Toshiyoshi recruited swordsmen from various schools to come up with

1026-645: The Okayama prefecture and recalls the label as well as the central personality of the Japanese culture and native of the country, Musashi. The delivery took place in May 2000 preceding the inauguration of May 20, 2000, in memory of the anniversary date of Miyamoto Musashi (March 12, 1584, Ōhara-Chō - May 19, 1645). Chizu Express , Chizu Line , Miyamoto Musashi Station 10 minutes on foot. Kendo Kendo ( 剣道 , Kendō , lit. 'sword way', 'sword path' or 'way of

1080-478: The gekiken kogyo practices which he began created an interest in fencing which led ultimately to the development of modern kendo . In his later years Sakakibara returned to coach and train in his dojo in Kurumazaka, after trying his hand unsuccessfully at running a kōdan ( 講談 , "storytelling") theatre and an izakaya ( 居酒屋 ) (bar). Those who trained at the Kurumazaka dojo included Naitō Takaharu , who

1134-453: The kensen and spirited attack is crucial for effective katsugi-waza or luring the opponent into breaking their posture. There are two types. The first is for moving to the next waza after a failed first strike, and the second holds the opponent's attention and posture to create the opening for a second strike. The former requires a continuous rhythm of correct strikes. The latter requires continuous execution of waza , to take advantage of

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1188-407: The men ), the right kote at any time, the left kote when it is in a raised position, and the left or right side of the dō . Thrusts ( 突き , tsuki ) are only allowed to the throat. However, since an incorrectly performed thrust could cause serious injury to the opponent's neck, thrusting techniques in free practice and competition are often restricted to senior dan graded kendōka . Once

1242-494: The Jikishinkage-ryū would not interfere with his duties to the shōgun , his student Matsuoka Katsunosuke was temporarily placed in charge of the school. By 1863, Sakakibara was a head keeper at Edo Castle and received a stipend of 300 ryō per year. He resigned from this post in 1866, after Iemochi's death and started a dojo in Kurumazaka (a neighbourhood of Edo, now part of modern Ueno ). Despite his connections to

1296-438: The armor by adding a metal grille to the headpiece (面; men ) and thick cotton protective coverings to the gauntlets that cover the wrists and hands (小手; kote ). Naganuma Sirozaemon Kunisato ( 長沼四郎左衛門国郷 , 1688–1767) inherited the tradition from his father Heizaemon in 1708, and the two of them collaborated to improve what would become modern kendo training armor. Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba ( 千葉 周作 成政 , 1792–1855) , founder of

1350-464: The basis of kendo practice today. Formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. They are still studied today, in a modified form. The introduction of bamboo practice swords and armor to sword training is attributed to Naganuma Shirōzaemon Kunisato ( 長沼 四郎左衛門 国郷 , 1688–1767) during the Shotoku Era (1711–1715). Naganuma developed

1404-522: The case of a tie, there are several options: The All Japan Kendo Championship is regarded as the most prestigious kendo championship. Despite it being the national championship for only Japanese kendōka , kendo practitioners all over the world consider the All Japan Kendo Championship as the championship with the highest level of competitive kendo. The World Kendo Championships have been held every three years since 1970. They are organised by

1458-508: The fact that he had been unable to make the cut in practice attempts. Despite the success of the gekiken kogyo performances, in his later years Sakakibara regretted their development. In his view, the rules and strictures of gekiken were perverting kenjutsu into new forms that were no longer relevant to battlefield combat. He disdained the point-scoring swordsmanship of other kendoka of his era, ignoring light touches by his opponents in order to deliver his own powerful strikes. Nonetheless,

1512-411: The flag corresponding to the color of the ribbon worn by the scoring competitor. Usually, at least two referees must agree for a point to be awarded. Play is stopped after each point is awarded. Kendo competitions are usually a three-point match. The first competitor to score two points, therefore, wins the match. If the time limit is reached and only one competitor has a point, that competitor wins. In

1566-400: The initiator strikes or when being attacked. This technique takes advantage of this to help execute a strike. A good example is Hikibana-kote when a strike is made to an opponent's kote as they feel threatened and raise their kensen as the initiator pushes forward. This provides a surprise attack by lifting the shinai over the initiator's shoulder before striking. Here a skillful use of

1620-499: The line of Miyamoto Musashi . The architectural design of the Miyamoto Musashi Budokan was entrusted to Wataru Numata. The structure of the main arena surrounded by two floors above the ground is made of reinforced concrete. The total floor area is 6049 m (the first floor of 4252 m and the second floor 1797 m). The building has been certified by Heart Building. This Budokan represents a samurai helmet or kabuto symbol of

1674-514: The old term of kendoists is sometimes used. The Kodansha Meibo, a register of dan graded members of the AJKF, lists (as of September 2007) 1.48 million registered dan graded kendōka in Japan. According to a survey conducted by AJKF, the number of active kendo practitioners in Japan is 477,000, including 290,000 dan holders. From these figures, AJKF estimates that the number of kendōka in Japan

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1728-564: The opponent has to be correctly perceived, and then one knocks down their shinai before their arm fully extends. Valid strikes include: do-uchiotoshi-men and Tsuki-uchiotoshi-men . This technique is a response. As the opponent strikes, the opponent parries their shinai with the initiator's. They then flip over (turn over the hands) and strike their opposite side. Valid strikes include: men-kaeshi-men , men-kaeshi-kote , men-kaeshi-do , kote-kaeshi-men , kote-kaeshi-kote , and do-kaeshi-men . A scorable point ( 有効打突 , yūkō-datotsu ) in

1782-464: The opponent's opening. This can be used if one's opponent's stance has no opening when the opponent tries to attack. The opponent's shinai is either knocked down from above or swept up from below with a resulting strike just when their stance is broken. This technique involves striking the opponent as they are about to strike. This is because their concentration will be on striking and their posture will have no flexibility to respond. Thus debana-waza

1836-477: The personal guard of Japan's last two shōguns . After the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate Sakakibara was instrumental in preserving traditional Japanese sword techniques in the early Meiji Era. Despite his eventual opposition to the practice of sword fighting for sport, his work during this period laid the foundations for the modern sport of kendo . In his later years he taught a number of noted martial artists, and

1890-406: The police, and he worked briefly as a prison guard at the police headquarters. The new Meiji Government had banned the carrying of swords and in 1876 banned the practice of duelling, and so traditional swordsmanship was no longer popular. Sakakibara tried to find new ways of promoting kenjutsu. His motives may have been financial, as without a sponsor he, like many other martial artists of the era,

1944-400: The police. While Junsa Kyōshūjo remained active only until 1881, the police continued to support such practice. The Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) was established in 1895 to promote martial arts in Japan. It changed the name of the sporting form of swordsmanship, gekiken , ( Kyūjitai : 擊劍 and Shinjitai : 撃剣 , "hitting sword") to kendō in 1920. Kendo (along with other martial arts)

1998-468: The police. He draws a particular example from his experience with the Satsuma Rebellion . The Junsa Kyōshūjo (Patrolman's Training Institute), founded in 1879, provided a curriculum that allowed policemen to study gekiken during their off-hours. In the same year, Kawaji wrote another book on swordsmanship, Kendo Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Kendo), defending the significance of such sword art training for

2052-528: The popularity of sumo wrestling , organised these contests. The first public kogyo organised by Sakakibara's group took place in April 1873, and lasted for over a week. Other martial artists, witnessing the success of the Gekken Kaisha , followed suit, resulting in new forms such as Kenshibu ( 剣詩舞 ) , the Japanese art of sword dancing As part of his public performances Sakakibara occasionally demonstrated

2106-426: The rising-slide motion and the upward-sweeping motion or it will not be successful. Valid strikes include: men-suriage-men , kote-suriage-men , men-suriage-do , kote-suriage-kote , and Tsuki-suriage-men . This waza knocks an opponent's shinai to the right or left. This neutralises a potential strike and gives the ideal chance to strike as an opponent is off-balance. For success, the distance between oneself and

2160-496: The same as those above dan-level. Sakakibara Kenkichi Sakakibara Kenkichi ( Japanese : 榊原鍵吉 , December 19, 1830 – September 11, 1894) was a Japanese samurai and martial artist . He was the fourteenth headmaster of the Jikishinkage school of sword fighting. Through his Jikishinkage contacts he rose to a position of some political influence; he taught swordsmanship at a government military academy and also served in

2214-729: The service of the Tokugawa family as Captain of the Guard under Tokugawa Iesato , whom he served until 1870. After the Meiji Restoration Sakakibara was offered a position with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department , which he refused out of loyalty to Iemochi. He was, however, part of the group of fencers who created the forms for the Keishichō-ryū ( 警視庁流 ) , the style of sword fighting created in 1868 for use by

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2268-648: The shogunate, at the Battle of Ueno in 1868 Sakakibara did not participate in the fighting between the pro-shogunate and Imperial forces, considering it to be his duty to guard the Kan'ei-ji temple. He did, in fact, rescue the Imperial Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa (who was at the time the abbot of Kan'ei-ji) from the Shōgitai , physically carrying him away from the combat. Sakakibara subsequently returned to

2322-500: The sword') is a modern Japanese martial art , descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts , swordsmanship ), that uses bamboo swords ( shinai ) as well as protective armor ( bōgu ). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world. Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo). These continued for centuries and form

2376-527: The technique slowly at first; as familiarity and confidence build, they increase the speed to the level used in matches and competitions. These attack techniques are used to create an opening in an opponent by initiating an attack, or striking boldly when the opponent has created an opening. Such techniques include: This is a technique used when one's opponent has weak kisei (spirit, vigor) or when they yield an opening under pressure. Always hold kisei and strike quickly. Body and shinai will lose balance as

2430-413: The top third ( monouchi ) of the shinai . Zanshin ( 残心 ) , or continuation of awareness, must be present and shown throughout the execution of the strike and the kendōka must be mentally and physically ready to attack again. In competition, there are usually three referees ( 審判 , shinpan ) . Each referee holds a red flag and a white flag in opposing hands. To award a point, a referee raises

2484-484: The use of this armor and established a training method using bamboo swords. Yamada Heizaemon Mitsunori (Ippūsai) ( 山田平左衛門光徳(一風斎) , 1638–1718) , third son of Naganuma and the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kenjutsu, is credited with improving the art with Japanese wooden and bamboo swords, according to his gravestone's inscription. He is also credited with refining

2538-415: The waist and groin area are protected by the tare ( 垂れ ) , consisting of three thick vertical fabric flaps or faulds . The clothing worn under the bōgu comprise a jacket ( kendogi or keikogi ) and hakama , a garment separated in the middle to form two wide trouser legs. A cotton towel ( 手拭い , tenugui ) is wrapped around the head, under the men , to absorb perspiration and provide

2592-622: The world governing body for kendo. The FIK is a non-governmental organization , and it aims to promote and popularize kendo, iaido and jodo . The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF), established in Kyoto 1952, was the first international organization founded since WWII to promote the development of martial arts worldwide. Today, IMAF includes kendo as one of the Japanese disciplines. Practitioners of kendo are called kendōka ( 剣道家 ) , meaning "someone who practices kendo", or occasionally kenshi ( 剣士 ) , meaning "swordsman". Additionally,

2646-467: Was banned in Japan in 1946 by the occupying powers. This was part of "the removal and exclusion from public life of militaristic and ultra-nationalistic persons" in response to the wartime militarization of martial arts instruction in Japan. The DNBK was also disbanded. Kendo was allowed to return to the curriculum in 1950, first as "shinai competition" ( 竹刀競技 , shinai kyōgi ) and then as kendo in 1952. The All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF or ZNKR)

2700-424: Was founded in 1952, immediately after Japan's independence was restored and the ban on martial arts in Japan was lifted. It was formed on the principle of kendo not as a martial art , but as educational sport and it has continued to be practiced as such to this day. The International Kendo Federation (FIK) was founded in April 1970. It is an international federation of national and regional kendo federations, and

2754-409: Was granted a menkyo kaiden (licence of mastery) by Otani in 1856, despite his family being too poor to pay for it. He was later to become the fourteenth headmaster of the school. As a talented swordsman, he once duelled with Yamaoka Tesshū ; the two men faced off for over forty minutes without moving, before sheathing their swords with neither striking a blow. In 1856 Sakakibara was appointed as

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2808-480: Was honoured by the All Japan Kendo Federation after his death. Sakakibara was born on the fifth day of the eleventh month of Bunsei (December 19, 1830) into the Sakakibara clan ; his given name at birth was Tomoyoshi ( 友善 ) . His family lived in the village of Otsuwa near modern-day Tokyo . He started studying Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū with Otani Nobutomo in 1843. He proved proficient in that style, and

2862-444: Was suffering from penury – his poverty was such that he had to accept help from his wife's uncle Katsu Kaishū in constructing a residence. He began organising gekiken kogyo ( 撃剣興行 , "sword combat performances") , feeling that such public competitions would instil an appreciation for the art of the swordsman in their audiences. He started an organisation called the Gekken Kaisha ( 撃剣会社 , "Fencing Society") , which, inspired by

2916-727: Was to become head of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai , and foreigners such as Austrian ambassador and fencing expert Heinrich von Siebold , and German Erwin Bälz , physician to the Japanese Imperial Family . Takeda Sōkaku , the founder of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu , also studied with Sakakibara at Kurumazaka. On New Year's Day of 1894, Sakakibara passed on the Jikishinkage headmastership to his disciple Jirokichi Yamada . Sakakibara died of heart failure due to beriberi on September 11

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