54-493: Miss Jamaica may refer to: Miss Earth Jamaica , a beauty pageant that selects Jamaica's representative to Miss Earth Miss Jamaica Universe , a beauty pageant that selects Jamaica's representative to Miss Universe Miss Jamaica World , a beauty pageant that selects Jamaica's representative to Miss World Miss Jamaica Global , a beauty pageant that selects Jamaica's representative to Miss Global International Topics referred to by
108-467: A growing human population , are the primary drivers of this destruction. According to Peter Daszak , the chair of the group who produced the report, "there is no great mystery about the cause of the Covid-19 pandemic or any modern pandemic. The same human activities that drive climate change and biodiversity loss also drive pandemic risk through their impacts on our environment." Proposed policy options from
162-534: A zoonotic origin, having originated in nonhuman primates in Central Africa and transferred to humans in the early 20th century. The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person. There may be a short period of mild, nonspecific symptoms followed by an asymptomatic (but nevertheless infectious) stage called clinical latency - without treatment, this stage can last between 3 and 20 years. The only way to detect infection
216-542: A category of Public Health Emergency of International Concern , defined as " an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response ". There is a rigorous process underlying this categorization and a clearly defined trajectory of responses. A WHO-sponsored international body, tasked with preparing an international agreement on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response has defined
270-432: A cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. China and India have the highest rate of MDR-TB. WHO reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR-TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis ( XDR-TB )
324-454: A death toll of 6.9 million. It is considered likely that the virus will eventually become endemic and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people. HIV/AIDS was first identified as a disease in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. Since then, HIV/AIDS has killed an estimated 40 million people with a further 630,000 deaths annually; 39 million people are currently living with HIV infection. HIV has
378-420: A disease which has caused epidemics in the past may return in the future. It is also possible that little known diseases may become more virulent; in order to encourage research, a number of organisations which monitor global health have drawn up lists of diseases which may have pandemic potential; see table below. Coronavirus diseases are a family of usually mild illnesses in humans, including those such as
432-478: A million fatalities, and the " Spanish flu " of 1918–1920 eventually infected about one-third of the world's population and caused an estimate 50 million fatalities. The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System is a global network of laboratories that has for purpose to monitor the spread of influenza with the aim to provide WHO with influenza control information. More than two million respiratory specimens are tested by GISRS annually to monitor
486-431: A novel influenza virus , WHO previously applied a six-stage classification to delineate the process by which the virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. Starting with phase 1 (infections identified in animals only), it moves through phases of increasing infection and spread to phase 6 (pandemic). In February 2020, a WHO spokesperson clarified that the system is no longer in use. In 2014,
540-460: A number of ethical and political issues which must be considered during a pandemic. These included decisions about who should be prioritised for treatment while resources are scarce; whether or not to make vaccination compulsory; the timing and extent of constraints on individual liberty, how to sanction individuals who do not comply with emergency regulations, and the extent of international collaboration and resource sharing. The basic strategies in
594-423: A pandemic as " the global spread of a pathogen or variant that infects human populations with limited or no immunity through sustained and high transmissibility from person to person, overwhelming health systems with severe morbidity and high mortality, and causing social and economic disruptions, all of which require effective national and global collaboration and coordination for its control ". The word comes from
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#1732851867464648-833: A pandemic involves many countries so international cooperation, data sharing, and collaboration are essential; as is universal access to tests and therapies. Collaboration - In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO established a Pandemic Hub in September 2021 in Berlin, aiming to address weaknesses around the world in how countries detect, monitor and manage public health threats. The Hub's initiatives include using artificial intelligence to analyse more than 35,000 data feeds for indications of emerging health threats, as well as improving facilities and coordination between academic institutions and WHO member countries. Detection - In May 2023, WHO launched
702-517: A press conference on 28 December 2020, Mike Ryan, head of the WHO Emergencies Program, and other officials said the current COVID-19 pandemic is "not necessarily the big one" and "the next pandemic may be more severe." They called for preparation. WHO and the UN have warned the world must tackle the cause of pandemics and not just the health and economic symptoms. There is always a possibility that
756-480: A requirement to submit a draft of this treaty to the 77th World Health Assembly during its 2024 convention. Further, on 6 May 2024, the White House released an official policy to more safely manage medical research projects involving potentially hazardous pathogens , including viruses and bacteria , that may pose a risk of a pandemic. A medical dictionary definition of pandemic is " an epidemic occurring on
810-561: A scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale ". A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For instance, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is not contagious —i.e. easily transmissible—and not even simply infectious . This definition differs from colloquial usage in that it encompasses outbreaks of relatively mild diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
864-489: A type of prevention strategy, holding back diseases such as influenza and polio which have caused pandemics in the past, and could do so again if not controlled. Prevention overlaps with preparedness which aims to curtail an outbreak and prevent it getting out of control - it involves strategic planning, data collection and modelling to measure the spread, stockpiling of therapies, vaccines, and medical equipment, as well as public health awareness campaigning. By definition,
918-612: Is Juel Daisi Pollard, she competed in the Miss Earth 2005 pageant held in Quezon City, Philippines . From 2008-2011, Posh Entertainment Production acquired and handled the national Miss Earth franchise for Jamaica. The organization crowned Simone Burke as Miss Earth Jamaica 2008 in which she spearheaded the organization's project to plant 500 trees in support to the United Nations Environmental Programme ’s under
972-401: Is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Widespread endemic diseases with a stable number of infected individuals such as recurrences of seasonal influenza are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of
1026-509: Is an incomplete list of known epidemics which spread widely enough to merit the title "pandemic". Beginning from the Middle Ages, encounters between European settlers and native populations in the rest of the world often introduced epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Settlers introduced novel diseases which were endemic in Europe, such as smallpox , measles , pertussis .and influenza , to which
1080-427: Is by means of a HIV test. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection, but the disease can be held in check by means of antiretroviral therapy . Historical accounts of epidemics are often vague or contradictory in describing how victims were affected. A rash accompanied by a fever might be smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, or varicella , and it is possible that epidemics overlapped, with multiple infections striking
1134-672: Is developing a program to condense new vaccine development timelines to 100 days, a third of the time it took to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. CEPI aims to reduce global epidemic and pandemic risk by developing vaccines against known pathogens as well as enabling rapid response to Disease X . In the US, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has developed a Pandemic Preparedness Plan which focuses on identifying viruses of concern and developing diagnostics and therapies (including prototype vaccines) to combat them. Modeling
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#17328518674641188-421: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Miss Earth Jamaica Miss Earth Jamaica is an annual national beauty pageant to select a delegate to represent Jamaica at the international Miss Earth pageant. The current Miss Earth Jamaica is Catherine Harris who was crowned on September 23, 2020. The first Jamaican delegate for Miss Earth Jamaica
1242-712: Is important to inform policy decisions. It helps to predict the burden of disease on healthcare facilities, the effectiveness of control measures, projected geographical spread, and timing and extent of future pandemic waves. Public Awareness involves disseminating reliable information, ensuring consistency on message, transparency, and steps to discredit misinformation . Stockpiling involves maintaining strategic stockpiles of emergency supplies such as personal protective equipment, drugs and vaccines, and equipment such as respirators. Many of these items have limited shelf life , so they require stock rotation even though they may be rarely used. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted
1296-399: Is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, management will then move on to the mitigation stage, in which measures are taken to slow the spread of the disease and mitigate its effects on society and the healthcare system. In reality, containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken simultaneously. A key part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease
1350-557: The Greek παν- pan- meaning "all", or "every" and δῆμος demos "people". A common early characteristic of a pandemic is a rapid, sometimes exponential , growth in the number of infections, coupled with a widening geographical spread. WHO utilises different criteria to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), its nearest equivalent to the term pandemic. The potential consequences of an incident are considered, rather than its current status. For example, polio
1404-696: The Plant for the Planet: Billion Tree Campaign with the slogan "Go Green Jamaica". As of January 2020, Synonyms Jamaica, Limited is the organization that manages the national competition for Miss Earth Jamaica. The organization is based in Kingston, Jamaica . The pageant was established for Jamaican women to promote environmental awareness . The participants and winners work with local and international groups (government and non-government) that are actively involved in environmental causes and exemplifies
1458-697: The Spanish flu —which is the deadliest pandemic in history . The most recent pandemics include the HIV/AIDS pandemic , the 2009 swine flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic . Almost all these diseases still circulate among humans though their impact now is often far less. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 194 member states of the World Health Organization began negotiations on an International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response , with
1512-574: The United Nations ' Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services , written by 22 experts in a variety of fields, said the anthropogenic destruction of biodiversity is paving the way to the pandemic era and could result in as many as 850,000 viruses being transmitted from animals—in particular birds and mammals —to humans. The "exponential rise" in consumption and trade of commodities such as meat , palm oil , and metals, largely facilitated by developed nations, and
1566-522: The common cold , that have resulted in outbreaks and pandemics such as the 1889-1890 pandemic , the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak , Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus and the COVID-19 pandemic . There is widespread concern that members of the coronavirus family, particularly SARS and MERS have the potential to cause future pandemics. Many human coronaviruses have zoonotic origin, their with natural reservoir in bats or rodents, leading to concerns for future spillover events. Following
1620-690: The indigenous peoples had no immunity. The Europeans infected with such diseases typically carried them in a dormant state , were actively infected but asymptomatic , or had only mild symptoms. Smallpox was the most destructive disease that was brought by Europeans to the Native Americans, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The first well-documented smallpox epidemic in the Americas began in Hispaniola in late 1518 and soon spread to Mexico. Estimates of mortality range from one-quarter to one-half of
1674-598: The International Pathogen Surveillance Network (IPSN) (hosted by the Pandemic Hub) aiming to detect and respond to disease threats before they become epidemics and pandemics, and to optimize routine disease surveillance. The network provides a platform to connect countries, improving systems for collecting and analysing samples of potentially harmful pathogens . Therapies and Vaccines - The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
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1728-765: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) introduced a framework for characterising the progress of an influenza pandemic titled the Pandemic Intervals Framework . The six intervals of the framework are as follows: At the same time, the CDC adopted the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework (PSAF) to assess the severity of influenza pandemics. The PSAF rates the severity of an influenza outbreak on two dimensions: clinical severity of illness in infected persons; and
1782-440: The control of an outbreak are containment and mitigation . Containment may be undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak, including contact tracing and isolating infected individuals to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population, other public health interventions on infection control, and therapeutic countermeasures such as vaccinations which may be effective if available. When it becomes apparent that it
1836-641: The diseases become accepted into people's daily lives and routines, becoming endemic . The transition from pandemic to endemic may be defined based on: An endemic disease is always present in a population, but at a relatively low and predictable level. There may be periodic spikes of infections or seasonality, (e.g. influenza ) but generally the burden on health systems is manageable. Pandemic prevention comprises activities such as anticipatory research and development of therapies and vaccines, as well as monitoring for pathogens and disease outbreaks which may have pandemic potential. Routine vaccination programs are
1890-402: The distribution of these diseases due to the changing geographic range of their vectors, with the potential to cause serious outbreaks in areas where the disease has not previously been known. The other group comprises water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid which may increase in prevalence due to changes in rainfall patterns. The October 2020 'era of pandemics' report by
1944-494: The end of the COVID-19 pandemic Public Health Emergency of International Concern deceleration by WHO, WHO Director General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated he would not hesitate to re-declare COVID-19 a PHEIC should the global situation worsen in the coming months or years. Influenza was first described by the Greek physician Hippocrates in 412 BC. Since the Middle Ages, influenza pandemics have been recorded every 10 to 30 years as
1998-776: The epidemic peak, known as " flattening the curve ". This helps decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for a vaccine and treatment to be developed. A broad group of non-pharmaceutical interventions may be taken to manage the outbreak. In a flu pandemic, these actions may include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at social distancing such as closing schools and canceling mass gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; and environmental measures such as cleaning of surfaces. Another strategy, suppression , requires more extreme long-term non-pharmaceutical interventions to reverse
2052-469: The globe rather than being spread worldwide. Throughout human history , there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox . The Black Death , caused by the Plague , caused the deaths of up to half of the population of Europe in the 14th century. The term pandemic had not been used then, but was used for later epidemics, including the 1918 H1N1 influenza A pandemic—more commonly known as
2106-442: The human population. For example, influenza is a rapidly evolving disease which has caused pandemics in the past and has potential to cause future pandemics. WHO collates the findings of 144 national influenza centres worldwide which monitor emerging flu viruses. Virus variants which are assessed as likely to represent a significant risk are identified and can then be incorporated into the next seasonal influenza vaccine program. In
2160-402: The pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1. The suppression strategy, which includes stringent population-wide social distancing, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine, was undertaken by China during the COVID-19 pandemic where entire cities were placed under lockdown; such a strategy may carry with it considerable social and economic costs. For
2214-401: The population of central Mexico. It is estimated that over the 100 years after European arrival in 1492, the indigenous population of the Americas dropped from 60 million to only 6 million, due to a combination of disease, war, and famine. The majority these deaths are attributed to successive waves of introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles, and typhoid fever. In Australia , smallpox
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2268-469: The population, in 1875, and in the early 19th century devastated the Great Andamanese population. In Hokkaido , an epidemic of smallpox introduced by Japanese settlers is estimated to have killed 34% of the native Ainu population in 1845. Prevention of future pandemics requires steps to identify future causes of pandemics and to take preventive measures before the disease moves uncontrollably into
2322-469: The possibility of zoonotic infections. The advent of agriculture, and trade between settled groups, made it possible for pathogens to spread widely. As population increased, contact between groups became more frequent. A history of epidemics maintained by the Chinese Empire from 243 B.C. to 1911 A.C. shows an approximate correlation between the frequency of epidemics and the growth of the population. Here
2376-555: The report include taxing meat production and consumption, cracking down on the illegal wildlife trade, removing high-risk species from the legal wildlife trade, eliminating subsidies to businesses that are harmful to the natural world, and establishing a global surveillance network. In June 2021, a team of scientists assembled by the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment warned that
2430-486: The same population at once. It is often impossible to know the exact causes of mortality, although ancient DNA studies can sometimes detect residues of certain pathogens. It is assumed that, prior to the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BC, disease outbreaks were limited to a single family or clan, and did not spread widely before dying out. The domestication of animals increased human-animal contact, increasing
2484-421: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Miss Jamaica . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Jamaica&oldid=1136543356 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2538-561: The slogan ' Beauties for a Cause '. The winner of Miss Earth Jamaica serves as a goodwill ambassador and spokesperson for Jamaica in its environmental and tourism industries . The winner works on environmental projects and educates citizens with the Miss Earth ’s "Five Rs" mantra: Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Respect. and promotes Jamaica as an ecofriendly tourist destination. On September 23, 2020, Jamaica held its first virtual national pageant organized by Synonyms Jamaica, Limited. Miss Earth Jamaica Grand Coronation 2020
2592-449: The spread and evolution of influenza viruses through a network of about 150 laboratories in 114 countries representing 91% of the world's population. Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which sometimes are referred to as " superbugs ", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases with pandemic potential that are currently well controlled. For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain
2646-530: The transmissibility of the infection in the population. This tool was not applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 , a new strain of coronavirus , was first detected in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province , China, in December 2019. The outbreak was characterized as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) between January 2020 and May 2023 by WHO. The number of people infected with COVID-19 has reached more than 767 million worldwide, with
2700-417: The virus mutates to evade immunity. Influenza is an endemic disease , with a fairly constant number of cases which vary seasonally and can, to a certain extent, be predicted. In a typical year, 5–15% of the population contracts influenza. There are 3–5 million severe cases annually, with up to 650,000 respiratory-related deaths globally each year. The 1889–1890 pandemic is estimated to have caused around
2754-464: Was declared a PHEIC in 2014 even though only 482 cases were reported globally in the previous year; this was justified by concerns that polio might break out of its endemic areas and again become a significant health threat globally. The PHEIC status of polio is reviewed regularly and is ongoing, despite the small number of cases annually. The end of a pandemic is more difficult to delineate. Generally, past epidemics & pandemics have faded out as
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#17328518674642808-862: Was first identified in Africa in 2006 and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries. During 2021 there were estimated to be around 25,000 cases XDR-TB worldwide. In the past 20 years, other common bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus , Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus , have developed resistance to a wide range of antibiotics . Antibiotic-resistant organisms have become an important cause of healthcare-associated ( nosocomial ) infections. There are two groups of infectious disease that may be affected by climate change. The first group are vector-borne diseases which are transmitted via insects such as mosquitos or ticks. Some of these diseases, such as malaria , yellow fever , and dengue fever , can have potentially severe health consequences. Climate can affect
2862-676: Was held virtually due to the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 . Catherine Harris crowned as Miss Earth Jamaica 2020, Harris' participation in Miss Earth 2020 broke a 10-year streak of Jamaica's absence in the Miss Earth International pageant. The following are the annual titleholders of Miss Earth Jamaica, listed according to the year in which they participated in Miss Earth: Pandemic A pandemic ( / p æ n ˈ d ɛ m ɪ k / pan-DEM-ik )
2916-576: Was introduced by European settlers in 1789 devastating the Australian Aboriginal population, killing an estimated 50% of those infected with the disease during the first decades of colonisation. In the early 1800s, measles, smallpox and intertribal warfare killed an estimated 20,000 New Zealand Māori . In 1848–49, as many as 40,000 out of 150,000 Hawaiians are estimated to have died of measles , whooping cough and influenza . Measles killed more than 40,000 Fijians , approximately one-third of
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