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43-465: Mikhael Mirilashvili ( Georgian : მიხო მირილაშვილი , Hebrew : מיכאל מירילשוילי ; born May 1960) is a Russian - Israeli - Georgian businessman and philanthropist, based in Russia and Israel. Mirilashvili’s business enterprises operate primarily in real estate, construction of shopping malls, casino chains, petroleum industry, and renewable energy sectors, as well as in new media ( VK.com ). Mirilashvili

86-451: A vigesimal numeric system like Basque and (partially) French . Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' ( ოთხმოცდაცამეტი , otkhmotsdatsamet’i ). One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the Explanatory dictionary of

129-552: A Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD. The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and palimpsests dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik by Iakob Tsurtaveli . The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the Christianization of Georgia in the mid-4th century, which led to

172-665: A capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight morphemes , exhibiting polypersonalism . The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters. The Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to

215-539: A company belonging to him and his son Yitzchak Mirilashvili , owns several data centers. Mikhael Mirilashvili and his family donated to Rabbi Yitzchak Dovid Grossman ’s “Migdalor” association. Mirilashvili also donated several Torah scrolls to different units in the IDF through the ‘Friends of the IDF’ and other associations. He also contributed to the ZAKA delegation, serving as chairman for

258-505: A joint Israeli-Emirati Water Research Institute in Abu Dhabi with Tel Aviv University . Mirilashvili's elderly father was kidnapped on a highway in August 2000 while driving in his Lexus LS , by a group pretending to be traffic police. The group was apparently unaware of who they had kidnapped and had not seen the logo of the family's casino company on the numberplate. A couple of days later, he

301-552: A result, mafia members were kidnapped to be delivered to the office of the company "Petromir", which belongs to the family. There, under torture, they told the coordinates of kidnappers of Mirilashvili-senior, then after his release they too were executed. The original kidnappers themselves were later found dead in Saint Isaac's Square. A group of well-known Russian figures including Andrei Petrov , Oleg Basilashvili , Mikhail Boyarsky and poet and singer Alexander Rosenbaum protested

344-490: A ri means 'friend'; megobrebi ( megob Ø rebi ) means 'friends', with the loss of a in the last syllable of the word stem. Georgian has seven noun cases: nominative , ergative , dative , genitive , instrumental , adverbial and vocative . An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the accusative case (or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on

387-399: A row, as may be seen in words like გვფრცქვნ ი gvprtskvni 'you peel us' and მწვრთნ ელი mts’vrtneli 'trainer'. Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have creaky voice and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts. Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently

430-459: A venture capital fund, as well as Flarium Global, Be’er Isaac Energy, and Hoshen Argaman. The Mirilashvili family is one of the founders of Vkontakte , a Russian social network which they launched in 2006. They sold their shares in the company in 2013, receiving $ 1.12 billion for them. Last year, the family also began to invest in gas drilling projects in Israel . "Selectel" ( Russian : "Селектел" ),

473-589: A word. Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables. long polysyllabic words may have a secondary stress on their third or fourth syllable. Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. ბგ ერა bgera 'sound', ცხ ოვრება tskhovreba 'life', and წყ ალი ts’q’ali 'water'. There are also frequent consonant clusters , sometimes involving more than six consonants in

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516-467: Is a major city square sprawling between the Mariinsky Palace and Saint Isaac's Cathedral , which separates it from Senate Square . The square is graced by the equestrian Monument to Nicholas I . The Lobanov-Rostovsky House (1817–1820) on the west side of the square was designed by Auguste de Montferrand . It may be described as an Empire style building that has an eight-column portico facing

559-570: Is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Saint Isaac%27s Square Saint Isaac's Square or Isaakiyevskaya Ploshchad ( Russian : Исаа́киевская пло́щадь ), known as Vorovsky Square ( Russian : Площадь Воровского ) between 1923 and 1944, in Saint Petersburg , Russia

602-512: Is most closely related to the Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ) and more distantly to Svan . Georgian has various dialects , with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in the 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the Christianization of Georgia in

645-998: Is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the tenuis stops in foreign words and names with the ejectives. The coronal occlusives ( /tʰ tʼ d n/ , not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental". Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [ i ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ], [ o̞ ], [ u ]. Aronson describes their realizations as [ i̞ ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ] (but "slightly fronted"), [ o̞ ], [ u̞ ]. Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [ i ], [ ɛ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɔ ], [ u ]. Allophonically, [ ə ] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in /dɡas/ [dəɡäs] . In casual speech, /iV, Vi/ sequences can be realized phonetically as [jV~i̯V, Vj~Vi̯]. Phrase-final unstressed vowels may sometimes be partially reduced. Prosody in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress

688-661: Is the president of the Saint Petersburg Jewish Congress. Mirilashvili was born to a Jewish family in May 1960 in Kulashi , a small town in Georgia. In 1977, he moved to St. Petersburg , then known as Leningrad . Originally trained as a mathematician, he qualified as a medical doctor from Saint-Petersburg University, and became a doctor, specializing in pediatrics. In the early 80s, Mirilashvili joined his family’s business, which

731-401: Is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words. Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of pitch accents on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase. According to Borise, Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of

774-452: The Dittionario giorgiano e italiano . These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for evangelical purposes. On the left are IPA symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic. Former /qʰ/ ( ჴ ) has merged with /x/ ( ხ ), leaving only the latter. The glottalization of the ejectives

817-494: The Mkhedruli script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture. Mkhedruli has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of Mkhedruli correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language. According to the traditional account written down by Leonti Mroveli in

860-552: The Admiralty building . The main porch features the twin statues of Medici lions on granite pedestals; they were made famous by Pushkin in his last long poem, The Bronze Horseman . Nearby is Quarenghi 's Horse Guards' Riding Hall (1804–1807), in part inspired by the Parthenon and flanked by the marble statues of the Dioscuri , by Paolo Triscornia . Opposite the cathedral is

903-506: The Georgian Orthodox Church and together are called Khutsuri 'priest alphabet'. In Mkhedruli , there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called Mtavruli ('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and

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946-452: The Kartlian dialect. Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another. The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases: The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of Marcus Cornelius Fronto ,

989-845: The Russian Jewish Congress , first vice president of the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress , president of the Maccabi Union in Russia and president of the " Torah and Chessed " Center for Jews in Georgia. Mirilashvili established the Moshe Mirilashvili Center for Food Security in the Desert at the Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 2021 in memory of his father. He also supports

1032-452: The 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the Kingdom of Iberia , Pharnavaz , in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called Asomtavruli 'capitals', Nuskhuri 'small letters', and Mkhedruli . The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of

1075-526: The 1990s, his bank Viking ( Russian : «Викинг» ) became very large in St. Petersburg and the north-west of Russia. Mirilashvili is also the president of CONTI, the largest gambling corporation in St. Petersburg, with six casinos and other gambling venues. His Jackpot ( Russian : "Джекпот" ) slot machine network is the largest in Europe. Mirilashvili established several companies in Israel in recent years, including Kitaim,

1118-548: The 4th century. Georgian phonology features a rich consonant system, including aspirated, voiced, and ejective stops , affricates , and fricatives . Its vowel system consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian prosody involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's phonotactics include complex consonant clusters and harmonic clusters. The Mkhedruli script , dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs

1161-474: The City Prosecutor’s Office’s illegal methods of investigation applied in this case. On 1 August 2003, The Leningrad District Military Court sentenced Mirilashvili to serve eight years in prison. Mirilashvili stated that the testimony of court expert Sergei Koval was an act of revenge and should be thrown out because of his personal interest in the case. Koval’s wife, Tatyana, was asked to resign at

1204-568: The Georgian language ( ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი ). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of Arnold Chikobava . Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example: It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns: Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example: In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This

1247-648: The International Board of Trustees. After the fire crisis in the Carmel , Mirilashvili teamed up with Alexander Mashkevitch to create a fleet of fire-fighting vehicles, and in 2012 he provided the planes for a delegation of doctors and paramedics who rushed to aid the victims of terror in Burgas , Bulgaria. Mirilashvili serves as president of the World Jewish Congress - St. Petersburg, as well as vice president of

1290-671: The Mariinsky Palace, built in 1829–1844 for Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna . Currently the palace houses the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly . In front of the palace is the 97-metre-wide Blue Bridge , which used to be the widest in Saint Petersburg. Spanning the Moika River , the bridge is usually perceived as the extension of the square, although in fact it forms a separate square, called Mariyinskaya. To

1333-655: The Mirilashvili-owned Conti group as a result of not doing her job properly. While in prison, Mirilashvili fought the sentencing at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France. The court declared that the taking and examination of the evidence was done in an unfair manner and had not satisfied the requirements of a fair hearing. In 2009, Mirilashvili was released from prison and returned to Israel and Saint-Petersburg. Georgian language Georgian

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1376-403: The character of the verb). This is called the dative construction . In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case. Georgian has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root - kart -,

1419-462: The corner of Malaya Morskaya Street is associated with Fyodor Dostoyevsky , who lived there in 1848–1849. At this period, he published his first work of fiction, White Nights . The Russian Institute of Plant Breeding named after Academician Nikolai Vavilov is located in two neo-Renaissance buildings. The institute has a unique collection of 160,000 cultivated plants, which Vavilov collected while travelling in every continent from 1921 to 1940. After

1462-452: The current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in morphophonology and a left-branching syntax. Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal. No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in

1505-509: The end of the war, a journal published in London reported that Vavilov's collection was lost during the Siege of Leningrad . However, the report was false: although many starved to death, the institute's staff would not consume a single grain of rice or potato tuber from the collection. One of the last buildings to be erected on the square was the trapezoidal red-granite German Embassy (1911–12), by

1548-498: The following words can be derived: Kart veli ('a Georgian person'), Kart uli ('the Georgian language') and Sa kart velo ('the country of Georgia'). Most Georgian surnames end in - dze 'son' (Western Georgia), - shvili 'child' (Eastern Georgia), - ia (Western Georgia, Samegrelo ), - ani (Western Georgia, Svaneti ), - uri (Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending - eli is a particle of nobility, comparable to French de , Dutch van , German von or Polish - ski . Georgian has

1591-498: The like. This is the Georgian standard keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual typewriters . Georgian is an agglutinative language . Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is ageshenebinat ('you [all] should've built [it]'). The verb can be broken down to parts: a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t . Each morpheme here contributes to

1634-472: The meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits polypersonalism ; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object. In Georgian morphophonology , syncope is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix - eb -) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels a or e in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, megob

1677-617: The replacement of Aramaic as the literary language . By the 11th century, Old Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin , written by Shota Rustaveli in the 12th century. In 1629, a certain Nikoloz Cholokashvili authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione and

1720-560: The right from the bridge is so-called Neptune's Scale, with a granite top. This is a stele which marks water levels during major floods. To the east of the cathedral is the six-storey Hotel Astoria , designed by Fyodor Lidval . It opened in 1912 and was one of the most luxurious hotels in the Russian Empire. Adjacent to the Astoria is the hotel Angleterre , which is remembered as the death place of poet Sergei Yesenin . The building found at

1763-399: The world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ); glottochronological studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago. Svan is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago. Standard Georgian is largely based on

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1806-439: Was established by his father, Moshe Mikhael. By the mid-90s, Mirilashvili's family had developed several real estate businesses across Russia, and expanded them beyond the borders of the commonwealth. Mikhael Mirilashvili serves as the president of Petromir, a Russian holdings company, as well as director of Lukoil North West Petroleum. He also owns a television channel and numerous malls and commercial centers in St. Petersburg. In

1849-481: Was returned safely. Two weeks later, the dead bodies of those responsible for the kidnapping, along with their girlfriends and driver, were found near Isaakievskiy (Saint Isaac's) Square . Russian authorities arrested Mikhael Mirilashvili (the son) and charged him with kidnapping in March 2001. According to the case details, Mirilashvili ordered the security service to find mafia members who had abducted his family, and as

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