In linguistics , a calque ( / k æ l k / ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation . When used as a verb , “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word skyscraper has been calqued in dozens of other languages, combining words for "sky" and "scrape" in each language, as for example Wolkenkratzer in German, arranha-céu in Portuguese, grattacielo in Italian, gökdelen in Turkish, and matenrou(摩天楼) in Japanese.
17-537: Minim may refer to: Minim, British English for a half note (which usually gets two beats) MINIM (band) , an industrial rock band from Spain Minim (unit) , a small amount of fluid, essentially a standardized drop Order of Minims , a member of a religious order founded by St. Francis of Paula Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary Minim (palaeography) ,
34-457: A half note (American) or minim (British) is a note played for half the duration of a whole note (or semibreve) and twice the duration of a quarter note (or crotchet). It was given its Latin name ( minima , meaning "least or smallest") because it was the shortest of the five note values used in early medieval music notation . Half notes are notated with a hollow oval notehead like a whole note and straight note stem with no flags like
51-566: A common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is of the English word " skyscraper ", a kenning -like term which may be calqued using the word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scrape", "scratch", "pierce", "sweep", "kiss", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word. Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from
68-508: A compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of the UK service " Freeview ", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include " liverwurst " (< German Leberwurst ) and " apple strudel " (< German Apfelstrudel ). The " computer mouse "
85-417: A quarter note (see Figure 1). The half rest (or minim rest ) denotes a silence of the same duration. Half rests are drawn as filled-in rectangles sitting on top of the middle line of the musical staff , although in polyphonic music the rest may need to be moved to a different line or even a ledger line . As with all notes with stems, half notes are drawn with upward stems on the right when they are below
102-605: A short vertical stroke used in handwriting Minim, a Hebrew word denoting "sectarians" (e.g. Sadducees, Nazoraeans, etc.); see Heresy in Judaism Minim Inc. , An American networking company. Minim, Martap , a village in Cameroon Minim (or nanitic), describes the first (and smallest) workers produced in many ant colonies Mini-M, also known as Inmarsat-M , a global satellite internet, telephony and fax network operated by Inmarsat Minim, French for "little one",
119-546: Is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. One system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal: Some linguists refer to a phonological calque , in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 ( pinyin : léidá ), which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder". Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of
136-444: Is the creation in a language of a new word, derived or composed with the help of elements already existing in that language, and which is not distinguished in any way by the external aspect of the older words, but which, in fact, is only the copy ( calque ) of a word existing in the mother tongue of the one who tries out a new language. [...] we want to recall only two or three examples of these copies ( calques ) of expressions, among
153-792: The Trésor de la langue française informatisé , the French term calque has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in a publication by Louis Duvau: Un autre phénomène d'hybridation est la création dans une langue d'un mot nouveau, dérivé ou composé à l'aide d'éléments existant déja dans cette langue, et ne se distinguant en rien par l'aspect extérieur des mots plus anciens, mais qui, en fait, n'est que le calque d'un mot existant dans la langue maternelle de celui qui s'essaye à un parler nouveau. [...] nous voulons rappeler seulement deux ou trois exemples de ces calques d'expressions, parmi les plus certains et les plus frappants. Another phenomenon of hybridization
170-654: The Latin translātiō or trādūcō . The Latin weekday names came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following a practice known as interpretatio germanica : the Latin "Day of Mercury ", Mercurii dies (later mercredi in modern French ), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz " ( Wodanesdag ), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English , then "Wednesday" in Modern English. Since at least 1894, according to
187-577: The animal and the computer mouse. The common English phrase " flea market " is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages calque the French expression directly or indirectly through another language. The word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort . In contrast, the term calque is a loanword, from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"). Another example of
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#1732859371213204-414: The approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language. Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque
221-468: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minim&oldid=1258889039 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022 Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Half note In music ,
238-402: The middle line of the staff and downward stems on the left when they are on or above the middle line. In vocal music, notes on the middle line have a downward stem instead of an upward stem. The American term half note is a 19th-century loan translation of German halbe Note . The Catalan, French, and Spanish names ( blanca , blanche , meaning "white") derive from the fact that the minima
255-504: Was named in English for its resemblance to the animal . Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using a diminutive or, in Chinese , adding the word " cursor " ( 标 ), making shǔbiāo "mouse cursor" ( simplified Chinese : 鼠标 ; traditional Chinese : 鼠標 ; pinyin : shǔbiāo ). Another example is the Spanish word ratón that means both
272-568: Was the shortest unfilled note in mensural white notation, which is true of the modern form as well. The form in the earlier black notation resembles the modern quarter note (crotchet). The Greek, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names mean "half", and in Greek, the modern word ( miso – μισό) and older ( imisi – ήμισι) are used. Loan translation Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching : while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining
289-475: Was used at the University of Notre Dame from the 1840s to the 1920s to describe students in their grade school department See also [ edit ] Minimum Minimi (disambiguation) Minime (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Minim . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
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