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Mine Planter Service

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The U.S. Army Mine Planter Service (AMPS) was an outgrowth of civilian crewed Army mine planter ships dating back to 1904. It was established on July 22, 1918 by War Department Bulletin 43 and placed the Mine Planter Service under the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps . Its purview was to install and maintain the underwater minefields that were part of the principal armament of U.S. coastal fortifications , including those at the approaches to the Panama Canal and the defenses of Manila Bay in the Philippines .

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47-554: Prior to the formal establishment of the Mine Planter Service, the Coast Artillery Corps had operated ships designated as Mine Planters, as well as an assortment of smaller vessels to establish and maintain the coastal defense mine fields. The ships, originating with vessels drafted into the work, were replaced by special construction in 1904 and 1909. Another block began with one ship, Gen. William M. Graham of 1917, and

94-577: A New Generation of Vehicles was a cooperative research program between the U.S. government and "The Big Three" automobile manufacturers ( DaimlerChrysler , Ford and General Motors ) that developed diesel hybrid cars. Diesel–electric propulsion has been tried on some military vehicles , such as tanks . The German armored vehicles VK 45.01 (P) , Elefant , and Panzer VIII Maus of the Second World War were petrol-electric or diesel-electric propelled. The prototype TOG1 and TOG2 super heavy tanks of

141-437: A combination: Queen Mary 2 has a set of diesel engines in the bottom of the ship plus two gas turbines mounted near the main funnel; all are used for generating electrical power, including those used to drive the propellers . This provides a relatively simple way to use the high-speed, low-torque output of a turbine to drive a low-speed propeller, without the need for excessive reduction gearing. Most early submarines used

188-503: A direct mechanical connection between the combustion engine and propeller, switching between diesel engines for surface running and electric motors for submerged propulsion. This was effectively a "parallel" type of hybrid, since the motor and engine were coupled to the same shaft. On the surface, the motor (driven by the engine) was used as a generator to recharge the batteries and supply other electric loads. The engine would be disconnected for submerged operation, with batteries powering

235-660: A direct-drive diesel locomotive would require an impractical number of gears to keep the engine within its powerband; coupling the diesel to a generator eliminates this problem. An alternative is to use a torque converter or fluid coupling in a direct drive system to replace the gearbox. Diesel electric based buses have also been produced, including hybrid systems able to run on and store electrical power in batteries. The two main providers of hybrid systems for diesel–electric transit buses include Allison Transmission and BAE Systems . New Flyer Industries , Gillig Corporation , and North American Bus Industries are major customers for

282-683: A family's existence on the frontier during the Civil War and offers insights into how life was lived in a small Wisconsin village where fear of local Indians was a reality, and life and death situations arose with frightening regularity. The sequel, Magical Melons (1939), continues the story of Caddie Woodlawn. Brink (1895–1981) was born and raised in Moscow, Idaho , in the Palouse region. Orphaned at age eight following her mother's suicide, she lived there with her widowed maternal grandmother and an unmarried aunt;

329-446: A group of nine constructed in 1919 to bring the fleet up to twenty planters in 1920. A massive Army reduction reduced that fleet to seven planters and one cable ship, named Joseph Henry . Many of those ships were transferred to the U.S. Lighthouse Service , later becoming U.S. Coast Guard vessels. No new ships were built until 1937 when one ship, the Lt. Col. Ellery W. Niles was delivered as

376-572: A group. The Distribution Box Boats were specially equipped to maintain the distribution boxes that joined the individual mines within a mine group to the main cable connecting the group to the mine casemate. Early mine planters of the AMPS were capable of planting the mines, but did not have specific cable-laying or maintenance capability. Two Signal Corps vessels with that capability were used and eventually taken into service for that function. Studies of those capabilities led to an increased cable capability in

423-519: A made-for-television movie based on the book was directed by Giles Walker with teleplay by Joe Wisenfeld and Richard John Davis. Emily Schulman of Small Wonder portrayed Caddie. Several changes were made from the book, most notably moving the conflict between the settlers and Indians toward the end, and greatly increasing the role of Caddie's cousin, Annabelle. [1] A musical, Caddie Woodlawn A Musical Adventure ( The Caddie Woodlawn Musical ), by Tom Shelton and Susan C. Hunter, Brink's granddaughter,

470-642: A petrol engine is paired with electric motors for this reason. Petrol engine produces most torque at high rpm, supplemented by electric motors' low rpm torque. The first diesel motorship was also the first diesel–electric ship, the Russian tanker Vandal from Branobel , which was launched in 1903. Steam turbine–electric propulsion has been in use since the 1920s ( Tennessee -class battleships ), using diesel–electric powerplants in surface ships has increased lately. The Finnish coastal defence ships Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen laid down in 1928–1929, were among

517-503: A ship constructed in 1917 and the later ships constructed in 1919. At least one of those vessels went on to further cable work after disposal by Army. Full mine and cable capability was integrated in the single new ship built in 1937, the Lt. Col. Ellery W. Niles . At the entry of the United States into World War II sixteen new Army Mine Planter vessels were either under construction or planned. All had dual capability and several, including

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564-502: A strategic need for rail engines without plumes of smoke above them. Diesel technology was not yet sufficiently developed but a few precursor attempts were made, especially for petrol–electric transmissions by the French (Crochat-Collardeau, patent dated 1912 also used for tanks and trucks) and British ( Dick, Kerr & Co and British Westinghouse ). About 300 of these locomotives, only 96 being standard gauge, were in use at various points in

611-467: A variety of smaller craft comprising a submarine mine flotilla to plant and maintain the mine fields associated with Army coast defense commands and their subordinate coastal fortifications of the United States. The smaller vessels included slightly smaller Junior Mine Planters, Distribution Box Boats, mine yawls and assorted other small craft. The mine fields were composed of both contact mines, similar to conventional naval mines exploded by contact with

658-502: A vessel, and controlled mines such as the M4 Ground Mine with a 3,000 pound TNT charge. The contact mines were placed in areas vessels were not to enter, and the controlled mines were placed in designated ship channels. Those mines were planted in planned groups at predetermined locations, connected to shore by electrical cables for firing when a target was observed within their effective range. The mines could be fired individually or as

705-593: Is a transmission system powered by diesel engines for vehicles in road , rail , and marine transport . Diesel–electric transmission is similar to petrol–electric transmission , which is powered by petrol engines . Diesel–electric transmission is used on railways by diesel–electric locomotives and diesel–electric multiple units , as electric motors are able to supply full torque from 0 RPM . Diesel–electric systems are also used in marine transport , including submarines, and on some other land vehicles. The defining characteristic of diesel–electric transmission

752-527: Is a children's historical fiction novel by Carol Ryrie Brink that received the Newbery Medal in 1936 and a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958. The original 1935 edition was illustrated by Newbery-award-winning author and illustrator Kate Seredy . Macmillan released a later edition in 1973, illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman . Set in the 1860s, the novel is about a lively eleven-year-old tomboy named Caroline Augusta Woodlawn, nicknamed "Caddie", living in

799-463: Is far from boring. Things come to a head when "perfect" Cousin Annabelle from Boston arrives for a visit, and Caddie is forced to confront her future. Tom and Warren, always a part of her adventures, come along for the journey. This story is full of practical jokes and touching moments, like Nero's long journey home - a beloved pet dog that was taken by Caddie's uncle to be "educated." It tells the story of

846-450: Is far less of a frontier story—settlers versus Indians—than it is the entertaining evolution of a tomboy. The fun Caddie gets out of life suggests the usefulness of this book in counteracting the over-seriousness of most historical fiction." Kirkus Reviews said it provides "an authentic picture of life on a frontier farm when massacre was a real threat and when a livelihood, hardly earned, allowed for fun in natural outdoor things." It won

893-413: Is sometimes termed electric transmission, as it is identical to petrol–electric transmission , which is used on vehicles powered by petrol engines, and to turbine–electric powertrain , which is used for gas turbines . Diesel–electric transmissions are a type of continuously variable transmission . The absence of a gearbox eliminates the need for gear changes, which prevents uneven acceleration caused by

940-413: Is that it avoids the need for a gearbox , by converting the mechanical force of the diesel engine into electrical energy (through an alternator ), and using the electrical energy to drive traction motors , which propel the vehicle mechanically. The traction motors may be powered directly or via rechargeable batteries , making the vehicle a type of hybrid electric vehicle . This method of transmission

987-469: The Newbery Medal in 1936. The book's portrayal of Native Americans has been criticized in more recent years. Debbie Reese , founder of the website American Indians in Children's Literature, shared her daughter's pained reaction to reading it in school in "Reflections on Caddie Woodlawn: Teaching about Stereotypes using Literature." Brink transformed Caddie Woodlawn into a radio drama in 1945. In 1989,

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1034-564: The Niles , went on to operate as small cable ships after Army service. On 16 May 1921 SGT Benjamin Lee Woodhouse (1893-1921) died of wounds received in an explosion on Junior Mine Planter 46 in the New York Harbor area. He was married two days prior to the explosion. He was a cousin of Carol Ryrie Brink , author of Caddie Woodlawn and numerous other works. World War II quickly demonstrated

1081-440: The 1930s, the system was adapted for streamliners , the fastest trains of their day. Diesel–electric powerplants became popular because they greatly simplified the way motive power was transmitted to the wheels and because they were both more efficient and had greatly reduced maintenance requirements. Direct-drive transmissions can become very complex, considering that a typical locomotive has four or more axles . Additionally,

1128-727: The Allison EP hybrid systems, while Orion Bus Industries and Nova Bus are major customer for the BAE HybriDrive system. Mercedes-Benz makes their own diesel–electric drive system, which is used in their Citaro . The only bus that runs on single diesel–electric transmission is the Mercedes Benz Cito low floor concept bus which was introduced in 1998. Examples include: In the automobile industry, diesel engines in combination with electric transmissions and battery power are being developed for future vehicle drive systems. Partnership for

1175-522: The Chief of Coast Artillery recommended legislation militarizing these vessels. Two years later Congress granted the request. The Army Mine Planter Service was formally established by act of Congress on 7 July 1918 as a part of the Coast Artillery Corps . By the same act the grade of Army Warrant Officer was established to provide officers as masters, mates, chief engineers, and assistant engineers for

1222-662: The Coast Guard cable ship USCGC  Pequot  (WARC-58) . The more recent vessels were taken into Coast Guard service after their naval service. One of the 1942 mine planters, USAMP Major General Arthur Murray (MP-9) , became the Navy's USS Trapper (ACM-9), then transferred to the Coast Guard and was renamed as USCGC Yamacraw (WARC-333), and then returned to the Navy as the cable repair ship USS Yamacraw (ARC-5) serving until 1965. Diesel-electric transmission A diesel–electric transmission , or diesel–electric powertrain ,

1269-423: The Mine Planter Service was abolished on June 30, 1947. The ranks themselves were still on the books until abolished in 1954. Each Mine Planter had to have a complement of three Deck Officers (one Master, one First Mate, and one Second Mate) and three Engineering Officers (one Chief Engineer, one Assistant Engineer, and one Second Assistant Engineer) onboard serving in 8-hour shifts. The mine planters turned over to

1316-523: The Second World War used twin generators driven by V12 diesel engines. More recent prototypes include the SEP modular armoured vehicle and T95e . Future tanks may use diesel–electric drives to improve fuel efficiency while reducing the size, weight and noise of the power plant. Attempts with diesel–electric drives on wheeled military vehicles include the unsuccessful ACEC Cobra , MGV , and XM1219 armed robotic vehicle . Caddie Woodlawn Caddie Woodlawn

1363-692: The U.S. Navy were the core of the Auxiliary Minelayer (ACM / MMA) group of the Chimo and Camanche classes. A number of the Army mine planters also became U.S. Coast Guard vessels. Six of the early mine planters became Coast Guard ships through the United States Lighthouse Service as the Speedwell class lighthouse tenders and buoy tenders in 1921–1927. The 1909 General Samuel M. Mills became

1410-500: The US made much use of diesel–electric transmission before 1945. After World War II, by contrast, it gradually became the dominant mode of propulsion for conventional submarines. However, its adoption was not always swift. Notably, the Soviet Navy did not introduce diesel–electric transmission on its conventional submarines until 1980 with its Paltus class . During World War I , there was

1457-406: The area of Dunnville, Wisconsin . As a young girl, she made the journey there from Boston with her family, one that nearly cost her life. Sickly and weak, she is allowed to run wild with her brothers, Tom and Warren, to regain her health. They spend much of their time exploring the woods and rivers that surround their farm. The book opens with Caddie being late for dinner after an excursion to visit

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1504-488: The conflict. In the 1920s, diesel–electric technology first saw limited use in switcher locomotives (UK: shunter locomotives ), locomotives used for moving trains around in railroad yards and assembling and disassembling them. An early company offering "Oil-Electric" locomotives was the American Locomotive Company (ALCO). The ALCO HH series of diesel–electric switcher entered series production in 1931. In

1551-475: The diesel engine and the propeller that was initially common, the advantages were eventually found to be more important. One of several significant advantages is that it mechanically isolates the noisy engine compartment from the outer pressure hull and reduces the acoustic signature of the submarine when surfaced. Some nuclear submarines also use a similar turbo-electric propulsion system, with propulsion turbo generators driven by reactor plant steam. Among

1598-456: The disengagement of a clutch . With auxiliary batteries the motors can run on electric alone, for example when the noise or exhaust from the engine disrupts a clean air zone . Disadvantages of a diesel electric transmission are the potential complexity, cost, and decreased efficiency due to energy conversion. Diesel engines and electric motors are both known for having high torque at low rpm, this may leave high rpm with little torque. Typically

1645-458: The electric motor and supplying all other power as well. In a true diesel–electric transmission arrangement, by contrast, the propeller or propellers are always driven directly or through reduction gears by one or more electric motors , while one or more diesel generators provide electric energy for charging the batteries and driving the motors. While this solution comes with a few disadvantages compared to direct mechanical connection between

1692-488: The first diesel-electric ship in the service. No further vessels would be planned until the block of ships in progress when the U.S. entered World War II; these were delivered 1942–1943. Ship's crews were originally civilian mariners, operating the ship under a Coast Artillery officer, who also commanded the embarked enlisted mine specialists. Friction had developed, in particular over civilian ship's officers and crews leaving to take other employment during operations. In 1916

1739-583: The first surface ships to use diesel–electric transmission. Later, the technology was used in diesel powered icebreakers . In World War II, the United States Navy built diesel–electric surface warships. Due to machinery shortages destroyer escorts of the Evarts and Cannon classes were diesel–electric, with half their designed horsepower (The Buckley and Rudderow classes were full-power steam turbine–electric). The Wind -class icebreakers , on

1786-617: The former had grown up on a farm in Wisconsin. In a preface to the later edition of Caddie Woodlawn , she said the books were partly based on the life of her grandmother, Caddie Woodhouse Watkins (1853–1940), and her siblings: older sister Clara, older brother Tom, younger brother Warren, younger sisters Hetty and Minnie, and baby brother Joe. The house where Caddie lived is now a historical site, about 12 miles (19 km) south of Menomonie, Wisconsin . Children's literature expert May Hill Arbuthnot says of Caddie Woodlawn , "this book

1833-631: The larger mine planting vessels, the Army Mine Planter (AMP). Mine Planter Service ship's officers wore distinctive sleeve insignia stripes similar to maritime and naval ships' officers, with deck officers indicated by an anchor and engineering officers by a propeller. With the formal establishment of the AMPS and the Warrant Officer grades to provide officers for the ships the service became an entirely military operation. The larger vessels, designated U.S. Army Mine Planter (USAMP) , were supported by

1880-453: The local Indian tribe, embarrassing her mother with her antics. She, undaunted, spends the next year having a string of adventures and scares. From a midnight ride through the forest to warn her friend, "Indian John", that the settlers are planning an attack, to a prairie fire that brings out the best in Obediah, the school bully, to a life-threatening fall through a lake while ice skating, her life

1927-442: The mid-1910s, the technology was immediately reintroduced when Sweden began to design its own submarines again in the mid-1930s. From that point onwards, diesel–electric transmission has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by air-independent propulsion (AIP) as provided by Stirling engines beginning with HMS Näcken in 1988. Another early adopter of diesel–electric transmission

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1974-445: The nature of the naval mine warfare model. The ships' mine planting capability was similar to buoy tender capability, and that was included in the naval mission and later U.S. Coast Guard service. The Mine Planter Service faced major change during and at the end of the war, with its ships and role in mining transferred to the Navy. The Coast Artillery Journal for March–April 1948 noted joint training with Navy and how USAMP Spurgin

2021-428: The obsolete nature of the static coastal defenses of which the mine fields were considered part of the principal armament. By the end of the war the forts were standing down and the Navy had been given responsibility for all mine operations. Many of the 1942 and 1943 construction vessels were transferred to the Navy to be converted to Auxiliary Minelayers (ACM), where they were armed and modified for mine operations more in

2068-545: The other hand, were designed for diesel–electric propulsion because of its flexibility and resistance to damage. Some modern diesel–electric ships, including cruise ships and icebreakers, use electric motors in pods called azimuth thrusters underneath to allow for 360° rotation, making the ships far more maneuverable. An example of this is Symphony of the Seas , the largest passenger ship as of 2019. Gas turbines are also used for electrical power generation and some ships use

2115-733: The pioneering users of true diesel–electric transmission was the Swedish Navy with its first submarine, HMS Hajen (later renamed Ub no 1 ), launched in 1904 and originally equipped with a semi-diesel engine (a hot-bulb engine primarily meant to be fueled by kerosene), later replaced by a true diesel. From 1909 to 1916, the Swedish Navy launched another seven submarines in three different classes ( 2nd class , Laxen class , and Braxen class ), all using diesel–electric transmission. While Sweden temporarily abandoned diesel–electric transmission as it started to buy submarine designs from abroad in

2162-514: Was serving as a "floating laboratory" with "as many Navy hands as soldiers aboard the Spurgin as she works in the San Francisco harbor entrance". The Army Mine Planter Service was officially terminated by the 1954 Warrant Officer Personnel Act. The following Warrant Officer insignia were described (but not authorized) by War Department Circular 15 on January 17, 1920. The insignia were repealed when

2209-745: Was the United States Navy , whose Bureau of Steam Engineering proposed its use in 1928. It was subsequently tried in the S-class submarines S-3 , S-6 , and S-7 before being put into production with the Porpoise class of the 1930s. From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines. Apart from the British U-class and some submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy that used separate diesel generators for low speed running, few navies other than those of Sweden and

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