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76-686: Million Films was a subsidiary of Keitsū Productions, which ran a string of cinemas during the post-war years, including the Shinjuku Moulin Rouge, which Keitsū revived and ran as a movie theater beginning in April 1947. Late in 1968, Million began distributing films for other production companies, beginning with pink film pioneer Kan Mukai 's Cruel Story of a Sex Film Actress ( セックス女優残酷史 , Sex Joyū Zankokushi ) in September. In its first year of existence, Million Film distributed films starring some of

152-631: A 2007 poll, 73.4% of Japanese citizens appreciated the presence of U.S. forces in Japan. The manga series Our Alliance – A Lasting Partnership was designed to stimulate a positive public opinion about the partnership. In 2012, the US clarified in a statement regarding the Senkaku Islands dispute that the treaty covers the Senkaku Islands and requires the Americans to defend them. On April 19, 2019, Japan and

228-578: A Japanese perspective, the new treaty was a significant improvement over the original treaty, committing the United States to defend Japan in an attack, requiring prior consultation with the Japanese government before dispatching US forces based in Japan overseas, removing the clause preauthorizing suppression of domestic disturbances, and specifying an initial 10-year term, after which the treaty could be abrogated by either party with one year's notice. Because

304-528: A car carrying Eisenhower's press secretary James Hagerty, slashing its tires, smashing its tail lights, and rocking it back and forth for more than an hour before the occupants were rescued by a U.S. Marine Corps helicopter. Finally on 15 June 1960, the radical student activists from the Zengakuren nationwide student federation attempted to storm the Diet compound itself, precipitating a fierce battle with police in which

380-427: A clause specifically authorizing US troops to put down domestic protests in Japan. Perhaps most gallingly of all, the pact did not contain an article committing the United States to defend Japan if Japan were attacked by a third party. The Japanese government began pushing for a revision to the treaty as early as 1952. However, the administration of U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower resisted calls for revision until

456-473: A female Tokyo University student named Michiko Kanba was killed. Desperate to stay in office long enough to host Eisenhower's visit, Kishi hoped to secure the streets in time for Eisenhower's arrival by calling out the Japan Self Defense Forces and tens of thousands of right-wing thugs that would be provided by his friend, the yakuza -affiliated right-wing "fixer" Yoshio Kodama . However, he

532-425: A film linked to Shintōhō Eiga 's popular and long-running " Molester's Train " series. Gō Ijūin ( 伊集院剛 ) is a pseudonym used by various filmmakers working individually and together at Genji Nakamura's production studio. Director Ryūichi Hiroki made the first Gō Ijūin film, The SM , in 1984 and it was distributed by Million Film. Hiroki began a successful mainstream career in the late 1980s. Million Film served as

608-506: A fixture on Japanese soil. As of 2010, there were still some 85 facilities housing 44,850 U.S. military personnel and 44,289 dependents. A central issue in the debate over the continued U.S. military presence is the heavy concentration of troops in the small Japanese prefecture of Okinawa . U.S. military bases cover about one fifth of Okinawa and house around 75% of the U.S. forces in Japan. Base-related frictions, disputes, and environmental problems have left many Okinawans feeling that while

684-605: A growing anti-U.S. military base movement in Japan culminated in the Sunagawa Struggle of 1955-1957 and popular outrage in Japan in the aftermath of the Girard Incident in 1957, which made deep dissatisfaction with the status quo more apparent. The United States agreed to a revision, negotiations began in 1958, and the new treaty was signed by Eisenhower and Kishi at a ceremony in Washington, D.C., on January 19, 1960. From

760-632: A lost film. All prints had been either lost or destroyed, though a 7-minute clip was rediscovered in the late 1980s. However, the film became available on DVD through the Ace-Deuce site in April 2002. Takahashi introduced the noted horror-film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa to Million Film at the start of his career. Though he had a short and troubled relationship with the studio, and eventually only made one pink film, Kurosawa made his debut with Million. Million agreed to produce Kurosawa's project Kandagawa Pervert Wars ( 神田川淫乱戦争 , Kandagawa Inran Sensō ) , which

836-400: A minimum term of 10 years, but provided that it would remain in force indefinitely unless one party gives one year's notice of wishing to terminate it. The original U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had been forced on Japan by the United States as a condition of ending the U.S.-led military occupation of Japan following the end of World War II . It was signed on September 8, 1951, in tandem with

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912-471: A number of student groups, civic groups, and the anti-Vietnam War organization Beheiren held a series of protest marches against the Security Treaty. However, prime minister Eisaku Satō (who was Kishi's younger brother) opted to ignore the protests completely and allow the treaty to automatically renew. Since that time, no attempt has been made to abrogate the treaty by either party, and U.S. bases remain

988-431: A promise of leniency from the authorities. The conditions included the banning of 184 words—such as those implying underage performers, or graphic words such as "rape", "lick", etc.-- in film titles, and the banning of nudity, or two bodies touching affectionately, in poster graphics. The result of the studios' compliance with these new rules was disastrous for the pink film industry, with box-office attendance dropping 36% in

1064-454: A provision permitting the United States to use forces based in Japan throughout East Asia without prior consultation with Japan, made no explicit promise to defend Japan if Japan were attacked, and even contained a clause allowing U.S. troops to intervene in Japanese domestic disputes. These portions were altered in the revised version of the treaty in 1960. The amended treaty included articles delineating mutual defense obligations and requiring

1140-540: A publicity campaign emphasizing that mainstream actress Mitsugu Fujii was starring in this pink film . The whisper-campaign behind Flesh 2 (1969)—sequel to Mukai's debut film—focused on a sex scene between a Korean girl and a black U.S. G.I., and Japan Virgin Rape (1970) had the first lady of Indonesia in its cast. Blue Film Woman was an early all-color pink film , and Jasper Sharp writes that Mukai's use of color in this film appears to be "making up for lost time", and that

1216-454: A top cinematographer. Mukai made his debut as a director in 1962 with Two Boys ( 二人の少年 ) , an educational film. Wanting to direct, but lacking the educational requirements necessary to be hired as a director at a major studio, in 1965, Mukai moved into the lucrative new pink film genre. That year he founded Mukai Productions and, with financial backing from Nihon Cinema, directed his first pink feature, Flesh ( 肉 , Niku ) , which

1292-521: Is more offensive than the hardcore original because of its more reactionary approach to sex. In 1979, after the closing of his original Mukai Productions, Mukai started Shishi Productions ( 獅子プロダクション ) . The name "Shishi", meaning "Lion", was a pun on "4x4", indicating Mukai's ambition to foster the careers of 16 young directors. As producer, Mukai had an influence on the careers of the "Four Heavenly Kings of Pink" or "Four Devils" ( ピンク四天王 , Pinku shitennō ) group of directors who came to prominence in

1368-591: The Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution , and announcing the Income Doubling Plan with the explicit goal of redirecting the nation's energies away from the contentious treaty issue and toward a nationwide drive for rapid economic growth. The difficult process of securing the passage of the revised treaty and the violent protests it caused contributed to a culture of secret pacts (密約, mitsuyaku ) between

1444-719: The Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party , and even some conservative business groups. In total the People's Council carried out 27 separate events of nationwide mass protest from March 1959 to July 1960. Faced with popular opposition in the streets and Socialist Party stonewalling in the National Diet , Prime Minister Kishi grew increasingly desperate to pass the treaty in time for Eisenhower's scheduled arrival in Japan on June 19. Finally on May 19, 1960, in

1520-657: The United Nations in dealing with aggression. Article 2 generally called for greater collaboration between the two nations in terms of international relations and economics. At a summit meeting between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Japanese Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda in June 1961, this clause was put into action with the formation of three cabinet level consultative committees - the United States–Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange (CULCON),

1596-576: The sexploitation genre such as those directed by Russ Meyer and Jesús Franco . Million continued this distribution of foreign films in Japan until the mid-1980s through a subsidiary called Joypack Film. Million's parent company, Keitsū had built the Shinjuku Joypack Building Annex in July 1976. In 1978 Keitsū established Joypack Amusement, and in July 1979 Joypack Leisure, which included Joypack Amusement and two other companies. Joypack Leisure

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1672-515: The "Three Pillars of Pink", Banmei Takahashi 's November 1981 Million Film release, Attacked Woman ( 襲られた女 , Yarareta Onna ) won several awards and was named by the mainstream Kinema Jumpo as one of the best films of 1981. Though Takahashi is considered one of the most prominent pink filmmakers of this era, and many critics regard Attacked Woman as his best pink film, the Weissers reported in 1998 that Million Film had declared Attacked Woman

1748-467: The 1960 treaty was manifestly superior to the original 1951 treaty, many Japanese from across the political spectrum resented the presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil and hoped to get rid of the treaty entirely. An umbrella organization, the People's Council for Preventing Revision of the Security Treaty ( 安保条約改定阻止国民会議 , Anpo Jōyaku Kaitei Soshi Kokumin Kaigi ) , was formed in 1959 to coordinate

1824-460: The 1967 film Girls' Dormitory . Until that studio's reorganization in 1967, Mukai's films were released principally through Kanto Films. In 1968, Mukai founded his own studio, and Shameful Technique ( 恥かしい技巧 , Hazukashii Giko , 1967) , was the first film released by Mukai Studios. Mukai often employed gimmick-like elements in his films or their publicity to create audiences for his films. His Blue Film: Estimation (1968) benefitted from

1900-503: The 1980s. Hisayasu Satō began working in the film industry through Shishi Productions in 1981, and had his directing debut there with Mad Love! Lolita Poaching ( 激愛！ロリータ密猟 , Gekiai! Lolita Mitsuro ) (1985). He continued working with Mukai throughout the decade. Takahisa Zeze also gained his first film experience at Shishi, working as a screenwriter, and assistant directing for Satō. Through Shishi Productions Mukai gave Academy-Award-winning director Yōjirō Takita his first work in

1976-449: The Flesh ( 肉の競艶 , Niku no Kyōen ) was notable for teaming two of the most popular pink film actresses of the day, Naomi Tani and Mari Iwai . While continuing to distribute films from other production companies, in 1969, the year in which the production company was founded, Million Film began producing films for Keitsū's theater chain. During the boom years of the pink film industry, in

2052-590: The Japanese Prosecutor's Office decided to enforce the Moral Sensibility law more strictly, targeting pink film theaters, their advertising, and the studios. Hoping to prevent drastic actions, representatives of the pink film studios met with Eirin , the police and the prosecutor's office. The result of this meeting, known as "the Ice Age summit", was that the studios agreed to a set of conditions in exchange for

2128-567: The November 1985 release, Sexy Up: Pink Nipple ( セクシーアップ　桃色乳首 , Sexy Up: Momoiro Chikubi ) . Million Film ceased production in 1986. The closing of the studio's production facilities resulted in the stalling of the debut of prominent "Four Heavenly Kings of Pink" ( ピンク四天王 , pinku shitenno ) director Toshiki Satō for two years. Originally scheduled to make a film for Million in 1986, Satō did not make his first film until 1988, for Nikkatsu Video. Keitsū's film exhibition arm, Joypack Cinema,

2204-419: The U.S. to introduce nuclear weapons into U.S. bases on Okinawa even after its reversion to Japan in 1972, among other secret deals. Throughout the decade of the 1960s, left-wing activists looked forward to the end of the revised treaty's initial 10-year term in 1970 as an opportunity to try to persuade the Japanese government to abrogate the treaty. In 1970, in the wake of the 1968-1969 student riots in Japan,

2280-439: The U.S.-led Occupation of Japan (1945–1952). The revision of the treaty in 1960 was a highly contentious process in Japan, and widespread opposition to its passage led to the massive Anpo protests , which were the largest popular protests in Japan's history. The 1960 treaty significantly revised the U.S.-Japan security agreement in the direction of greater mutuality between the two nations. The original 1951 treaty had contained

2356-514: The US and Japan in accordance with their respective constitutional processes and will go into effect the date they are signed and exchanged in Tokyo. Article 9 states that the prior treaty signed in San Francisco in 1951 shall expire when the current treaty takes effect. Article 10 allows for the abrogation of the treaty, after an initial 10-year term, if either party gives one year's advance notice to

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2432-466: The US, before mobilizing its forces, to inform Japan in advance. It also removed the article permitting U.S. interference in Japanese domestic affairs. The treaty also included general provisions for the further development of international understanding and improved economic collaboration between the two nations. These provisions became the basis for the establishment of the United States–Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange ( CULCON ),

2508-538: The United States and Japan ( 日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の相互協力及び安全保障条約 , Nihon-koku to Amerika-gasshūkoku to no Aida no Sōgo Kyōryoku oyobi Anzen Hoshō Jōyaku ) , more commonly known as the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty in English and as the Anpo jōyaku ( 安保条約 ) or just Anpo ( 安保 ) in Japanese, is a treaty that permits the presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil, and commits the two nations to defend each other if one or

2584-519: The United States to defend Japan if it is attacked by a third party. Article 6 explicitly grants the United States the right to base troops in Japan, subject to a detailed "Administrative Agreement" negotiated separately. Article 7 states that the treaty does not affect the US or Japan's rights and obligations under the Charter of the United Nations. Article 8 states that the treaty will be ratified by

2660-596: The United States–Japan Committee on Scientific Cooperation, and the Joint United States–Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs, all three of which are still in operation in some form. Article 3 commits both the US and Japan to maintain and develop their armed forces and resist attack. Article 4 suggests that the United States will consult with Japan in some manner on how it uses the U.S. troops based in Japan. Article 5 commits

2736-410: The United States–Japan Committee on Scientific Cooperation, and the Joint United States–Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs, all three of which are still in operation in some form. The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has never been amended since 1960 and thus has lasted longer in its original form than any other treaty between two great powers since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia . The treaty had

2812-468: The actions of various citizen movements involved in opposing ratification of the revised treaty. The People's Council initially consisted of 134 member organizations in March 1959 and grew to have 1,633 affiliated organizations by March 1960. Member groups included labor unions, farmers' and teachers' unions, poetry circles, theater troupes, student and women's organizations, mothers' groups, groups affiliated with

2888-501: The anger of local residents. These grievances, among others, have sustained a large and enduring anti-Security Treaty movement in Okinawa. Despite the strong Okinawan opposition to the US military presence on the island, there is support for the agreement in Japan as a whole. Although views of the treaty were fiercely polarized when the treaty was first approved in 1960, acceptance of the U.S.-Japan alliance has grown over time. According to

2964-948: The brief pink film career of science fiction author Izumi Suzuki , who made a number of films with Million under the stage name Naomi Asaka, including A Virgin at Play ( 処女の戯れ ) , White Paper on the Violation of Prostitutes: Sexual Violence ( 売春暴行白書・性暴力を斬る ) , and A Woman's Sexual Development ( 女性の性徴期 ) . The survival rate of early independent pink films is very low, but the DVD company Ace Deuce Entertainment has preserved several early Million Film releases and made them available on home video. Yokohama Cheyenne: Woman Swamp Zone ( 横浜シャイアン 女の湿地帯 , Yokohama Shaian: Onna no Shicchi-tai ) and New Bride: Mixed Up Figure ( 新妻　乱れ姿 , Niizuma: Midaresugata ) (both 1974) are significant both for being examples of surviving early pink films from an independent studio other than Shintōhō Eiga . These are also among

3040-458: The distributor of the debut works of significant filmmakers even in its last years in production. Bizarre Experience: Dreamy ( 猟奇体験　夢性 , Ryōki Taiken: Musei ) , released in September 1985, was a pink science-fiction fantasy which provided director Tsutomu Watanabe with his career debut. Watanabe found greater success in horror and fantasy cinema. Hidekazu Takahara, today best known for his musical comedies, made his career debut at Million with

3116-451: The earliest surviving all-color pink film productions. Both these films were produced by Akitaka Kimata's Pro Taka production studio and directed by his son Akiyoshi Kimata under the pseudonym Seiji Izumi ( 和泉聖治 , Izumi Seiji ) . Both films show a light-hearted and easy-going style which contrasts with the darker style of the director and of Million Film productions in later years. The non-political nature of these two films contrasts with

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3192-519: The early 1980s. After working on more than fifty films, Wet Lips: Sleek and Hot ( 濡れた唇　しなやかに熱く , Nureta Kuchibiru: Shinayaka ni Atsuku ) (April 1980) was Nakamura's breakthrough as a personal statement, and as his first award-winning film. Another highly regarded Nakamura film released by Million, Scarlet Prostitute: Stabbing (1981), concludes with a controversial, yet poignant scene which, Thomas and Yuko Mihara Weisser write in their Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films , will leave, "[e]ven

3268-762: The film industry. In June 1982 Mukai re-formed Mukai Productions. As a production company, Mukai's films were distributed by other studios, including Nikkatsu, which used these films to supplement their Roman porno series triple-bills. During the 1980s, when rape-themed films were popular, Mukai produced some of Nikkatsu's most extreme examples of the genre, including the Subway Serial Rape series (1985–1988). Mukai produced celebrated Roman porno director Tatsumi Kumashiro 's final film, Immoral: Indecent Relations ( インモラル･淫らな関係 , Immoral: Midarana Kankei ) (1995). In his later works as director Mukai moved into non- pink mainstream subjects. His Going West (1997)

3344-472: The film is a "highly stylised piece." In 1969, Mukai's film Forbidden Techniques ( 禁じられたテクニック ) (1966) was released in Italy under the title Naomi . The film was banned due to obscenity, but scored a triumph in a showing at Waseda University 's Okuma Auditorium . Throughout his career Mukai was known for working in both action and sex genres, and in the 1970s, Mukai made several films in both genres, and with

3420-431: The first foreign leader to visit the United States in his term in office. At their June 1961 summit meeting, the two leaders agreed that henceforth the two nations would consult much more closely as allies, along lines similar to the relationship between the United States and Great Britain. Back in Japan, Ikeda took a much more conciliatory stance toward the political opposition, indefinitely shelving Kishi's plans to revise

3496-884: The first month of their implementation. Actress Kiyomi Itō debuted at Million, in director Ryūji Akitsu's April 1984 release, High School Girl: Thrill of the Chase ( 女高生猟色 , Jokōsei: Ryōshoku ) . Itō went on to become controversial director Hisayasu Satō 's favorite leading actress after working in his debut film, Mad Love! Lolita Poaching ( 激愛！ロリータ密猟 , Gekiai! Roriita Mitsuryō ) . She appeared in Satō's October 1986 release for Million, Exciting Eros: Hot Skin ( エキサイティング・エロ　熱い肌 , Exciting Ero: Atsū Hada ) , and in some of his most notorious works, including Lolita: Vibrator Torture (1987) and Widow's Perverted Hell (1991). In January 1984, Million produced Molester's Train: Insert Deeply ( 痴漢電車奥まで入れて , Chikan Densha: Oku Made Irete ) ,

3572-422: The latest example being the 1995 kidnapping and molestation of a 12-year-old Okinawan girl by two Marines and a Navy corpsman. In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice apologized after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape of a girl of 14 by a marine on Okinawa. The US military also imposed a temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease

3648-540: The leading performers in the pink film industry. Sex Drive ( セックスドライブ ) , produced by Unimonde and released by Million in October 1968, gave future Nikkatsu Roman Porno queen Kazuko Shirakawa a role as one of lead actor Masayoshi Nogami's sex partners. Unusual for Nogami, who specialized in roles as rapists, Shirakawa's character is a willing participant. Produced by Yamabe Pro and released by Million in November 1968, director Jirō Matsubara's Orgy of Flesh or Bewitching of

3724-421: The mid- to late-1960s, dozens of small studios produced pink films. The major studios, including Toei , and especially Nikkatsu took over the sexploitation film in the early 1970s. This was a period of weeding-out of smaller independent studios, leaving only a few major pink studios. Along with Shintōhō Eiga and Ōkura Eiga (OP Eiga), Million was one of the few independent studios to survive this era. Among

3800-446: The most calloused viewer... misty-eyed". One of the earliest significant female pink film directors, Rumi Tama made her directorial debut for Million Film with the November 1981 release, Revenge Sex: Girl Rape ( 復讐セックス　女が犯す , Fukushū Sekkusu: Onna ga Okasu ) . Many of Tama's earlier films as an actress—often produced and directed by her husband Akitaka Kimata, or his son, Seiji Izumi—had also been released by Million. Another of

3876-461: The new treaty took effect and the old treaty expired. According to foreign minister Aiichirō Fujiyama , the official ratification instruments had to be smuggled to Kishi for his signature in a candy box, to avoid the notice of the protesters still mobbing his official residence. However, once the treaty entered into force and Kishi resigned from office, the anti-treaty protest movement lost momentum and rapidly died away. The anti-American aspect of

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3952-509: The new treaty was superior to the old one, Kishi expected it to be ratified in relatively short order. Accordingly, he invited Eisenhower to visit Japan beginning on June 19, 1960, in part to celebrate the newly ratified treaty. If Eisenhower's visit had proceeded as planned, he would have become the first sitting US president to visit Japan. In Article 1, the treaty began by establishing that each country would seek to resolve any international disputes peacefully. The treaty also gave prominence to

4028-563: The other is attacked "in the territories under the administration of Japan". Over time, it has had the effect of establishing a military alliance between the United States and Japan . The current treaty, which took effect on June 23, 1960, revised and replaced an earlier version of the treaty , which had been signed in 1951 in conjunction with the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty that terminated World War II in Asia as well as

4104-476: The other of its wish to terminate the treaty. The agreed minutes to the treaty specified that the Japanese government would be consulted prior to major changes in United States force deployment in Japan or to the use of Japanese bases for combat operations other than to defend Japan itself. Also covered were the limits of both countries' jurisdictions over crimes committed in Japan by US military personnel. Although

4180-615: The pink film went back to 1962, the year of the production of the first film in that genre. Motoki's Free Trade in Flesh ( 肉体自由貿易 , Nikutai Jiyū Bōeki ) was one of only four pink films made in 1962. Previous to his career in sex films, Motoki had been a producer at Toho where he was behind such major films as Akira Kurosawa 's Ikiru (1952) and Seven Samurai (1954). Motoki continued directing for Million Film until his last film, Sensual College Girl: I Want to Give It to You! ( 好色女子大生　あげちゃいたい！ , Kōshoku Joshi Daisei: Agechaitai! ) (June 1977). The year 1970 also encapsulated

4256-547: The political spectrum. Thereafter, the anti-treaty protests swelled to massive size, with the Sōhyō labor federation carrying out a series of nationwide strikes involving millions of labor unionists, large crowds marching in cities and towns throughout the nation, and tens of thousands of protesters gathering around the National Diet on nearly a daily basis. On June 10, in the so-called Hagerty Incident , thousands of protesters mobbed

4332-524: The politically charged pink films of the 1960s, such as those by Kōji Wakamatsu , which often tackled current events. Woman Crime Demon ( 女犯魔 , Johan-ma ) made by Genji Nakamura for his own Genji Pro, and released by Million in October 1977 shows a similarly relaxed style, though it does make reference to the political themes of earlier pink film, particularly the Anpo . Beginning in 1976, Million distributed yō pin , or "Western pink" film, Western films in

4408-501: The project, proclaiming it not sufficiently erotic. Kurosawa later bought back the footage to use it in his mainstream film, The Excitement of the Do-Re-Mi-Fa Girl (1985). After his experience with Million, Kurosawa left the pink film genre behind, finding success in the yakuza and horror fields. Million Film's parent company, Keitsū's film distribution subsidiary was broken off from Million and named Joypack Cinema in 1983. In 1984,

4484-682: The prominent pink filmmakers who worked at Million were prolific director Kin'ya Ogawa. In 1970, Ogawa came to Million from Ōkura Eiga, and after a short stay at Million, moved on to Shintōhō Eiga . Prominent female pink film director, Sachi Hamano shot her debut film at Million Film in 1971. Titled 17-Year-Old Free Love Tribe ( 十七才すきすき族 , Jūnana-sai Sukisukizoku ) , Million released the film in September 1972. Under his pseudonym Yoshikazu Kishimoto ( 岸本恵一 , Kishimoto Yoshikazu ) , Sōjirō Motoki began directing films at Million with Sex No. 1 ( セックスＮｏ．１ ) (December 1971), starring future Nikkatsu Roman Porno queen Junko Miyashita . Motoki's ties to

4560-406: The protests and the humiliating cancellation of Eisenhower's visit brought U.S.-Japan relations to their lowest ebb since the end of World War II. The new U.S. president, John F. Kennedy , appointed sympathetic Japan expert and Harvard University professor Edwin O. Reischauer as ambassador to Japan, rather than a career diplomat, and invited the new Japanese prime minister, Hayato Ikeda , to be

4636-1158: The security agreement may be beneficial to the United States and Japan as a whole, they bear a disproportionate share of the burden. One contentious issue to many Okinawans is the noise and environmental pollution created by the US forces in Japan. Prolonged exposure to high-decibel noise pollution from the American military jets flying over residential areas in Okinawa has been found to cause heart problems, disrupt sleep patterns, and damage cognitive skills in children. Excessive noise lawsuits filed in 2009 by Okinawa's residents against Kadena Air Base and Marine Corps Air Station Futenma resulted in awards of $ 57 million and $ 1.3 million to residents, respectively. Toxic chemical runoff from U.S. bases, live-fire drills using depleted uranium rounds, and base construction and expansion activities have polluted Okinawa's water supply and damaged Okinawa's once-pristine coral reefs, reducing their economic value for fishing and tourism. The most powerful opposition in Okinawa, however, stemmed from criminal acts committed by US service members and their dependents, with

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4712-403: The signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty ending World War II in Asia, and went into effect on April 28, 1952, in tandem with the end of the occupation of Japan. The original Security Treaty had no specified end date or means of abrogation, allowed US forces stationed in Japan to be used for any purpose anywhere in the "Far East" without prior consultation with the Japanese government, and had

4788-448: The so-called " May 19 Incident ," Kishi suddenly called for a snap vote on the treaty. When Socialist Diet members attempted a sit-in to block the vote, Kishi introduced 500 policemen into the Diet and had them physically removed from the halls of the Diet by police, and rammed the treaty through with only members of his own party present. Kishi's actions were widely perceived as anti-democratic, and provoked nationwide outrage from across

4864-605: The two genres mixed for the Toei Company . Deep Throat in Tokyo , directed for Toei in 1975, is his best-known film. Comparing Mukai's film to the original Deep Throat (U.S., 1972), Jasper Sharp writes that Mukai's film, a softcore, "airbrushed fantasy" with a higher budget and, in Kumi Taguchi , a more attractive leading lady, is "a world apart from the more crude and direct approach taken by its revolutionary American model." Nevertheless, Sharp judges that Mukai's softcore film

4940-457: The two nations. Going forward, rather than putting contentious issues to a vote, the two nations secretly negotiated to expand the scope of the Security Treaty without allowing a vote. Secret pacts negotiated in the 1960s and not brought to light until decades later allowed U.S. naval vessels carrying nuclear weapons to "transit" through Japanese ports, allowed nuclear powered U.S. vessels to vent radioactive wastewater in Japanese waters, and allowed

5016-500: Was a Japanese film director , cinematographer , producer and screenwriter , known for his pioneering work in the pink film genre. In the realm of pink cinema, Japanese critics have estimated that Mukai is "the only serious rival of Kōji Wakamatsu ." As a producer, Mukai helped the early careers of many prominent directors, including Hisayasu Satō and Academy-Award winner Yōjirō Takita . In his career, he directed nearly 200 films and produced approximately 500. Kan Mukai

5092-470: Was a three-part omnibus film, with other two segments directed by Kōji Wakamatsu and Shin'ya Yamamoto (director) . Mukai's section was titled Beauty and Ugliness ( Bi To Shu ). Takako Uchida later starred in Nikkatsu 's big-budget pre- Roman Porno venture into the pink arena, Story Of Heresy In Meiji Era (1968). Mukai gave future first Nikkatsu Roman Porno star, Kazuko Shirakawa , her film debut with

5168-549: Was born in Dairen , Manchukuo (modern Dalian , China ) on October 16, 1937. He studied economics at Kyushu University , but dropped out to pursue a career in film. In 1959 he began his apprenticeship, serving as assistant director to Kiyoshi Saeki, Tadashi Imai and Isao Yoshida. He also worked as a cinematographer on projects for various studios, mostly for educational, children's and industrial films. During this early period in his career he honed his craft and became known as

5244-449: Was distributed by Kokuei . Though the film was a plotless series of scenes in the life of a prostitute, Mukai's technical skill impressed early pink audiences and critics, and he quickly became a major name in the genre. Comparing him to the major pink director of the 1960s, a critic for Kinema Junpo wrote, "Hiroshi Mukai is the only genre director who could rival Kōji Wakamatsu ." Flesh received international distribution, and

5320-482: Was forced to resign and Eisenhower's visit was cancelled, under Japanese law, the treaty was automatically approved 30 days after passing the Lower House of the Diet. Article 8 of the treaty stipulated that the new treaty would immediately enter into force once ratification instruments were exchanged between Japanese and American officials in Tokyo. The instruments were officially exchanged on June 23, 1960, at which point

5396-470: Was involved with aspects of entertainment outside of film. Million Film hosted some of the most important pink filmmakers during the early 1980s, and distributed some of the most significant independent pink films made during this era, though the company ceased production in 1986, and withdrew from pink film distribution in 1988. Known as one of the "Three Pillars of Pink", several of Genji Nakamura 's most important films were distributed by Million Film during

5472-516: Was released August 1983. Jasper Sharp writes that Kurosawa's script resembles a pink film tribute to Jean-Luc Godard as filtered through Rear Window (1954). Sharp writes that the combination of Kurosawa's film scholar sensibilities, and the low budget afforded him to film his scenario no doubt appeared as sarcasm to the studio. Nevertheless, Million Film gave Kurosawa a second chance to direct, with his script College Girl: Shameful Seminar . However, after seeing what Kurosawa had filmed, they canceled

5548-779: Was released in Germany on May 14, 1965 as Nacktes Fleisch . The Bite (1966) was another early Mukai film shown overseas, playing in the U.S. soon after its Japanese release, and in Britain, under the title Bait , in 1967. It was released on DVD in the U.S. in 2008. According to some sources, Mukai's Sexy Partners (1967) was the first S&M film. It was the first to use the subject as its primary theme. He worked with his wife, actress Takako Uchida , in several of his early films such as Nightly Pleasure ( Yoru No Yorokobi , 1967), Stories of Adultery ( Aru Mittsu , 1967), and Spring of Ecstasy ( Kokotsu No Izumi , 1968). Stories of Adultery

5624-692: Was renamed Humax in 1987. Million Film stopped distributing pink films in 1988. In 1989 the Humax Group was formed. The Humax Group currently includes Joypack Cinema which produces and distributes non-pink films, and runs several theaters in Tokyo. Notable directors whose films were produced or released by Million Film include: Notable actors and actresses who performed at Million Film include: Notable films produced and/or released by Million Film include: Kan Mukai Kan Mukai ( 向井寛 , Mukai Kan ) a.k.a. Hiroshi Mukai and Patrick Kan ( カン・パトリック , Kan Patorikku , October 16, 1937 — June 9, 2008)

5700-420: Was talked out of these extreme measures by his cabinet, and thereafter had no choice but to cancel Eisenhower's visit, for fears that his safety could not be guaranteed, and to announce his own resignation as Prime Minister, in order to quell the widespread popular anger at his actions. Despite the massive size achieved by the anti-treaty movement, the protests ultimately failed to stop the treaty. Although Kishi

5776-523: Was what the director called, "Japan's first granny road movie". He directed a sequel to Going West entitled Hometown in 1999. Other films of this final, mainstream period in Mukai's career include Last Dance (2001) and School Reunion (2004). After battling liver cancer for two years, Mukai died on June 11, 2008. Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between

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