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67-591: The company was formally created in April 2009 by the integration of the former Military Transport Aircraft Division ( MTAD ) and Airbus Military Sociedad Limitada ( AMSL ) into Airbus. In January 2014, former EADS divisions Airbus Military, Astrium , and Cassidian merged to form Airbus Defence and Space . The predecessor company, headquartered in Blagnac , was established in January 1999 as Airbus Military Company SAS , to manage

134-515: A defective satellite . The project is entitled "DEOS" (German orbital servicing mission), and consists of two satellites, a 'client' and a 'servicer'. The client acts as the satellite requiring maintenance or disposal. The servicer carries out the necessary work on the client. The two spacecraft will be launched together into low Earth orbit of 550 kilometres (340 mi). As of 2012 , the mission "will be ready for launch in 2018." In 2010 Astrium signed with JSC NC Kazakhstan Gharysh Sapary (KGS),

201-521: A European spacecraft manufacturer. EADS Astrium was responsible for the build and delivery of Skynet 5 series satellites in orbit, whilst subsidiary company Paradigm was responsible for the provision of service to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). In 2010, the PFI contract was extended by two years to 2022, to a total cost of £3.66 billion over the course of the contract, with Paradigm able to sell bandwidth in excess of

268-612: A Skynet 5 satellite, but without the military hardening. Anik G1 launched on 16 April 2013, improving the constellation's X-band capacity to 2.2 GHz of throughput. In 2015, Skynet 5A was moved from 6° East, where it reinforced Middle East coverage, to 95° East, near West Sumatra . This move was to extend the Skynet coverage eastward in the Indian Ocean and to the western Pacific Ocean . With this move and Anik G1, Skynet offers near global coverage, from 178° West to 163° East. In 2016,

335-418: A dry mass of 670 kg (1,480 lb), with three reaction wheels and hydrazine thrusters for station keeping. The improved Stage 2 satellites (4D, 4E and 4F) were built by Matra Marconi Space and Astrium to replace the earlier versions. Improvements included increased power and resistance to electronic jamming. Skynet 4D was launched in 1998, Skynet 4E in 1999 and Skynet 4F in 2001. Skynet 4D

402-651: A launch shared with the Indian INSAT 4B civil communications satellite, and entered full service on 10 May 2007. The launch was delayed from 10 March 2007 due to malfunction of a launch pad deluge system. Skynet 5A successfully separated from its launch vehicle and telemetry was acquired by its dedicated Control Centre approximately 40 minutes after launch. Skynet 5B was launched at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007, from Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou , in French Guiana , aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. This launch

469-451: A model of the Skynet satellite on the children's television show Blue Peter in 1969, the show also described the new British satellite control centre at RAF Oakhanger . The Skynet satellites provided secure and encrypted facilities, though expensively, for the British armed forces and intelligence agencies. It enables an important sovereign command and control service. The largest user of

536-559: A new Australian ground station was opened at Mawson Lakes , Adelaide , managed by Airbus in partnership with SpeedCast , an Australian provider for over 25 years which works with the Australian military at that base. This complements Airbus's existing chain of ground stations in France, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. The British High Commissioner Menna Rawlings said at

603-595: A new requirement beyond Skynet 3 strategic headquarters communications. The Royal Navy was also concerned that the high frequency radio alternative enabled location tracking by the Soviet Union Ocean Surveillance System. Skynet 4 series satellites have few similarities to the earlier generations, being based on the British Aerospace European Communications Satellite . The cylindrical body of Skynet 1 and 2

670-757: A non-competitively sourced Skynet 6A satellite planned for a 2025 launch, as a transition to a new architecture. As of 2017, the PFI project was viewed as unlikely to be extended, as PFI contracting was then seen as generally poor value for taxpayers, and it had depleted MOD of satellite expertise which made specifying its replacement difficult. Skynet 6A is based on the Airbus Eurostar Neo satellite bus , using electric orbit raising and station keeping propulsion, and built at Airbus Stevenage and Portsmouth , England. It uses more radio frequencies for communication, and will have more capacity and versatility than Skynet 5 satellites. A contract for over £500 million

737-433: A power budget of five kilowatts. It has four steerable transmission dishes, and a phased-array receiver designed to allow jamming signals to be cancelled out. They will also resist attempts to disrupt them with high-powered lasers. Astrium described in 2010 the Skynet 5 system as: The Skynet 5 satellites have the highest powered X-band transponders in orbit, a highly flexible uplink beam configuration, coupled with

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804-524: A satellite-based emergency communications service based on Skynet, for use by UK police and other emergency services, primarily for use at Strategic Command Centres and at major events and emergencies. It replaced the earlier Emergency Communications Network. In 2021 UK Space Command was created, which when fully operational will take over responsibility for Skynet from Strategic Command (previously known as Joint Forces Command), likely in 2023. There were two Skynet 1 satellites (1A and 1B); Skynet 1A

871-706: A site named Hawthorn, a few hundred metres north of MOD Corsham , in partnership with MOD's Defence Digital (previously Information Systems & Services ) who are based at MOD Corsham. In 2010, Paradigm announced it would lease the X-band (SHF) module on the Anik G1 commercial satellite at 107.3° West over the Pacific Ocean , covering the Americas and as far west as Hawaii , to complement Skynet system coverage. The three-channel, wide-beam X-band payload has performance similar to

938-567: A stable "gravity well" (see Geostationary orbit#Stability ) at longitude 105° W off the Pacific coast of Latin America is 36,000 km away from its original position, and it could not have simply drifted and ended up in this stable orbit. The new location is near satellite traffic and it has to be monitored for collision risks. In 2024, the BBC reported that there is no record of who moved it or why. Skynet 1B

1005-487: A substandard coating had been used on the circuit board. Despite being in an unstable orbit, the ground stations successfully located and tracked Skynet 2A and were able to use telemetry readings from the solar panels to determine its alignment. Based on this analysis, it was decided to use the alignment thrusters to deorbit the unit, and it was destroyed when it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 24 January 1974. Skynet 2B

1072-417: A world leading anti-jamming antenna to ensure that the constellation is extremely effective against hostile or non-hostile interference. All of the downlink beams are fully steerable and the whole payload is optimized to maximise performance for small, rapidly deployable satellite ground terminals on land, sea or air. Skynet 5A was launched by an Ariane 5 launch vehicle at 22:03 UTC on 11 March 2007, in

1139-436: Is Eric Beranger who took over from Evert Dudok . Astrium was formed in 2000 by the merger of Matra Marconi Space (itself formed from French and British companies) with the space division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG and Computadores Redes e Ingeniería SA . Henceforth Astrium was a joint venture between EADS and BAE Systems . On 16 June 2003 the minority shareholder, BAE Systems, sold its 25% share to EADS, making EADS

1206-603: Is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites. The MOD has become a user of U.S. military constellations Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) and the Wideband Global Satcom (WGS) systems, and may become a partner in the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS). Part of the enhanced capability would be to support data links to unmanned aerial vehicles and F-35B Lightning II aircraft. As of 2019, Skynet

1273-420: Is responsible for delivering the following services and systems: In June 2007, EADS Astrium announced it would be entering the space tourism sector. On 20 June 2007 the company unveiled a model of the space jet, a one-stage sub-orbital hybrid craft, utilising both jet and rocket engines. Carrying four passengers, the space jet would take off from regular airports using conventional jet engines. After flying to

1340-610: Is the large part of the MOD Future Beyond Line of Sight Satellite Communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, and has four elements: On 3 July 2020, the UK Government announced that it had acquired a 45% stake in the OneWeb low Earth orbit satellite communications company, for US$ 500 million including a golden share to give it control over any future ownership sale. Analysts believe OneWeb will be incorporated into

1407-748: The Airbus A400M project, taking over from the Euroflag consortium . In May 2003, the company was restructured as Airbus Military Sociedad Limitada (AMSL) prior to the contract being awarded and its headquarters moved to Madrid , Spain. The Military Transport Aircraft Division (MTAD) was a division of EADS which designed, manufactured and sold EADS-CASA light and medium transport aircraft, headquartered in Madrid , Spain. On 16 December 2008, EADS announced that MTAD and AMSL would be integrated into Airbus as part of Airbus Military . In February 2009, Domingo Ureña-Raso

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1474-726: The Ariane 5 launcher, the Columbus Module of the International Space Station , and the ATV , as well as a number of smaller projects (most notably Phoenix ). It also builds launchers for the French nuclear missile program (see also Military of France ), such as the M51 SLBM . It joined the team led by Lockheed Martin for a bid on NASA 's Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), being in charge of

1541-688: The Five Eyes intelligence alliance (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). The fleet of military X-band satellites have been specifically designed to support smaller, low powered, tactical terminals. Each Skynet 5 satellite is equipped with: As of 2018, the MOD was specifying the replacement of Skynet 5, whose PFI programme ends in August 2022. Airbus Defence and Space will build

1608-473: The Indian Ocean , significantly to support East of Suez deployments, and have a transponder with two channels permitting communications between two types of ground station. This would be an advance over the ongoing U.S. Interim Defense Communication Satellite Program (IDCSP). In 1965, the U.S. invited the MOD to participate in their IDCSP programme, and to participate Marconi were contracted to build three 40 foot diameter air transportable ground stations for

1675-581: The safe transport of Airbus integrated spacecraft in a horizontal position when sending them worldwide to launch sites. After Evert Dudok took over from Antoine Bouvier as Head of EADS Astrium Satellites on 11 June 2007, Alain Charmeau assumed responsibility of the management of EADS Astrium Space Transportation. Astrium Services is the services division of EADS Astrium. The services division specializes in military satellite communications services and currently employs about 2,200 personnel. Astrium Services

1742-576: The Communications payload. NATO adapted the design for the NATO IVA and IVB communication satellites , also manufactured by BAe Dynamics. The programme timescales were delayed, as initially Skynet 4 was designed to be launched from the Space Shuttle (STS), with chosen RAF officers to be part of each Shuttle Crew. However, following the 1986 Challenger disaster ( STS 51-L ), the programme slowed and all

1809-420: The Skynet 4 series satellites had to be modified to suit the changes needed to go on a disposable launch vehicle. As Skynet 4A build was advanced it needed significant modification, and its completion was overtaken by Skynet 4B which had not progressed as far, and hence more easily converted. Consequently, Skynet 4B was finished first and launched in 1988, with Skynet 4A next in early 1990, and Skynet 4C later

1876-546: The Skynet 6 architecture. OneWeb satellites are already manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus Defence and Space, which positions the current Skynet operator well for future involvement in Skynet 6. In 2021, a one-year transition was expected to start from the Airbus PFI contract to the new Service Delivery Wrap contract which will operate ground stations until a new generation of satellites under an Enduring Capability contract are launched from about 2028. This transition

1943-509: The Skynet partner programme, to NATO and allied governments, including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance members (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). As of 2020, seven Skynet satellites are operating, plus Anik G1. The Skynet 1 to 4 series were developed and operated by the Signals Research and Development Establishment , Royal Signals and Radar Establishment and Royal Air Force until 2003. It

2010-674: The Skynet satellites during the Cold War was the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), who were responsible for over 80% of traffic at some locations such as Cyprus . Despite the enormous communications capability of Skynet, GCHQ still found the capacity provided by Skynet to be inadequate. In 1972, GCHQ was still the satellite's largest funder, and argued for the purchase of an American built Type-777 ( DSCS II ) satellite instead. GCHQ would later plan their own secret signals intelligence satellite, Zircon , which

2077-462: The UHF channels of the previous satellites, which are in demand as they support "comms on the move" for soldiers with backpack radios. The Ministry of Defence described the satellite as having a "key role in gathering intelligence on operations", as well as communications. Skynet 5D has larger fuel tanks enabling it to be repositioned more frequently if necessary. The programme marks a change of approach in

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2144-577: The UK from traditional defence procurement methods to a services-based contract which also includes provision of leased ground terminals, Reacher vehicles, the Satellite Communications Onboard Terminal (SCOT) for ships, and the associated baseband equipment. Initially two Skynet 5 satellites were to be built, with insurance covering any launch loss; the MOD later decided to have a third satellite built in advance, and later still to have

2211-627: The United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MOD). They provide strategic and tactical communication services to the branches of the British Armed Forces , the British intelligence agencies , some UK government departments and agencies, and to allied governments. Since 2015 when Skynet coverage was extended eastward, and in conjunction with an Anik G1 satellite module over America, Skynet offers near global coverage. The Skynet contract allows Airbus Defence and Space to sell surplus bandwidth, through

2278-521: The capacity of 1.1 Skynet satellites to other allied countries. Paradigm had 220 staff and about 100 sub-contractors working on Skynet. Serco is a major subcontractor on the PFI programme. This was the biggest ever outsourced military satellite communications contract. The Skynet 5 satellite is based on the Eurostar E3000 satellite bus design, weighs about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb), has two solar panels each about fifteen metres long, and has

2345-702: The craft's Mission Module . The team won a contract from NASA in June 2005. In 2005, EADS Astrium Space Transportation started a campaign in favour of a project called LIFE , for astronomy from the Moon surface. The company has facilities in France ( Les Mureaux near Paris and Saint-Médard-en-Jalles near Bordeaux ) and in Germany; the main facility in Germany is located in Bremen . These manufacturing facilities utilise specialist CTH03 and CTH04 high technology equipment containers which allow

2412-728: The current Skynet 5 satellites. Skynet is the large part of the MOD Future Beyond Line of Sight satellite communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, with expected transition costs of about £6 billion. In the 1960s, only two countries had communication satellites, the United States and the Soviet Union . The United Kingdom created Skynet as its own military communications satellite system, because of inadequate undersea communications cable availability and to increase flexibility, reliability, data capacity and security. The Signals Research and Development Establishment led

2479-480: The decision had been made in January of that year. In September, 2012, Astrium won a €13 million mission definition and design contract from the DLR Space Administration to build a two-vehicle set of spacecraft to demonstrate several technologies necessary for on-orbit satellite servicing , including spacecraft refuelling , in order to enable satellite mission extension and also controlled disposal of

2546-422: The development of Skynet 1 and 2, and its successor Royal Signals and Radar Establishment carried out research for the development of the subsequent satellites and ground terminals. The MOD space communications research programme began in 1962, initially considering Moon and space debris bounce techniques, before considering a UK satellite. In 1964, it was decided Skynet should be in geostationary orbit over

2613-510: The development, and performed initial in-orbit testing. Subsequently, the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment supported Skynet satellites, including developing ground terminals and modems, at RAF Defford which was also a backup for the primary ground station at RAF Oakhanger . The Skynet 2B system was very successful for its time, and remained in service for 20 years although only having 2 communications channels. Skynet 3 series satellites

2680-520: The frame of the Skynet 5 contract for the UK Ministry of Defence became the major constituent of EADS SPACE Services. CASA Espacio became part of EADS Astrium on 1 January 2004. EADS Astrium is the sole shareholder of Infoterra Ltd . On 1 July 2006, the French division of EADS Astrium, EADS Astrium SAS, merged with other French subsidiaries of EADS Space (especially EADS Space Transportation). The name of

2747-493: The launch of the first IDCSP satellites in 1966. As Britain had insufficient industry expertise to build satellites, a contact was placed with U.S. Philco Ford to build Skynet 1, but with the assistance of Marconi to improve UK expertise for Skynet 2. Nine ground stations were initially planned, which could also communicate with sub-geostationary U.S. IDCSP satellites: Skynet 1A was the first military satellite in geostationary orbit , in 1969. The Royal Air Force displayed

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2814-457: The launch vehicle and the launch was rescheduled for 30 May 2008. A problem with the launch software during pre-launch checks led Arianespace to reschedule the launch for a second time to 12 June 2008. Skynet 5D was launched at 21:49:07 UTC on 19 December 2012, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. Skynet 5D provides more than double

2881-523: The national company charged with the development of Kazakhstan's space programme, a contract for a Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) Centre in Astana . Under the contract Astrium will provide and install the various test equipment (mechanical, radiometric, thermal and acoustic facilities) at the new AIT Centre. Astrium will also assist KGS in the construction of the AIT Centre to ensure coordination with

2948-414: The needed altitude, the rockets would then be fired. After reaching its final altitude of 100 km, passengers would experience weightlessness for three minutes. Tickets were expected to cost up to €200,000 with flights possibly beginning in 2012. EADS estimated the development cost would approach 1 billion Euros. In March 2009 EADS Astrium confirmed that the programme had been placed on hold indefinitely;

3015-421: The new company thus became Astrium SAS . Equivalent mergers have been achieved in 2006 in the other countries. EADS Astrium Space Transportation was formed in June 2003 from the consolidation of EADS' launch vehicles division (formerly Aérospatiale 's space division) and the space infrastructure division of Astrium (whose core was originally ERNO ). Until July 2006 it was called EADS Space Transportation and

3082-594: The opening ceremony "Territorial disputes over uninhabited rocks and reefs have the potential to generate enough friction in international affairs to spark a confrontation", alluding to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea . Airbus Defence and Space signed a further three partners, Hughes Network Systems , Inmarsat and SpeedCast , into its Skynet partner programme who offer third-party Skynet services. The Skynet contract also allow Airbus to sell surplus bandwidth to NATO and allied governments, including

3149-497: The operational failure of the Skynet 1A satellite, the timetable for the launch of the Skynet 2 communications satellite was delayed. Skynet 2A was launched on the Delta 2313 by NASA for the United Kingdom on 19 January 1974. A short circuit in an electronics package circuit board (on second stage) left the upper stages and satellite in an unstable low orbit (96 x 3406 km x 37.6°) that rapidly decayed. An investigation revealed that

3216-728: The same year. As of 2022, Skynet 4C is still in operation, providing service to the U.S. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station for up to six hours a day because its orbital inclination has increased to 10.3°. The Stage 1 satellites (4A, 4B and 4C) have multi-frequency capability and considerable operational flexibility, with selectable channels, gain and four antenna types of differing widths to support varying requirements, Ultra high frequency (UHF), Super high frequency (SHF) and experimental Extremely high frequency (EHF) channels are available. They are hardening against electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and have anti-jamming capability, with an un-degraded 1600 watts power supply . The satellites have

3283-507: The sole shareholder. Astrium became EADS Astrium Satellites and in a wider restructuring became the major constituent of EADS Astrium , which also included EADS Astrium Space Transportation and EADS Astrium Services . In this restructuring the former Astrium Space Infrastructure division merged with EADS Launchers & Vehicles division to form EADS SPACE Transportation, which became later EADS Astrium Space Transportation. Also, Paradigm Secure Communications , initially created by Astrium in

3350-572: The test equipment. The AIT Centre will form part of the Space City that the Kazakhstan space agency, Kazcosmos, is developing in Astana. The city will also include the ground segment for the two Astrium-built satellites, as well an administrative building and a space museum. Skynet 5 Skynet is a family of military communications satellites , now operated by Babcock International on behalf of

3417-520: The third satellite launched to serve as an on-orbit spare, as well as an option to a fourth satellite, as a cheaper alternative to insurance. In 2011, The MOD took ownership of a NATO satellite with two UHF channels, to support the additional demands from British involvement in the War in Afghanistan . Control of this satellite was incorporated into the Skynet 5 PFI contract. The satellites are managed from

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3484-576: Was a European aerospace company and subsidiary of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), headquartered in Paris . It designed, developed and manufactured civil and military space systems and provided related services from 2006 to 2013. In 2012, Astrium had a turnover of €5.8 billion and 18,000 employees in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain and the Netherlands. Astrium

3551-402: Was a fully owned subsidiary of EADS Space . In July 2006 the three subsidiaries of EADS Space (EADS Space Transportation, EADS Astrium, and EADS Space Services) were reintegrated into one company, EADS Astrium, of which EADS Astrium Space Transportation became a business division. Currently 4397 employees work in the launcher segment. The Space Transportation company is the prime contractor for

3618-516: Was a member of Institute of Space, its Applications and Technologies . In late 2013 Astrium was merged with Cassidian , the defence division of EADS, as well as Airbus Military to form Airbus Defence and Space . EADS itself was rebranded Airbus Group , with three divisions: Airbus Commercial Aircraft , Airbus Defence and Space , and Airbus Helicopters . During 2006–2013, the three main areas of activity within Astrium were: Astrium Satellites

3685-508: Was agreed in July 2020, including launch, testing and related ground operations improvements. Due to the delay in agreeing the Skynet 6A contract, preliminary contracts for initial design and to manufacture long lead items had been agreed earlier to prevent end-date slippage. Manufacture of 6A started in October 2021, and a Falcon 9 launch was booked with SpaceX for 2025. The vision for Skynet 6

3752-535: Was appointed chair and CEO of Airbus Military. On July 31, 2013, parent company EADS announced its reorganization as the Airbus Group . Airbus Military, Astrium , and Cassidian were merged and reorganized to form a new division: Airbus Defence and Space , marking the end of the Airbus Military corporate entity. Airbus Group's two other divisions are Airbus and Airbus Helicopters Astrium Astrium

3819-536: Was cancelled as the United Kingdom withdrew East of Suez , and instead the capability it was intended to offer was delivered via U.S. and NATO assets. This dependence on U.S. assets was identified as a weakness during the Falklands War and was one of the contributing factors for the emergence of the Skynet 4 series satellites tranche of space vehicles. Technology improvements created the possibility of tactical satellite communications using smaller terminals, creating

3886-706: Was delayed from 9 November 2007 due to problems with the electronics on one of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB), and 12 November 2007 due to a fuelling problem with the launch pad. At time of launch, the Ariane 5ECA launcher set a new record on this mission, deploying a total payload of more than 8,700 kg (19,200 lb). Skynet 5C was launched at 22:05:09 UTC on 12 June 2008, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. The launch had been delayed twice. Originally scheduled for 23 May 2008, more checks were carried out on

3953-675: Was launched on a Delta M on 19 August 1970. Skynet 1B was placed in a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) and was abandoned in transfer orbit (270 x 36058 km) due to a failure of the Thiokol Star 17A apogee kick motor . Skynet 1 series satellites had an orbit mass of 122 kg (269 lb), were spin-stabilised with a single despun antenna with 3 watts of output on two channels (2 MHz and 20 MHz). The North Atlantic Treaty Organization , NATO 2A and NATO 2B satellites, launched 1970 and 1971, were identical except for an antenna shaped to only cover NATO countries. Following

4020-437: Was launched on a Delta M on 22 November 1969, and stationed over the east coast of Africa. However, the satellite ceased operating after about 18 months when all of its Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs) failed, probably when soldered high voltage joints failed after cycling between extreme temperatures. Some time in the mid-1970s, the now-defunct satellite was moved far from its original position; its current location in

4087-453: Was one of the three business units of Astrium. It was specialized in the manufacturing of spacecraft used for science, Earth observation and telecommunications, as well as the equipment and subsystems used therein and related ground systems. EADS Astrium Satellites employed around 8,348 people on nine sites in France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. As of 15 October 2012, the CEO of Astrium

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4154-443: Was parked in a non-operational supersynchronous orbit on 28 January 2008. Skynet 4 provides Ultra high frequency and Super high frequency services using Earth cover, wide area and spot beam coverage. Skynet 5 is the next generation of satellites, replacing the existing Skynet 4 Stage 2 satellites. It was contracted via Private Finance Initiative (PFI) to a partnership between Paradigm Secure Communications and EADS Astrium ,

4221-500: Was replaced by a large square body housing antennas with deployable solar-cell arrays. This marks the technological improvement from spin-stabilisation , used in earlier cylindrical satellites, to three-axis stabilisation using momentum wheels and reaction wheels controlling the satellite gyroscopically. Each satellite had a design operational life of 7 years. Skynet 4 manufacture was carried out by British Aerospace Dynamics (BAe Dynamics) with Matra Marconi Space (MMS) providing

4288-674: Was subsequently cancelled. The circumstances around the reporting of Zircon's existence would become known as the Zircon affair . Skynet has had throughout all its models a good degree of interoperability with U.S. and NATO military communications satellites and ground stations. In 2010, the Civil Contingencies Secretariat of the Cabinet Office launched the High Integrity Telecommunications System ,

4355-485: Was subsequently operated with Skynet 5 by Paradigm Secure Communications until October 2012, when the organisation was rebranded to Astrium Services then through merger in 2015 became Airbus Defence and Space. The MOD is currently specifying a new architecture for Skynet to replace the Skynet 5 system, whose funding programme ends in August 2022. The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites, including

4422-462: Was successfully launched on the Delta 2313 by NASA for the United Kingdom on 23 November 1974. It was positioned in geostationary orbit above Kenya to give coverage of Europe, Africa and a substantial part of Asia as far east at the Philippines . It could support about ten simultaneous users. Major ground stations used a 40-foot diameter dish , while in the field or at sea a 2 m diameter dish

4489-543: Was used. Skynet 2 satellites had an orbit mass of 250 kg (550 lb), with a single antenna with 16 watts of output. The Skynet 2 series satellites were assembled and tested at the Marconi Space and Defence Systems establishment in Portsmouth , England, and were the first non-amateur communication satellites built outside the United States and USSR . The Signals Research and Development Establishment (SRE) led

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