72-647: The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations. It may mean: Military medical personnel engage in humanitarian work and are " protected persons " under international humanitarian law in accordance with the First and Second Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, which established legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field or ship's medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict . International humanitarian law makes no distinction between medical personnel who are members of
144-578: A humanitarian response based on humanitarian principles , particularly the principle of humanity. Nicholas de Torrente, former Executive Director of Médecins Sans Frontières USA writes: "The most important principles of humanitarian action are humanity, neutrality, independence and impartiality, which posits the conviction that all people have equal dignity by virtue of their being human based solely on need, without discrimination among recipients. Humanitarian organizations must refrain from taking part in hostilities or taking actions that advantage one side of
216-463: A 1991 report for the OECD, tied aid can increase development aid project costs by up to 20 or 30 percent. Other conditions include opening up the country to foreign investment, even if it might not be ready to do so. There is also criticism because donors may give with one hand, through large amounts of development aid, yet take away with the other, through strict trade or migration policies, or by getting
288-752: A country and region-wide level gender equality aid was not significant in its effect. Swain and Garikipati blame this on the relative lack of aid with gender equality as a primary motivation. In 2005, the Interagency Gender Working Group of the World Health Organization released the "So What? Report" on the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming in NGO reproductive health programs. The report found these programs effective, but had trouble finding clear gender outcomes because most programs did not measure this data. When gender outcomes were measured,
360-635: A definition which indicated an "ultimate goal ... to achieve gender equality". The UN included promoting gender equality and empowering women as one of eight Millennium Development Goals for developing countries. The EU integrated women in development thinking into its aid policy starting with the Lomé Convention in 1984. In 1992 the EU's Latin American and Asian development policy first clearly said that development programs should not have detrimental effects on
432-477: A foothold for foreign corporations. The Commitment to Development Index measures the overall policies of donors and evaluates the quality of their development aid, instead of just comparing the quantity of official development assistance given. At the development level, anthropologist and researcher Jason Hickel has challenged the narrative that the rich countries of the OECD help the poor countries develop their economies and eradicate poverty. Hickel states that
504-457: A limited understanding of how a crisis is unfolding. It has been argued that Big Data is constitutive of a social relation in which digital humanitarians claim both the formal humanitarian sector and victims of crises need the services and labor that can be provided by digital humanitarians. Examples of humanitarianism can include: Raising Funds for people in need Development assistance Development aid (or development cooperation )
576-712: A literature review that NGOs headed by women were more likely to have Gender Mainstreaming programs and that women were often the heads of Gender Mainstreaming programs within organizations. By breaking down gender equality programs into two categories, gender mainstreamed programs and gender-focused programs which do not mainstream gender, Jones and Swiss found that female leaders of governmental aid organizations provided more financial support to gender mainstreamed programs and slightly more support to gender aware programs overall. Petra Debusscher of Ghent University has criticized EU aid agencies for following an "integrationist approach" to gender mainstreaming, where gender mainstreaming
648-443: A neat separation between donor and recipient is conventionally difficult to draw. The employment of 'local staff', the active call for help from people in need and the surge in local humanitarian organizations all suggest the intimate relation between donor and recipient. Today, humanitarianism is particularly used to describe the thinking and doctrines behind the emergency response to humanitarian crises . In such cases it argues for
720-738: A problem to be solved for women. She found that the language used represented more of a Woman in Development approach than a Gender and Development Approach. She notes that men's role in domestic violence is insufficiently brought forward, with program and policy instead targeting removing women from victimhood. Rather than discussing the role of men and women relative to each other, women are discussed as needing to "catch up with an implicit male norm". Debussher also criticized EU's development aid to Southern Africa as too narrow in its scope and too reliant on integrating women and gender into existing aid paradigms. Debusscher notes that women's organizations in
792-465: A study conducted among 36 sub-saharan African countries in 2013, 27 out of these 36 countries have experienced strong and favorable effects of aid on GDP and investments. Another study showed that aid per capita supports economic growth for low income African countries such as Tanzania, Mozambique and Ethiopia, while aid per capita does not have a significant effect on the economic growth of middle income African countries such as Botswana and Morocco. Aid
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#1732845491278864-457: Is a form of results-based financing, with similar principles as performance-based contracting . Most development aid is counted as part of the official development assistance (ODA) reported by governments to the OECD. The total amount of ODA in 2018 was about $ 150 billion. For the same year, the OECD estimated that six to seven billion dollars of aid was given by ten other states, including China and India. However, these amounts include aid that
936-527: Is a large literature on the subject. Econometric studies in the late 20th century often found the average effectiveness of aid to be minimal or even negative. Such studies have appeared on the whole to yield more affirmative results in the early 21st century, but the picture is complex and far from clear in many respects. Starting at the beginning of the UN Decade for Women in 1975, the women in development (WID) approach to international development began to inform
1008-430: Is a secondary aspect of a project. Gender equality is often put forward as a policy goal for the organization but program staff have differing commitment and training with regards to this goal. When gender equality is a secondary aspect, development aid which has funds required to impact gender equality can be used to meet quotas of women receiving aid, without effecting the changes in gender roles that Gender Mainstreaming
1080-400: Is a type of aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries . It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by aiming at a sustained improvement in the conditions in a developing country, rather than short-term relief. The overarching term is foreign aid (or just aid ). The amount of foreign aid
1152-624: Is a type of development cooperation, wherein OECD DAC member states or multilateral institutions provide development assistance to emergent development actors, with the aim of assisting them in carrying out development projects in other developing countries. The purpose of trilateral development cooperation is to combine the strengths of both OECD DAC member states and the new development actors in delivering more effective aid to recipient countries. The OECD DAC member states and multilateral institutions participate in trilateral development cooperation with
1224-672: Is an ideology centered on the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral , altruistic , and emotional reasons. One aspect involves voluntary emergency aid overlapping with human rights advocacy, actions taken by governments, development assistance , and domestic philanthropy . Other critical issues include correlation with religious beliefs, motivation of aid between altruism, market affinity, social control imperialism and neo-colonialism , gender and class relations, and humanitarian agencies . A practitioner
1296-413: Is designed to advanced gender equality. In 2019-20 OECD DAC members committed almost $ 56.5 billion to aid for gender equality, with $ 6.3 billion of that committed to programs where gender equality is a principal programmatic goal. Three main measures of gender inequality are used in calculating gender equality and testing programs for the purposes of development aid. In the 1995 Human Development Report
1368-651: Is humanitarian in character as well as purely developmental aid. The proportion of development aid within ODA was about 80%. The OECD classifies ODA development aid by sector, the main sectors being: education, health (including population policies, water supply and sanitation), government & civil society, economic infrastructure (including transport and energy), and production (including agriculture). Additionally, there are "cross-cutting" aims; for instance, environmental protection, gender equality, urban and rural development concerns. Some governments include military assistance in
1440-927: Is known as a humanitarian . While humanitarianism on a local and national level can be traced far back in history, scholars of international politics tend to identify the advent of global humanitarian impulses to the 19th century. The creation of the International Red Cross in 1863 is considered a key juncture in global humanitarianism. The scope of humanitarianism has expanded over time alongside shifting perceptions of who counts as "human" and whose lives are worth saving. Scholars have generally observed that humanitarianism has increased in scope over time, as individuals and groups have expanded their definition of human life to groups beyond their immediate environment. Humanitarian governance has become increasingly complex and institutionalized over time. Jean Pictet , in his commentary on The Fundamental Principles of
1512-592: Is measured though official development assistance (ODA). This is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid. Aid may be bilateral : given from one country directly to another; or it may be multilateral : given by the donor country to an international organisation such as the World Bank or
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#17328454912781584-400: Is most beneficial to low income countries because such countries use aid received for to provide education and healthcare for citizens, which eventually improves economic growth in the long run. Some econometric studies suggest that development aid effectively reduces poverty in developing countries. Other studies have supported the view that development aid has no clear average effect on
1656-542: Is often made between development aid that is governmental ("official") on the one hand, and private (originating from individuals, businesses and the investments of charitable foundations , and often channeled through religious organisations and other NGOs ) on the other. Official aid may be government-to-government, or it may be channeled through intermediary bodies such as UN agencies , international financial institutions , NGOs or other contractors. NGOs thus commonly handle both official and private aid. Of aid reported to
1728-400: Is the war crime of perfidy . Military medical personnel may be armed, usually with service pistols , for the purpose of self defense or the defense of patients. The significance of military medicine for combat strength goes far beyond treatment of battlefield injuries; in every major war fought until the late 19th century disease claimed more soldier casualties than did enemy action. During
1800-471: Is used to achieve existing policy goals, as opposed to a "transformative approach" which seeks to change policy priorities and programs fundamentally to achieve gender equality. She finds that this approach more closely follows a Women in Development model than a Gender and Development one. Debussher criticized the EU's development policy in Latin America for focusing too much attention on gender inequality as
1872-709: Is where major trauma patients are transferred to an operating theater as soon as possible, to stop internal bleeding , increasing the survival rate. Within the United States, the survival rate for gunshot wounds has increased, leading to apparent declines in the gun death rate in states that have stable rates of gunshot hospitalizations. Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps Phramongkutklao College of Medicine U.S. military medicine Australian military medicine International Magazine for Military Medicine NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine Humanitarianism (international humanitarian law) Humanitarianism
1944-544: The American Civil War (1860–65), for example, about twice as many soldiers died of disease as were killed or mortally wounded in combat. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is considered to have been the first conflict in which combat injury exceeded disease, at least in the German coalition army which lost 3.47% of its average headcount to combat and only 1.82% to disease. In new world countries, such as Australia, New Zealand,
2016-597: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , have partnered with governmental aid organizations to provide funds for gender equality, but increasingly aid is provided through partnerships with local organizations and NGOS. Corporations also participate in providing gender equality aid through their Corporate Social Responsibility programs. Nike helped to create the Girl Effect to provide aid programs targeted towards adolescent girls. Using publicly available data Una Osili an economist at
2088-716: The Center for Global Development is another attempt to look at broader donor country policies toward the developing world. These types of activity could be formulated and understood as a kind of development aid although commonly they are not. Output-based aid (OBA) (or results-based aid) refers to development aid strategies that link the delivery of public services in developing countries to targeted performance-related subsidies . OBA subsidies are offered in transport construction, education, water and sanitation systems, and healthcare among other sectors where positive externalities exceed cost recovery exclusively from private markets. OBA
2160-599: The DAC List of ODA Recipients which includes most countries classified by the World Bank as of low and middle income. Loans from one state to another may be counted as ODA only if their terms are substantially more favourable than market terms. The exact rules for this have varied from time to time. Less-concessional loans therefore would not be counted as ODA but might be considered as including an element of development aid. Some states provide development aid without reporting to
2232-687: The Factory Act of 1844 were some of the most significant humanitarian bills passed in Parliament following the Industrial Revolution. In the middle of the 19th century, humanitarianism was central to the work of Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant in emergency response and in the latter case led to the founding of the Red Cross . The Humanitarian League (1891–1919) was an English advocacy group, formed by Henry S. Salt , which sought to advance
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2304-493: The Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis found that between 2000 and 2010 $ 1.15 billion in private aid grants over $ 1 million from the United States targeted gender equality. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development provides detailed analysis of the extent of aid for gender equality. OECD member countries tag their aid programs with gender markers when a program
2376-703: The Red Cross , argues for the universal characteristics of humanitarianism: Humanitarianism was publicly seen in the social reforms of the late 1800s and early 1900s, following the economic turmoil of the Industrial Revolution in England. Many of the women in Great Britain who were involved with feminism during the 1900s also pushed humanitarianism. The atrocious hours and working conditions of children and unskilled laborers were made illegal by pressure on Parliament by humanitarians. The Factory Act of 1833 and
2448-718: The United Nations Development Program introduced the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure . The Gender Empowerment Measure is calculated based on three measures, proportion of women in national parliaments, percentage of women in economic decision making positions and female share of income. The Gender Development Index uses the Human Development Index and corrects its results in life expectancy, income, and education for gender imbalances. Due to criticisms of these two indexes
2520-457: The Haiti earthquake" with "software and digital humanitarian platforms such as Standby Task Force, OpenStreetMap , and many others" being active during many disasters since then. In fact, the role of social media in digital humanitarian efforts is a considerable one. Ten days after the 2010 earthquake, the " Hope for Haiti Now " telethon event was launched in the United States, effectively taking over
2592-634: The Netherlands, NGOs including Oxfam Netherlands Organization for Development Assistance, the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries, Interchurch Organization for Development Cooperation, and Catholic Organization for Relief and Development Aid have included certain targets for their aid programs with regards to gender equality. NGOs which receive aid dollars through the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs or which partner with
2664-548: The Norwegian government on aid projects must "demonstrate that they take women and gender equality seriously". In response to this requirement organizations like the Norwegian Christian charity Digni have initiated projects which target gender equality. Private foundations provide the majority of their gender related aid to health programs and have relatively neglected other areas of gender inequality. Foundations, such as
2736-421: The OECD using standard definitions, categories and systems. Notable examples are China and India. For 2018, the OECD estimated that, while total ODA was about $ 150 billion, an additional six to seven billion dollars of ODA-like development aid was given by ten other states. (These amounts include aid that is humanitarian in character as well as purely developmental aid.) Recognizing that ODA does not capture all
2808-475: The OECD, about 80% is official and 20% private. Development aid is not usually understood as including remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora —even though these form a significant amount of international transfer—as the recipients of remittances are usually individuals and families rather than formal projects and programmes. World Bank estimates for remittance flows to "developing countries" in 2016 totalled $ 422 billion, which
2880-569: The United Nations Agencies ( UNDP , UNICEF , UNAIDS , etc.) which then distributes it among the developing countries. The proportion is currently about 70% bilateral 30% multilateral. About 80% of the aid measured by the OECD comes from government sources as official development assistance (ODA). The remaining 20% or so comes from individuals, businesses, charitable foundations or NGOs (e.g., Oxfam ). Most development aid comes from
2952-827: The United Nations Development Program in its 2010 Human Development Report introduced the Gender Inequality Index . The Gender Inequality Index uses more metrics and attempts to show the losses from gender inequality. Even with these indexes, Ranjula Swain of the Stockholm School of Economics and Supriya Garikipati of the University of Liverpool found that, compared to the effectiveness of health, economic, and education targeted aid, foreign aid for gender equality remains understudied. Swain and Garikipati found in an analysis of Gender Equality Aid that on
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3024-557: The United States and Canada, military physicians and surgeons contributed significantly to the development of civilian health care. Improvements in military medicine have increased the survival rates in successive wars, due to improvements in medical evacuation , battlefield medicine and trauma care . Similar improvements have been seen in trauma practices during the Iraq war. Some military trauma care practices are disseminated by citizen soldiers who return to civilian practice. One such practice
3096-529: The Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid. Development aid is not usually understood as including remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora —even though these form a significant amount of international transfer—as the recipients of remittances are usually individuals and families rather than formal projects and programmes. Negative side effects of development aid can include an unbalanced appreciation of
3168-494: The aimed goal of increasing aid effectiveness and efficiency, phasing out bilateral aid, transferring good practices, and capacity building. Analyses of development aid often focus on ODA, as ODA is measured systematically and appears to cover most of what people regard as development aid. However, there are some significant categories of development aid that fall outside ODA, notably: private aid, remittances, aid to less-poor countries and aid from other donor states. A distinction
3240-475: The analogue age" with "a major shift coming". In 2015 he authored the book Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data Is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response . Vincent Fevrier notes that " social media can benefit the humanitarian sector... by providing information to give better situational awareness to organisations for broad strategic planning and logistics" and that " crisis mapping really emerged in 2010 during
3312-591: The approach to gender in development aid through the 1980s. Starting in the early 1990s Gender and Development's influence encouraged gender mainstreaming within international development aid. The World Conference on Women, 1995 promulgated gender mainstreaming on all policy levels for the United Nations . Gender Mainstreaming has been adopted by nearly all units of the UN with the UN Economic and Social Council adopting
3384-440: The armed forces (and who hold military ranks) and those who are civilian volunteers. All medical personnel are considered non-combatants under international humanitarian law because of their humanitarian duties, and they may not be attacked and not be taken as prisoners of war ; hospitals and other medical facilities and transports identified as such, whether they are military or civilian, may not be attacked either. The red cross,
3456-573: The big push to break the low-income poverty trap poorer countries are trapped in. From this perspective, aid serves to finance "the core inputs to development – teachers, health centers, roads, wells, medicine, to name a few". (United Nations 2004). And a view that is skeptic about the impacts of aid, supported by William Easterly, that points out that aid has not proven to work after 40 years of large investments in Africa. According to James Ferguson , these issues might be caused by deficient diagnostics of
3528-528: The conditions they were in which prompted thousands of Russian bloggers to coordinate relief efforts online. The digital humanitarian efforts in Russia were crucial to responding to the fires in 2010 considering the Russian government was vastly unprepared to deal with such a large-scale disaster. Within digital humanitarianism, big data has featured strongly in efforts to improve digital humanitarian work and produces
3600-422: The conflict over another, the action serves the interests of political, religious, or other agendas. These fundamental principles serve two essential purposes. They embody humanitarian action’s single-minded purpose of alleviating suffering, unconditionally and without any ulterior motive. They also serve as background document to develop operational tools that help in obtaining both the consent of communities for
3672-545: The development agencies. In his book The Anti-Politics Machine , Ferguson uses the example of the Thaba-Tseka project in Lesotho to illustrate how a bad diagnostic on the economic activity of the population and the desire to stay away from local politics, caused a livestock project to fail. According to Martijn Nitzsche, another problem is the way on how development projects are sometimes constructed and how they are maintained by
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#17328454912783744-465: The donor country to pooled funds administered by an international organisation such as the World Bank or a UN Agency ( UNDP , UNICEF , UNAIDS , etc.) which then uses its funds for work in developing countries. To qualify as multilateral, the funding must lose its identity as originating from a particular source. The proportion of multilateral aid in ODA was 28% in 2019. Trilateral development cooperation (also called triangular development cooperation)
3816-805: The effects of gangs on women in Latin America. USAID first established a women in development office in 1974 and in 1996 promulgated its Gender Plan of Action to further integrate gender equality into aid programs. In 2012 USAID released a Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy to guide its aid programs in making gender equality a central goal. USAID saw increased solicitations from aid programs which integrated gender equality from 1995 to 2010. As part of their increased aid provision, USAID developed PROMOTE to target gender inequality in Afghanistan with $ 216 million in aid coming directly from USAID and $ 200 million coming from other donors. Many NGOs have also incorporated gender equality into their programs. Within
3888-644: The expenditures that promote development, the OECD in 2014 started establishing a wider statistical framework called TOSSD (Total Official Support for Sustainable Development) that would count spending on "international public goods". In March 2022, TOSSD was adopted as a data source for indicator 17.3.1 of the SDGs global indicator framework to measure development support. The TOSSD data for 2020 shows more than USD 355 billion disbursed to support for sustainable development, from almost 100 provider countries and institutions. The Commitment to Development Index published annually by
3960-481: The humanitarian cause. Various suggestions of distinct periods of humanitarianism exist, drawing either on geopolitical or socioeconomic factors that determine humanitarian action. The first approach is exemplified by Michael Barnett's proposition to distinguish ages of "imperial humanitarianism" (late 19th century to 1945), "neo-humanitarianism" (1945–1989), and "liberal humanitarianism" (post-1990). Norbert Götz, Georgina Brewis, and Steffen Werther are advocates of
4032-399: The local population. Often, projects are made with technology that is hard to understand and too difficult to repair, resulting in unavoidable failure over time. Also, in some cases the local population is not very interested in seeing the project to succeed and may revert to disassembling it to retain valuable source materials. Finally, villagers do not always maintain a project as they believe
4104-470: The longstanding UN target for an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% in 2020: European Union countries that are members of the Development Assistance Committee gave 0.42% of GNI (excluding the US$ 19.4 billion given by EU Institutions). Research has shown that development aid has a strong and favorable effect on economic growth and development through promoting investments in infrastructure and human capital. According to
4176-500: The mediasphere and reaching hundreds of millions of households and viewers. It focused on appealing to the viewing public's empathy for the survivors of the disaster, allowing ordinary citizens to help in a collective relief effort by contributing money donations to NGOs providing Humanitarian aid to earthquake survivors. The telethon attracted support through a variety of celebrity musical performances and staged calls for empathy, using digital social networks to disseminate its appeal to
4248-474: The moral responsibility of the viewer-consumers who are able to reinforce identification with a national identity of the American 'savior' through participation in this Humanitarian project. During the summer of 2010, when open fires raged across Russia, causing many to die from smog inhalation, the use of social media allowed digital humanitarians to map the areas in need of support. This is because Russians who were hoping to be evacuated were posting online about
4320-468: The notion of foreign aid , although the international community does not usually regard military aid as development aid. Development aid is widely seen as a major way to meet Sustainable Development Goal 1 (to end poverty in all its forms everywhere) for the developing nations. The OECD also lists countries by the amount of ODA they give as a percentage of their gross national income . The top 10 DAC countries in 2020 were as follows. Six countries met
4392-423: The original development workers or others in the surroundings will repair it when it fails (which is not always so). A common criticism in recent years is that rich countries have put so many conditions on aid that it has reduced aid effectiveness. In the example of tied aid , donor countries often require the recipient to purchase goods and services from the donor, even if these are cheaper elsewhere. According to
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#17328454912784464-472: The position and role of women. Since then the EU has continued the policy of including gender equality within development aid and programs. Within the EU gender equality is increasingly introduced in programmatic ways. The bulk of the EU's aid for gender equality seeks to increase women's access to education, employment and reproductive health services. However, some areas of gender inequality are targeted according to region, such as land reform and counteracting
4536-465: The presence and activities of humanitarian organizations, particularly in highly volatile contexts." In 2005, a question was raised as to whether Misplaced Pages can be seen as digital humanitarianism. Patrick Meier used the term 'digital humanitarianism' to describe crowdmapping for the 2010 Haiti earthquake . In 2011, Paul Conneally gave a TED talk on digital humanitarianism in which he states that humanitarianism's "origins are firmly rooted in
4608-499: The provision of development aid. Some academics criticized the WID approach for relying on integrating women into existing development aid paradigms instead of promulgating specific aid to encourage gender equality. The gender and development approach was created in response, to discuss international development in terms of societal gender roles and to challenge these gender roles within development policy. Women in Development predominated as
4680-399: The recipient's currency, increasing corruption, and adverse political effects such as postponements of necessary economic and democratic reforms. There are various terms that used interchangeably with development aid in some contexts but possess different meanings in others. Official aid may be bilateral : given from one country directly to another; or it may be multilateral : given by
4752-403: The red crescent and the red crystal are the protective signs recognised under international humanitarian law, and are used by military medical personnel and facilities for this purpose. Attacking military medical personnel, patients in their care, or medical facilities or transports legitimately marked as such is a war crime . Likewise, misusing these protective signs to mask military operations
4824-426: The report found positive programmatic effects, but the report did not look at whether these results were from increased access to services or increasing gender equality. Even when gender equality is identified as a goal of aid, other factors will often be the primary focus of the aid. In some instances the nature of aid's gender equality component can fail to be implemented at the level of individual projects when it
4896-612: The rich countries "aren't developing poor countries; poor countries are developing rich ones." Aid effectiveness is the degree of success or failure of international aid (development aid or humanitarian aid ). Concern with aid effectiveness might be at a high level of generality (whether aid on average fulfils the main functions that aid is supposed to have), or it might be more detailed (considering relative degrees of success between different types of aid in differing circumstances). Questions of aid effectiveness have been highly contested by academics, commentators and practitioners: there
4968-451: The socioeconomic and cultural approach, arguing that there have been ages of "ad hoc humanitarianism" (up to c. 1900 ), "organized humanitarianism" ( c. 1900 –1970), and "expressive humanitarianism" (since 1970). They suggest we might currently be entering "a novel kind of defensive humanitarianism with roots in the expressive age, with automated interfaces, and with thick 'firewalls' between donors and recipients." However,
5040-492: The speed with which countries develop. Dissident economists such as Peter Bauer and Milton Friedman argued in the 1960s that aid is ineffective: "an excellent method for transferring money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries." In economics, there are two competing positions on aid. A view pro aid, supported by Jeffrey Sachs and the United Nations, which argues that foreign aid will give
5112-400: Was far greater than total ODA. The exact nature and effects of remittance money remain contested. The International Monetary Fund has reported that private remittances may have a negative impact on economic growth, as they are often used for private consumption of individuals and families, not for economic development of the region or country. ODA only includes aid to countries which are on
5184-441: Was meant to promote. Programs can also fail to provide lasting effects, with local organizations removing gender equality aspects of programs after international aid dollars are no longer funding them. Robert C. Jones of McGill University and Liam Swiss of Memorial University argue that women leaders of governmental aid organizations and NGOs are more effective at Gender Mainstreaming than their male counterparts. They found in
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