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52-813: With establishment of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Principality of Serbia , by the 1876 Act on the General Staff Organization, the bearer of the military intelligence activities was the First Susbsection of Operations Section of the General Staff ( Prvi odsek Operativnog odeljenja Đeneralštaba ). In 1884, it was transformed in the External Subsection of the Operation Section of

104-766: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

156-528: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

208-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

260-615: A half of the militiamen had serviceable rifles. However, in 1863. Serbia received some 31,000 (or 39,200) old percussion muskets from Russia ( Russian musket model 1845 ): these muskets were converted to rifles in Kragujevac and became the standard weapon of the National Militia. In 1866. new military schools were opened in Beograd and Kragujevac, to provide Militia officers with basic training in tactics, fortification and topography . In 1867.

312-423: A squadron of cavalry and military musicians – in all, 40 officers, 144 NCOs , 208 cavalry, 195 cannoniers and 1,830 infantrymen. In 1838. Serbia formed the first Military Headquarters and Military commissariat . Regular army was temporarily disbanded by the new Serbian Government, led by the leading bureaucrats ( Serbian : Ustavobranitelji ) who exiled Prince Miloš im 1839, but was reformed in 1845. under

364-619: A very ambitious foreign policy, aimed at the liberation of all the South-Slavic peoples. In 1861. Prince Mihailo founded Ministry of War (led by French colonel Hyppolyte Mondain ), doubled the size of the Regular Army (to 3,529 men) and declared the foundation of the Serbian National Militia ( Serbian : Народна војска, Narodna vojska ), which conscripted all the men aged 20–50 for the compulsory military service. People's Militia

416-481: Is headed by the Director and is subdivided into following directorates: There are also VOA centers ( Centri VOA ) detached units that provides continuous, timely and safe data gathering and monitoring military and security situation in immediate and wide surroundings. The Defence Attache Offices ( Kancelarije vojnih atašea ) carry out the military diplomacy mission and are responsible for representing and protecting

468-615: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

520-596: Is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

572-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

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624-640: The Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) . The Principality of Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire following the Second Serbian uprising (1815). In 1830 the Principality officially became an Ottoman client state under Russian protectorate . The first Serbian regular military units were formed by Prince Miloš Obrenović in 1825, formally as a police force called Enlisted Watchmen ( Serbian : Уписни пандури, Upisni panduri ), in order not to offend

676-532: The Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

728-552: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

780-630: The Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) , and the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) , which re-guaranteed the autonomy of Serbia as per the earlier Akkerman Convention of 1826. Serbia's professional army came out of the personal guard that Prince Miloš Obrenović created in 1830. The first army law of 1839 established that force to 4,000 men and 63 officers. Most officers had attended military schools in Russia , France or Austria . A military academy known as

832-494: The Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić . It is one of the two alphabets used to write modern standard Serbian , the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet . Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from

884-487: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

936-607: The war against the Turks in 1876–1878, in 1876. Serbia mobilized 158 infantry battalions of the First (men aged 20–35) and the Second class (men aged 35–50), 18 battalions of the Third class (men over 50), 18 squadrons of cavalry, 44 batteries with some 210 cannons (only one battery of modern Krupp breachloaders ), 6 engineer and 6 medic companies, in all some 130,000 men, 22,000 horses and 6,000 oxen. It

988-546: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

1040-634: The Artillery School was created on 18 September 1850, its first students graduated in 1855. After Mihailo Obrenović became Prince following his brother's abdication in 1861, he created a National Militia ( Narodna Vojska ). Serbia's People Army added up to 125,000 men in July 1876 at the start of the First Serbian–Ottoman War . Serbian officers participated in the Serb uprising of 1848–49 and

1092-470: The General Staff ( Spoljni odsek Operativnog odeljenja Đeneralštaba ) acting as the intelligence service of the Royal Serbian Army . The missions and competneces of the External Subsection were subsequently extended and in 1900 it was renamed to Subsection for Reporting of the Operation Section ( Izveštajni odsek Operativnog odeljenja ). During World War I, when the General Staff was transformed into

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1144-670: The General Staff ( Obaveštajno odeljenje Generalštaba ), performed military intelligence and counterintelligence activities. After the World War II, the General Staff of the Yugoslav People’s Army had an Intelligence Section which in 1947 became Second Directorate within the General Staff of the Yugoslav People’s Army. Subsequently, in 1950s it was renamed to the Intelligence Directorate the General Staff of

1196-495: The Intelligence Directorate was subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro . In 2004, the Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff was disbanded, and its members were transferred to a newly formed Military Intelligence Agency (which assumed the greatest part of the tasks and competencies of the Intelligence department was established as an independent organizational entity and subordinated to

1248-626: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

1300-589: The Military Security Agency is celebrated on 5 March, the anniversary of forming the External Subsection of the Operation Section of the General Staff in 1884. Armed Forces of the Principality of Serbia The Armed Forces of the Principality of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic : Оружане снаге Кнежевине Србије , romanized :  Oružane snage Kneževine Srbije ) or Army of the Principality of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic : Војска Кнежевине Србије , romanized :  Vojska Kneževine Srbije ),

1352-915: The Ministry of Defense) and Intelligence and Reconnaissance Directorate of the General Staff (which was in charge of reconnaissance military units: infantry reconnaissance units of the Army, 353rd Recconnaissance Squadron of the Air Force and 224th Center for Electronic Action). The Military Intelligence Agency has three missions: Agency performs military intelligence tasks related to collection, analysis, assessment, protection and submission of data and information on potential and real threats, activities, plans or intentions of foreign countries and their armed forces, international organizations, groups and individuals. Data and information are of military, military-political and military-economical character. The Military Intelligence Agency

1404-608: The Ottoman authorities. At first, there were 12 companies (1,147 men) of these mercenaries ( Serbian : Солдати, Soldati ). In 1830. Serbia was officially permitted by the Ottomans to form an army, and by 1838. Serbia had 2,417 professional (regular) soldiers, armed and uniformed in the European fashion, trained by the former Austrian and Russian officers. Serbian army had 2 battalions (8 companies) of infantry, two units of artillery (4 batteries ),

1456-450: The Second and Third class soldiers wore their own civilian clothes. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet ( Serbian : Српска ћирилица азбука , Srpska ćirilica azbuka , pronounced [sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa] ) is a variation of the Cyrillic script used to write the Serbian language that originated in medieval Serbia . Reformed in 19th century by

1508-791: The Serbian Supreme Command, the Subsection for Reporting of the Operation Section became the Intelligence Subsection of the Operation Section of the Supreme Command ( Obaveštajni odsek Operativnog odeljenja Vrhovne komande ). In 1920, four departments were established within the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the newly-formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the fourth of which, the Intelligence Department of

1560-573: The Yugoslav People’s Army ( Obaveštajna uprava Generalštaba ). It was in charge of assessing the level of threat to Yugoslavia, as well as of the intentions and capacities of the potential aggressor. Those estimates represented the basis for definition and adoption of the war doctrine and elaboration of the Yugoslav People’s Army’s war plans. In 1992, after the break-up of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and formation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro),

1612-558: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

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1664-472: The capacity of 60 muskets a day. The same year two machines for making Minnie balls were imported from Belgium, and in 1857. Kragujevac Foundry installed the machines for production of copper percussion caps , making Serbia finally independent in the production of percussion rifle ammunition. In 1858. a new production line with 28 skilled workers under the guidance of Mihailo Cvejić was set up for converting some 15,000 old flintlock muskets to percussion system: in

1716-545: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

1768-517: The first Serbian breechloading rifles ( Green model 1867 ) were made in Belgrade Arsenal, converting some 27,000 Austrian decommissioned Lorenz rifles . During the reign of Prince Milan Obrenović (1868–1889, King of Serbia since 1882), modernization of the Serbian army continued. In 1870, the Serbian army adopted new, much better breechloading rifles ( Peabody model 1870 ), converting some 28,000 Belgian percussion rifles. In 1874, the. Regular Army

1820-475: The first year only some 1,800 rifles were converted, then the production increased to 1,000 addapted rifles a month, so by 1863. Serbian army had some 15,000 converted percussion muskets. In 1858. Prince Miloš Obrenović returned to power in Serbia with the support of France and Russia, who were dissatisfied with the pro-Austrian policy of the Serbian government. His son and heir, Prince Mihailo (ruled 1860–67), led

1872-482: The government. In reality, not even half of them had working rifles, mostly old flintlock muskets of the Ottoman and Austrian production. In 1856–1858 Serbia imported the first 7.000 modern percussion rifles , Francotte rifle model 1849/56 from Belgium . To modernize Serbian army, in 1848. Serbian Government built the first Cannon Foundry ( Serbian : Тополивница, Topolivnica ) and State Arsenal in Belgrade, with

1924-629: The interests of the Ministry of Defence and Serbian Armed Forces abroad. Currently, there are 21 Defence Attache Offices. The Defence Attache Offices are composed of a Defense Attache and a Defence Attache Assistant in four countries (United States, Russia, Germany and United Kingdom), while in other countries DAOs are represented by a Defence Attache (neighbouring countries: Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Northern Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; European countries: France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Greece, Belgium, Turkey and Spain; Asian countries: China and Israel; Аfrican countries: Egypt and Algeria). Day of

1976-771: The main production facilities in Kragujevac . In 1850. government founded Artillery School in Belgrade, which was the foundation of the Serbian Military Academy . After the Russian defeat in Crimean War (1853–1856), Serbia was made a joint protectorate of Russia, Austria, France and United Kingdom by the treaty of Paris (1856). In 1855. the Cannon Foundry in Kragujevac opened a rifle-production department, working on adaptation of old flintlock muskets to percussion system, with

2028-451: The name of Garrison Soldiers ( Serbian : Гарнизоно воинство, Garnizono voinstvo ): there were 2 battalions of infantry (8 companies, 2,010 men), an artillery unit (250 men), a squadron of cavalry (208 men) and 50 musicians, with the officers in all about 2,529 men. As the Regular Army was too small to protect the country from its powerful neighbours (Austria and Ottoman Empire), during the crisis of Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , when Serbia

2080-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

2132-533: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

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2184-433: The war, more than 6,000 Green rifles were converted to Peabody action: however, in 1877. Serbian army still had some 12,000 Green rifles in service. After the war all of them were converted to much better Peabody action. After 1880. Serbian Peabody rifles were mostly replaced with 100.000 more modern bolt-action Mauser-Koka rifles imported from Germany. Only the First class militiamen had complete, state-issued uniforms:

2236-413: Was a tremendous effort for the country of 1,300,000 inhabitants. In 1876, Serbian armament was already obsolete: only the First class soldiers were fully armed with breechloading rifles (in fact converted muzzleloaders Peabody model 1870 ), and the Second class only partially (with Green model 1867 ), while the rest were armed with old percussion rifles and even flintlock muskets (Third class). During

2288-608: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

2340-536: Was directly threatened by the Austrian invasion, Serbian government resorted to enlistment of all the men available for the military service, the so-called People's Militia ( Serbian : Народна војска, Narodna vojska ). At the time Serbia was (on paper) able to rise 94,000 men (16,000 horsmen), with 40,000 more in reserve, but there was not enough arms nor food for so many. Conscripts were expected to provide their own weapons and clothing, receiving only food and ammunition from

2392-537: Was divided into the First (men under the age of 35) and the Second class, organized into territorial battalions (62 in number) and regiments (17, one in each county). There were also 17 squadrons of cavalry, 17 pioneer units of 60 men each, and 6 artillery batteries (1,200 men). The First class could field about 50,000 men, the Second about 40,000. Every county had its own military department, with several regular officers and NCOs, who organized recruitment, supplies, armament and training of National Militia. Military training

2444-634: Was done on Sundays and holidays: battalions trained for 2 days every other week, and regiments 15 days a year. NCOs and officers under the rank of captain were selected from the common people, mostly peasants, by the county elders, battalion and squadron commanders were selected by the Minister of War, and regiment commanders were appointed by the Prince. Military service was without pay, and militiamen were expected to provide their own weapons and clothing. In 1862. Serbian People's Militia existed on paper only: less than

2496-611: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

2548-639: Was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic

2600-523: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

2652-414: Was raised to a division (4 battalions of infantry, 1 artillery brigade, 1 battalion of engineers, 2 cavalry squadrons and telegraph command, in all 5,000 men), National Militia was formed in brigades (18 in total, one for each county) and more educated officers were hired. Serbian army had 317 officers (5 colonels, 12 lieutenant-colonels, 20 majors and only one general, Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac ). For

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2704-414: Was the armed forces of the Principality of Serbia . Founded in 1830, it became a standing army taking part in the First and Second Serbo Turkish Wars of 1876–1878 , the first conflict in the nation modern history, after which the country gained its full independence. It was succeeded by the Royal Serbian Army . A small Serbian army was established in 1830 after the Russian victory over the Ottomans in

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