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70-523: Miles Smeeton (1906–1988) and Beryl Smeeton (1905–1979) were an outstanding couple of travellers, pioneers, explorers, mountaineers, cruising sailors, recipients of numerous sailing awards, farmers, prolific authors, wildlife conservationists and founders of the Cochrane Ecological Institute, a Canadian non-profit charity responsible for successfully reintroducing the swift fox to Canada. Brigadier Miles Richard Smeeton, DSO , MBE , MC

140-445: A Daily News -sponsored round-the-world flight. The first aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1924 by aviators of the U.S. Army Air Service in a quartet of Douglas World Cruiser biplanes. The first non-stop aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1949 by Lucky Lady II , a United States Air Force Boeing B-50 Superfortress . Since the development of commercial aviation, there are regular routes that circle

210-413: A barometer or a weather station that records barometric pressure as well as temperature and provides rudimentary forecasting. For more sophisticated weather forecasting, cruisers rely on their ability to receive forecasts by radio, phone or satellite. In order to avoid collisions with other vessels, cruisers rely on a maintaining a regular watch schedule. At night, color-coded running lights help determine

280-409: A berth. Travel by water brings hazards: collision, weather, and equipment failure can lead to dangerous situations such as a sinking or severely disabled and dangerous vessel. For this reason many long-distance cruising yachts carry with them emergency equipment such as SARTs , EPIRBs and liferafts or proactive lifeboats. Medical emergencies are also of concern, as a medical emergency can occur on

350-583: A famous relative of his, was built of lapstrake oak planking, decked in cedar covered with rubberized canvas with an open cockpit in the center. He cruised around the waterways of Britain, Europe and the Middle East and wrote a popular book about his experiences, A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe . In 1866, Macgregor was a moving force behind the establishment of the Royal Canoe Club , the first club in

420-456: A godson of the Smeetons, wrote a comprehensive biography of Miles and Beryls' lives entitled " High Endeavours: The Extraordinary Life and Adventures of Miles and Beryl Smeeton ". Clark spent over 2 years researching the book and used extensive sources including tape recordings, interviews, diaries, letters, ship's logbooks and books including 11 written by the Smeetons. In 1951, the Smeetons bought

490-449: A laptop computer, and with a compatible modem (e.g. PACTOR ) can send and receive email at very slow speed. Such emails are usually limited to basic communication using plain text, without HTML formatting or attachments. Awareness of impending weather conditions is particularly important to cruising sailors who are often far from safe harbours and need to steer clear of dangerous weather conditions. Most cruising boats are equipped with

560-490: A long passage when the closest port is over a week away. For this reason before going cruising many people go through first aid training and carry medical kits. In some parts of the world (e.g., near the Horn of Africa) piracy can be a problem. Circumnavigation Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island , continent , or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon ). This article focuses on

630-448: A long trip, while some non-sailors are also able to find boats willing to carry a hitch-hiker. Crew-finding websites exist to help match-up people looking for a crossing with yachts with a berth available or looking for a temporary crewmember, Find a Crew for example. Another common tactic for finding a yacht is to visit local yacht clubs and marinas and get to know the sailors there, in the hope that one of them will be able to provide

700-844: A long voyage can be a problem, so many cruising boats are equipped with other ancillary generating devices such as solar panels , wind turbines and towed turbines. Cruisers choosing to spend extended time in very remote locations with minimal access to marinas can opt to equip their vessels with watermakers ( reverse-osmosis seawater desalination units) used to convert sea water to potable fresh water . Satellite communications are becoming more common on cruising boats. Many boats are now equipped with satellite telephone systems; however, these systems can be expensive to use, and may operate only in certain areas. Many cruisers still use short wave maritime SSB and amateur radio , which has no running costs. These radios provide two-way voice communications, can receive weather fax graphics or GRIB files via

770-534: A non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible. Yacht racing therefore defines a world circumnavigation to be a passage of at least 21,600 nautical miles (40,000 km) in length which crosses the equator , crosses every meridian and finishes in the same port as it starts. The second map on the right shows the route of the Vendée Globe round-the-world race in red; overlaid in yellow are

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840-407: A year or two off from work and school for shorter trips and the chance to experience the cruising lifestyle. Blue-water cruising which is defined as long term open sea cruising is more involved and inherently more dangerous than coastal cruising. Before embarking on an open-ocean voyage, planning and preparation will include studying charts, weather reports/warnings, almanacs and navigation books of

910-450: Is a supremely calming experience, an antidote to the pressures of life in a fast-paced world, in surroundings that are comfortable without being fussy or pretentious, with good food and enjoyable company." River cruising is a major component of the tourist industry in many parts of the world. Cruisers use a variety of equipment and techniques to make their voyages possible, or simply more comfortable. The use of wind vane self-steering

980-430: Is always enjoyable, but there is a vast difference as to how easy it is to manage - especially short-handed . This is where furling sails come into play, and these vary from the more specialized types of furling spinnakers to combined products such as the blue water runner-type of sails. Purchasing and maintaining a yacht can be costly. Most cruising sailors do not own a house and consider their boat their home during

1050-415: Is always granted ' innocent passage ' through the country (most countries usually claim up to 22 km (14 mi) off the coast ). When this method is practiced however, if the ship needs to stop (e.g. for repairs), a trip to a customs checkpoint to have passports checked would be required. Voyage along inland waterways are called river cruises , which often involved stopping at multiple ports along

1120-550: Is approximately the length of the Tropic of Cancer ). The course must include set control points at latitudes outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. In ballooning, which is at the mercy of the winds, the requirements are even more relaxed. The course must cross all meridians, and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles, chosen by the pilot, having radii of 3,335.85 kilometres (2,072.80 mi) and enclosing

1190-408: Is currently held by a wind-powered vessel, the trimaran IDEC 3 . The record was established by six sailors: Francis Joyon , Alex Pella , Clément Surtel, Gwénolé Gahinet, Sébastien Audigane and Bernard Stamm. On 26 January, 2017, this crew finished circumnavigating the globe in 40 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds. The absolute speed sailing record around the world followed

1260-460: Is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat." Jacques Cousteau Boats were almost exclusively used for working purposes prior to the nineteenth century. In 1857, the philosopher Henry David Thoreau , with his book Canoeing in Wilderness chronicling his canoe voyaging in the wilderness of Maine, is considered the first to convey

1330-514: Is not generally considered a "circumnavigation". The path of a true (global) circumnavigation forms a continuous loop on the surface of Earth separating two regions of comparable area. A basic definition of a global circumnavigation would be a route which covers roughly a great circle , and in particular one which passes through at least one pair of points antipodal to each other. In practice, people use different definitions of world circumnavigation to accommodate practical constraints, depending on

1400-541: The Oise River and witnessed the Romantic beauty of rural Europe. The Canadian-American Joshua Slocum was one of the first people to carry out a long-distance sailing voyage for pleasure, circumnavigating the world between 1895 and 1898. Despite opinion that such a voyage was impossible, Slocum rebuilt a derelict 37-foot (11 m) sloop Spray and sailed her single-handed around the world. His book Sailing Alone Around

1470-754: The Philippines . The voyage was initially led by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan but he was killed on Mactan in the Philippines in 1521. The remaining sailors decided to circumnavigate the world instead of making the return voyage—no passage east across the Pacific would be successful for four decades —and continued the voyage across the Indian Ocean, round the southern cape of Africa , north along Africa's Atlantic coasts, and back to Spain in 1522. Of

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1540-481: The Vostok 2 was the first human to fully circumnavigate Earth in spaceflight and made 17.5 orbits on August 6, 1961. According to adjudicating bodies Guinness World Records and Explorersweb, Jason Lewis completed the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe on 6 October 2007. This was part of a thirteen-year journey entitled Expedition 360 . In 2012, Turkish-born American adventurer Erden Eruç completed

1610-466: The jet streams , which circulate in the northern and southern hemispheres without crossing the equator. There is therefore no requirement to cross the equator, or to pass through two antipodal points, in the course of setting a round-the-world aviation record. For powered aviation, the course of a round-the-world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians; the course must be at least 36,770 kilometres (19,850 nmi) long (which

1680-646: The 270 crew members who set out from Seville, only 18 were still with the expedition at the end including its surviving captain, the Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano . The next to circumnavigate the globe were the survivors of the Castilian/Spanish expedition of García Jofre de Loaísa between 1525 and 1536. None of the seven original ships of the Loaísa expedition nor its first four leaders—Loaísa, Elcano , Salazar , and Íñiguez —survived to complete

1750-675: The 46' bermudan ketch Tzu Hang on a visit to England. The boat had been designed by HS Rouse and built in Hong Kong in 1939. The name was believed to mean "under the protection of Guanyin ", the Daoist goddess of the sea and protector of sailors. They returned on the boat to British Columbia, learning to sail on the way. In 1955 they sold the farm and sailed on Tzu Hang for Australia. In December 1956 Miles and Beryl departed Melbourne on Tzu Hang to visit Clio at school in England, intending to follow

1820-535: The ARC ( Atlantic Rally for Cruisers ), have encouraged less experienced sailors to undertake ocean crossings. These rallies provide a group of sailors crossing the same ocean at the same time with safety inspections, weather information and social functions. Cruising is done on both sail and power boats, monohulls and multihulls although sail predominates over longer distances, as ocean-going power boats are considerably more expensive to purchase and operate. The size of

1890-600: The Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI), dedicated to breeding endangered wildlife. They accomplished the first successful reintroduction of a North American extirpated carnivore back to its home range, the swift fox . Beryl Smeeton died in Cochrane in 1979, and Miles died in 1988, in Calgary, at the age of 83. Their daughter Clio continues to run the CEI. Miles Smeeton authored ten books and Beryl two. For their lifetime sailing achievements,

1960-532: The North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. The map on the right shows, in red, a typical, non-competitive, route for a sailing circumnavigation of the world by the trade winds and the Suez and Panama canals; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that

2030-652: The Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboard Pelican , which he renamed Golden Hind mid-voyage. In September 1578, the ship passed south of Tierra del Fuego, the southern tip of South America, through the area now known as the Drake Passage . In June 1579, Drake landed somewhere north of Spain's northernmost claim in Alta California , presumably Drakes Bay . Drake completed

2100-675: The Smeetons were awarded the Blue Water Medal for 1973 by the Cruising Club of America , and other awards from the Liga Maritima del Chile, and the Royal Cruising Club 's Medal for Seamanship. In 1969, the Smeetons sold Tzu Hang to a friend, Bob Nance, and they moved to Alberta, Canada. In 1982, Nance sold the ship, and she is reported to have been bought later by a drug dealer, who used her for smuggling marijuana from Colombia to

2170-564: The United States. It is also reported that, in 1988, she was seized by U.S. federal agents in the Virgin Islands and that, in 1989, she sank at her moorings during hurricane Hugo . In 1990, she was destroyed by a bulldozer on a landfill in San Juan, Puerto Rico, allegedly the day before a man arrived who had raised funds to rescue her. Cruising (maritime) "The sea, the great unifier,

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2240-759: The World was a classic adventure, and inspired many others to take to the seas. Other cruising authors have provided both inspiration and instruction to prospective cruisers. Key among these during the post World War II period are Electa and Irving Johnson , Miles and Beryl Smeeton , Bernard Moitessier , Peter Pye , and Eric and Susan Hiscock. During the 1970s - 1990s Robin Lee Graham , Lin and Larry Pardey , Annie Hill , Herb Payson, Linda and Steve Dashew, Margaret and Hal Roth , and Beth Leonard & Evans Starzinger have provided inspiration for people to set off voyaging. The development of ocean crossing rallies, most notably

2310-543: The ability to interface charts and radar images. Those that still wish to work with traditional charts as well as with GPS may do so using a Yeoman Plotter . Certain advanced sailing vessels have a completely automated sailing system which includes a plotter, as well as course correcting through a link with the ship's steering organs (e.g. sails, propeller). One such device can be found at the Maltese Falcon . There are also sails made with cruising in mind. Sailing downwind

2380-645: The advent of world cruises in 1922, by Cunard's Laconia , thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin in New York City or Southampton , and proceed westward. Routes vary, either travelling through the Caribbean and then into the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal , or around Cape Horn . From there ships usually make their way to Hawaii,

2450-446: The calculated track. The equator must be crossed. The solo wind powered circumnavigation record of 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds was established by François Gabart on the maxi-multihull sailing yacht MACIF and completed on 7 December 2017. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. Since

2520-458: The challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods . The word circumnavigation is a noun formed from the verb circumnavigate , from the past participle of the Latin verb circumnavigare , from circum "around" + navigare "to sail". A person walking completely around either pole will cross all meridians , but this

2590-561: The circumnavigation of Earth . The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan Expedition , which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic , Pacific , and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today,

2660-401: The duration of their cruise. Many cruisers find they spend, on average, 4% of their boat's purchase price annually on boat maintenance. Like living a conventional life on land, the cost of cruising is variable. How much a person ends up spending depends largely on their spending habits (for example, eating out a lot and frequenting marinas vs. preparing local foods aboard and anchoring out) and

2730-634: The enjoyment of spiritual and lifestyle aspects of cruising. The modern conception of cruising for pleasure was first popularised by the Scottish explorer and sportsman John MacGregor . He was introduced to the canoes and kayaks of the Native Americans on a camping trip in 1858, and on his return to the United Kingdom constructed his own 'double-ended' canoe in Lambeth . The boat, nicknamed 'Rob Roy' after

2800-481: The equator or hit the minimum of two antipodal points as stipulated by the rules of Guinness World Records and AdventureStats by Explorersweb. People have both bicycled and run around the world, but the oceans have had to be covered by air or sea travel, making the distance shorter than the Guinness guidelines. To go from North America to Asia on foot is theoretically possible but very difficult. It involves crossing

2870-513: The first entirely solo human-powered circumnavigation, travelling by rowboat, sea kayak , foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012, crossing the equator twice, passing over 12 antipodal points, and logging 66,299 kilometres (41,196 mi) in 1,026 days of travel time, excluding breaks. National Geographic lists Colin Angus as being the first to complete a human-powered global circumnavigation in 2006. However, his journey did not cross

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2940-516: The first woman to have completed a voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, which she did via maritime transport . A key part of her journey was as a member of Louis Antoine de Bougainville 's expedition on the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile in 1766–1769. Captain James Cook became the first navigator to record three circumnavigations through the Pacific aboard the Endeavour from 1769 to 1779. He

3010-528: The globe in 60 days, 21 hours for Operation Sandblast . The current circumnavigation record in a powered boat of 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes was established by a voyage of the wave-piercing trimaran Earthrace which was completed on 27 June 2008. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Panama Canal, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea route in a westerly direction. In 1922 Norman Macmillan (RAF officer) , Major W T Blake and Geoffrey Malins made an unsuccessful attempt to fly

3080-418: The globe, such as Pan American Flight One (and later United Airlines Flight One). Today planning such a trip through commercial flight connections is simple. The first lighter-than-air aircraft of any type to circumnavigate under its own power was the rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , which did so in 1929. Aviation records take account of the wind circulation patterns of the world; in particular

3150-640: The islands of the South Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, then northward to Hong Kong, South East Asia, and India. At that point, again, routes may vary: one way is through the Suez Canal and into the Mediterranean; the other is around Cape of Good Hope and then up the west coast of Africa. These cruises end in the port where they began. In 1960, the American nuclear-powered submarine USS Triton circumnavigated

3220-457: The method of travel. Since the planet is quasispheroidal , a trip from one Pole to the other, and back again on the other side, would technically be a circumnavigation. There are practical difficulties (namely, the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice sheet ) in such a voyage, although it was successfully undertaken in the early 1980s by Ranulph Fiennes . The first circumnavigation was that of

3290-489: The old clipper route . The journey would take them eastbound around Cape Horn , a voyage that at that time had very rarely been accomplished in small boats. They were accompanied on the boat by a young friend, the Englishman John Guzzwell , who had been circumnavigating the world in his self-made boat on a voyage later recounted in his book Trekka , as well as by their Siamese cat, Pwe. Approaching Cape Horn,

3360-399: The points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route does not pass through any pairs of antipodal points. Since the winds in the higher southern latitudes predominantly blow west-to-east it can be seen that there are an easier route (west-to-east) and a harder route (east-to-west) when circumnavigating by sail; this difficulty is magnified for square-rig vessels due to

3430-509: The poles (though not necessarily centred on them). For example, Steve Fossett 's global circumnavigation by balloon was entirely contained within the southern hemisphere. The first person to fly in space, Yuri Gagarin , also became the first person to complete an orbital spaceflight in the Vostok 1 spaceship within 2 hours on April 12 1961. The flight started at 63° E, 45 N and ended at 45° E 51° N; thus Gagarin did not circumnavigate Earth completely. Gherman Titov in

3500-418: The position and orientation of vessels. Radar and AIS systems are often employed to detect vessels positions and movement in all conditions (day, night, rain and fog). Cruisers navigate using paper charts and radar . Modern yachts are often also equipped with a chartplotter which enables the use of electronic charts and is linked to GPS satellites that provide position reports. Some chartplotters have

3570-432: The route roughly approximates a great circle , and passes through two pairs of antipodal points. This is a route followed by many cruising sailors, going in the western direction; the use of the trade winds makes it a relatively easy sail, although it passes through a number of zones of calms or light winds. In yacht racing , a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in

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3640-441: The route to be followed. In addition, supplies need to be stocked (including fresh water and fuel), navigation instruments checked and the ship itself needs to be inspected and the crew needs to be given exact instruction on the jobs are expected to perform (e.g. the watch, which is generally 4 hours on and 4 hours off, navigation, steering, rigging sails, ...). In addition, the crew needs to be well trained at working together and with

3710-431: The same position, beset by storms, another dismasting took place. Again, they managed to make the coast of Chile, and Tzu Hang was shipped to England for repairs. These adventures were published in their acclaimed cruising book, Once is Enough . After repairing the vessel, they made a multi-year eastabout circumnavigation . In 1968, they again attempted Cape Horn, westabout, and successfully rounded. In 1971 they founded

3780-403: The second complete circumnavigation of the world in a single vessel on September 1580, becoming the first commander to survive the entire circumnavigation. Thomas Cavendish completed his circumnavigation between 1586 and 1588 in record time—in two years and 49 days, nine months faster than Drake. It was also the first deliberately planned voyage of the globe. Jeanne Baret is recognized as

3850-516: The second group of circumnavigators when they were transported under guard to Lisbon in 1536. A third group came from the 117 survivors of the similarly failed Villalobos Expedition in the next decade; similarly ruined and starved, they were imprisoned by the Portuguese and transported back to Lisbon in 1546. In 1577, Elizabeth I sent Francis Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along

3920-660: The ship Victoria between 1519 and 1522, now known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition . It was a Castilian ( Spanish ) voyage of discovery. The voyage started in Seville , crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and—after several stops—rounded the southern tip of South America , where the expedition named the Strait of Magellan . It then continued across the Pacific, discovering a number of islands on its way (including Guam ), before arriving in

3990-416: The ship in question. Finally, the sailor must be mentally prepared for dealing with harsh situations. There have been many well-documented cases where sailors had to be rescued simply because they were not sufficiently prepared (the sailors as well as the ship) or lacked experience for their venture and ran into serious trouble. Sailing near the coast (coastal cruising) gives a certain amount of safety. A ship

4060-404: The square rig's dramatic lack of upwind ability when compared to a more modern Bermuda rig . For around the world sailing records , there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nautical miles calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63°S. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen

4130-422: The type of boat (fancy modern production boats are very expensive to purchase and maintain, while low-key cruising boats often involve much lower expenses). Most long-term cruisers prefer to live a simple life, usually with far lower expenses than people who live ashore. An alternative solution is to sail on someone else's yacht. Those who know how to sail can sometimes find boats looking for an extra crewmember for

4200-411: The typical cruising boat has increased over the years and is currently in the range of 10 to 15 metres (33 to 50 feet) although smaller boats have been used in around-the-world trips, but are generally not recommended given the dangers involved. Many cruisers are "long term" and travel for many years, the most adventurous among them circle the globe over a period of three to ten years. Many others take

4270-513: The voyage. The last of the original ships, the Santa María de la Victoria , was sunk in 1526 in the East Indies (now Indonesia ) by the Portuguese. Unable to press forward or retreat, Hernando de la Torre erected a fort on Tidore , received reinforcements under Alvaro de Saavedra that were similarly defeated, and finally surrendered to the Portuguese. In this way, a handful of survivors became

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4340-527: The war, the couple settled on a farm on Salt Spring Island , BC, with their daughter, Clio. Beryl had bought the farm during the war; anticipation of a happy life there when peace came helped sustain both Miles and Beryl during the years of separation while Miles served in North Africa and later the Far East, where he commanded a formation and received the local occupying Japanese surrender. In 1991 Miles Clark ,

4410-403: The way. As many cities and towns are built around rivers and historically have relied on maritime transport , river cruise docks are frequently located in the center of cities and towns. According to Douglas Ward, "A river cruise represents life in the slow lane, sailing along at a gentle pace, soaking up the scenery, with plentiful opportunities to explore riverside towns and cities en route. It

4480-485: The world to promote pleasure cruising. The first recorded regatta was held on April 27, 1867, and it received Royal patronage in 1873. The latter part of the century saw cruising for leisure being enthusiastically taken up by the middle class. The author Robert Louis Stevenson wrote An Inland Voyage in 1877 as a travelogue on his canoeing trip through France and Belgium . Stevenson and his companion, Sir Walter Grindlay Simpson travelled in two 'Rob Roys' along

4550-538: The world, some of which is described in her book Winter Shoes in Springtime , written under the name Beryl Smeeton. Charles R. Boxer , the distinguished historian and soldier, was one of her brothers. In 1938 Miles and Beryl married. In 1939, the two attempted to climb 25,263-foot Tirich Mir , in the Himalaya, with Tenzing Norgay . Although they failed, Beryl achieved renown as one of the first women to climb so high. After

4620-410: The yacht was pitchpoled by a rogue wave . Beryl, who had been on the helm, was tossed from the boat and injured. Tzu Hang was dismasted, partially submerged, and the topsides were severely damaged, but the three sailors managed to sail the damaged vessel to Chile, where extensive repairs were undertaken. In 1957, a year later, Miles and Beryl departed again to round Cape Horn. However, in approximately

4690-561: Was among the first to complete west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes. For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done by Ulysses S. Grant , became possible in the 19th century, and the two World Wars moved vast numbers of troops around the planet. However, it was the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century that made circumnavigation, when compared to the Magellan–Elcano expedition, quicker and safer. The nautical global and fastest circumnavigation record

4760-599: Was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry at Bir Hacheim on 27 May 1942 and the Distinguished Service Order for successful leadership during skirmishes at Shande and Ywadan on 3 and 5 March 1945, respectively. In early 1947 he retired from the Indian Army, having commanded the 63rd Brigade from May 1945 onwards. Beryl, born in 1905, was raised in a family of British soldiers and travelled widely throughout

4830-807: Was born in Yorkshire , England, in 1906, and was educated at Wellington and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . He was commissioned into the Green Howards in 1925 but transferred to the Indian Army in 1936, joining Hodson's Horse . During the Second World War he served with the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade in the Western Desert and commanded Probyn's Horse in action against the Japanese in Burma in 1945. He

4900-585: Was common on long-distance cruising yachts but is increasingly being supplemented or replaced by electrical auto-pilots. Though in the past many cruisers had no means of generating electricity on board and depended on kerosene and dry-cell batteries , today electrical demands are much higher and nearly all cruisers have electrical devices such as lights, communications equipment and refrigeration. Although most boats can generate power from their inboard engines, an increasing number carry auxiliary generators. Carrying sufficient fuel to power engine and generator over

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