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122-601: The Middle Fork Stanislaus River is a 45.7-mile (73.5 km) tributary of the Stanislaus River in the central Sierra Nevada and Stanislaus National Forest of eastern California . The river begins at the confluence of Kennedy Creek and Summit Creek in the Emigrant Wilderness . It flows initially northwest, receiving the Clark Fork from the right then turning southwest, through a deep canyon to its confluence with

244-586: A Native American name for the river or surrounding area. Although the Spanish ultimately did not establish any missions in the Central Valley, they forcibly took thousands of Native Americans to missions along the coast, where they were converted to Catholicism and subjected to agricultural labor. Mission San José was the destination of many Miwok from the Laquisimes River area. American explorers also visited

366-520: A bigger 1.1 million acre foot (1.4 km ) reservoir to replace the Melones Reservoir, but this project also never made it past the drawing board. The $ 52 million Tri-Dam project would mainly be financed by leasing hydro-power rights at these dams to Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) for a 50-year period. Like Melones, the Tri-Dam Project would be jointly owned and operated by

488-405: A body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date. In some jurisdictions, appropriative water rights can be granted directly to communities. Here, water

610-642: A combined storage capacity of more than 2.8 million acre feet (3.5 km ). The river irrigates some 213,000 acres (86,000 ha) of productive farmland, most of it in Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties. Fourteen hydroelectric plants on the river and its tributaries are operated by various local irrigation districts, private power companies and federal agencies. The river provides domestic and industrial water supply to nearby cities, including Manteca, Lathrop , Escalon and Tracy . Stanislaus River water flows are also

732-660: A dam on the South Fork of the Stanislaus River collapsed, flooding the mining camps of Pine Log and Italian Bar, killing sixteen people. Only a few years later, most of the mining claims and infrastructure were destroyed by the 1862 flood. After the end of the Gold Rush, very few people visited the rugged Stanislaus River country above the Sierra foothills before the turn of the 20th century. Knights Ferry declined in influence as many of

854-510: A draw. Vallejo set fire to vegetation along the river banks to draw out the opposition, but Estanislao and his fighters escaped, and continued to raid Mexican settlements through that winter. According to popular legend, Estanislao would carve an "S" in a tree after his attacks, and was an inspiration for the fictional character Zorro . In June 1829 Vallejo finally defeated him on the Laquisimes River. The vanquished Estanislao ultimately returned to Mission San Jose, where he confessed his sins and

976-465: A government to regulate water quality is premised upon protecting downstream navigable waters from contamination. These waters are publicly owned and include the right to receive these waters undiminished under both the riparian and appropriation doctrines under the Clean Water Act . The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate and occupy "navigable waters"; this

1098-454: A hunter and trapper, established a ferry and trading post on the Stanislaus River, to serve the thousands of miners headed to the diggings at Sonora and other mining camps. Knight had previously accompanied John C. Frémont on expeditions in the 1840s, and "foresaw that Knights Ferry [via the Stanislaus] was Nature's pathway through the mountains." This was one of many ferries that operated on

1220-533: A number of camps and resorts were established along the river including the Douglas Resort (Douglas Station) in 1920, and the Dardanelle Resort in 1923 at the confluence of Eagle Creek and the Stanislaus River. The Dardanelle resort remained operational until 2018. The new Dardanelle Bridge was built in 1933 to replace an older span constructed in 1864 and provide better access to the tourist areas. This bridge

1342-492: A short time and then leave these primitive conditions and return to their homes. There were numerous tents, good, bad, and indifferent, stores and gambling booths, shanties and open encampments; and miners busy everywhere." Initially, miners worked individual placer claims, but as the easily accessed gold played out, they teamed up to build extensive dam, ditch and flume systems that could more efficiently wash gold out of sediment, as well as supply water to gold-bearing areas without

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1464-485: A single season but too small to provide carry-over storage for drought years. A severe drought in the 1930s demonstrated that Melones Reservoir, by itself, was too small to meet all the irrigation demands. The OID sank 25 deep wells between 1931 and 1938 to make up for the shortfall, but this depleted the local groundwater at an unsustainable rate. SSJID was better supplied throughout the 1930s, in part due to less water-intensive crops, but started experiencing shortages by

1586-533: A sound economic justification for the project on flood control alone. In the 1950s, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation proposed a much larger dam with a capacity of 2.4 million acre feet (3.0 km ), which would capture most of the extra floodwaters that the existing small irrigation dams could not hold. It would be a multi-purpose unit of the Central Valley Project , providing irrigation, flood control, hydropower and fishery flows. Locals initially criticized

1708-485: A vital resource to maintain fisheries and recreational activities, dilute pollution, recharge groundwater , and control saline intrusion in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta . The river is extremely over-allocated, meaning that claims to its water far exceed supply. There are more than 160 separate water rights to the Stanislaus River totaling 19.7 million acre feet (24.3 km ), compared to

1830-454: A water source and provide water for irrigation. These represent some of the earliest water rights claims along the Stanislaus River. Many mining camps were established on the Stanislaus River including Tuttletown, also known as the "Mormon Camp" (some of the first prospectors came from the unsuccessful colony at Stanislaus City) and Melones, named for gold that was "so coarse" that it reminded the miners of "melon seeds". In 1849 William Knight,

1952-563: Is about 150 miles (240 km) long. Originating as three forks in the high Sierra Nevada , the river flows generally southwest through the agricultural San Joaquin Valley to join the San Joaquin south of Manteca , draining parts of five California counties. The Stanislaus is known for its swift rapids and scenic canyons in the upper reaches, and is heavily used for irrigation , hydroelectricity and domestic water supply. Originally inhabited by

2074-487: Is crossed by Highway 99 . Below Ripon the Stanislaus flows west-southwest through a low-lying area known as River Junction and past Caswell Memorial State Park . It joins the San Joaquin River at a point about 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of Vernalis and 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Manteca , 75 miles (121 km) upstream (south) of the larger river's mouth at Suisun Bay . The average unimpaired runoff of

2196-643: Is managed by the Spring Gap–Stanislaus hydroelectric project, owned by Pacific Gas and Electric , and the Tri-Dam project owned by the Oakdale and South San Joaquin irrigation districts. Tunnels connect the four mainstem reservoirs to take advantage of the hydraulic head created by the Middle Fork's steep drop. The final tunnel, from Sand Bar Flat, enters the main Stanislaus River about 2 miles (3.2 km) below

2318-673: Is one of the most productive agricultural regions of the United States; in 2014, Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties produced a combined $ 7.6 billion of crops. Shortly after their formation, the districts issued $ 1.9 million in revenue bonds to finance the dam and canal infrastructure that would supply the land. In 1913 the districts built Goodwin Dam, about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) upstream of Knights Ferry, to divert water into their respective canals. They filed claims for 600,000 acre-feet (0.74 km ) of Stanislaus River water, divided evenly between

2440-438: Is referred to as a navigable servitude . Congress has exercised this power in a variety of ways, including the construction of dams, diverting water from a stream and blocking and restricting use of waterways. The servitude is a Federal power, not an individual right. Public trust rights to access and recreate upon navigable-in-fact waters may also exist. These rights are often based on local laws over property held in trust for

2562-542: Is reserved to provide sufficient capacity for the future growth of that particular community. For example, California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative (use-based) water rights solely because they are located where the water originates and naturally flows. A second example of community-based water rights is pueblo water rights. As recognized by California , pueblo water rights are grants to individual settlements (i.e. pueblos) over all streams and rivers flowing through

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2684-473: Is the largest tributary and is sometimes considered part of the main stem . It begins in the Emigrant Wilderness of the Stanislaus National Forest about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of 9,624-foot (2,933 m) Sonora Pass . It flows northwest then west, receiving the Clark Fork below Dardanelle , before feeding Donnell Lake and Beardsley Lake , both formed by hydroelectric power dams. Below

2806-673: Is the oldest known constructed dwelling (though not archaeological site) in North America. For at least several centuries before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the Stanislaus River basin was inhabited by the Central Sierra Miwok speakers of the Plains and Sierra Miwok . The Miwok had a predominantly hunter-gatherer lifestyle, although they also practiced some primitive agriculture and controlled burning of grassland to enhance their hunting grounds. The Miwok had their main settlements in

2928-682: The Bear Flag Revolt , after which California became part of the United States in 1848. In the same year, gold was discovered on the American River , starting the California Gold Rush . Although gold mining was initially concentrated on the American and other rivers to the north, attention was drawn to the Stanislaus in August 1848 after a Native American party under Charles Weber discovered gold on

3050-463: The California Gold Rush , the Stanislaus River was the destination of tens of thousands of gold seekers; many of them reached California via Sonora Pass , at the headwaters of the Middle Fork. Many miners and their families eventually settled along the lower Stanislaus River. The farms and ranches they established are now part of the richest agricultural region in the United States. Early mining companies were formed to channel Stanislaus River water to

3172-604: The Miwok group of Native Americans , the Stanislaus River was explored in the early 1800s by the Spanish , who conscripted indigenous people to work in the colonial mission and presidio systems. The river is named for Estanislao , who led a native uprising in Mexican -controlled California in 1828, but was ultimately defeated on the Stanislaus River (then known as the Río de los Laquisimes ). During

3294-576: The North Fork Stanislaus River , forming the Stanislaus River. The river drains a watershed of 332 square miles (860 km) in Tuolumne County , much of it within the Stanislaus National Forest . There are four dams on the main stem of the Middle Fork – at Donnells , Beardsley , Beardsley Forebay and Sand Bar Flat. The only significant tributary impoundment is Relief Reservoir, formed by Relief Dam on Summit Creek. Middle Fork water

3416-590: The Pleistocene , starting about 1 million years ago. During the ice ages California had a much wetter climate; average river flows in the past may have been as high as what is considered "flood stage" today. The climate was also cold enough to support large glaciers in the Sierra Nevada at elevations above 4,000 feet (1,200 m). These glaciers carved large U-shaped valleys in the high elevations, and supplied vast volumes of meltwater which accelerated erosion along

3538-473: The Sierra Railway 's Angels Branch, connected Jamestown to Angels Camp and required a series of switchbacks to traverse the deep canyon of the Stanislaus River, an area now flooded by New Melones Lake. The upper Stanislaus watershed was also used as a filming location. The Sierra Railway was a popular filming location starting around 1917 due to the "rugged countryside and quaint, ancient trains." During

3660-610: The Wright Act , and together own the oldest water rights on the Stanislaus River. The OID service area is located on both sides of the Stanislaus River in Stanislaus County, and the SSJID is located on the north side of the river, in Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties. Today, the districts irrigate a combined 120,000 acres (49,000 ha), with the major crops being grapes, almonds, corn, rice, fruit orchards and pasture. Today, this area

3782-402: The sixth tallest dam in the U.S. , completed in 1979 for flood control, irrigation, hydropower generation and fisheries management. Below New Melones, the river flows through the smaller Tulloch Reservoir before reaching Goodwin Dam, the oldest dam on the river (completed 1913) where large volumes of water are diverted for irrigation. Reduced considerably in size, the Stanislaus River leaves

Middle Fork Stanislaus River - Misplaced Pages Continue

3904-669: The 189,000-acre-foot (0.233 km ) New Spicer Meadow Reservoir completed in 1989, the McKays Point diversion dam and tunnel on the North Fork, and the Collierville Powerhouse located near Hathaway Pines and the older Stanislaus Powerhouse. Water falls from a height of 2,270 feet (690 m) – more than at any other power station in the Stanislaus River system – to the powerhouse, where it generates up to 253 megawatts. Water rights Water rights requires consideration of

4026-624: The 1930s scenes for Robin Hood of El Dorado were filmed near the old Douglas Resort. In the 1970s several episodes of the Little House on the Prairie TV series were filmed at Donnell Vista, near Donnell Lake . The Stanislaus River is one of the most heavily dammed and diverted rivers in California, relative to its size. There are a total of 28 major dams on the Stanislaus River and its tributaries with

4148-501: The 1983 water year and a minimum of 155,000 acre-feet (0.191 km ) or 210 cubic feet per second (5.9 m /s) in 1977. The highest monthly flow is typically in May or June with the peak of snowmelt, and the lowest in September or October before the arrival of autumn storms. Since the late 1800s, the timing of the spring melt has shifted two to six weeks earlier due to warming temperatures in

4270-658: The Beardsley dam, it continues west to its confluence with the North Fork at Camp Nine, a popular swimming and fishing area near Hathaway Pines . The 31-mile (50 km)-long North Fork rises in the Carson-Iceberg Wilderness and flows in a generally southwest direction to its confluence with the Middle Fork, passing through several small hydropower dams. For most of their lengths, both forks flow in deep canyons through rugged, heavily forested terrain. The total length of

4392-630: The Bureau of Reclamation has sometimes shorted the irrigation districts in favor of releasing water to support the ailing salmon and steelhead fisheries, which is required by federal law such as the 1972 Endangered Species Act and the 1991 Central Valley Project Improvement Act. In addition, the Melones Project is obligated to provide water to the Stockton East Water District, which irrigates an additional 51,000 acres (21,000 ha) north of

4514-399: The Central Valley in 1832. Over the next few years successive waves of malaria swept this region, killing thousands of Native Americans in the Central Valley who had no natural immunity to European diseases. The spread of disease was exacerbated by both the massive numbers of mosquitoes in the Central Valley wetlands, and the densely packed Native American villages. As many as 80 percent of

4636-425: The Central Valley, which was difficult for heavily armed Spanish soldiers to traverse due to its swampy terrain. Around November 1828, a Yokuts man named Estanislao (christened after Saint Stanislaus ; his native name is believed to have been Cucunichi ) led a revolt at Mission San Jose and fled to the Laquisimes River country with many other natives. There he raised an army of Yokuts, Miwok and Chumash , who raided

4758-616: The Knights Ferry flour mill moved its operations to Oakdale in 1881. In 1895 Charles Tulloch acquired water rights to an old mining ditch near Knights Ferry and incorporated the Stanislaus Milling and Power Company, later the Stanislaus Water & Power Company. Tulloch converted the old flour mill into the first hydroelectric plant on the Stanislaus River. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, development slowly moved higher into

4880-441: The Laquisimes River country starting in the 1820s, in search of beaver and otter pelts. The fur trappers included renowned mountain men Jedediah Smith , William Henry Ashley , and Ewing Young , who explored the area in the period between 1825 and 1830. In the spring of 1827 Smith's party camped on the Laquisimes River near present-day Oakdale , having reportedly cached 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of beaver pelts nearby. Smith called

5002-543: The Plains Miwok who had survived Spanish colonization died in the consequent epidemic. A smallpox epidemic struck around 1837, claiming even more lives, including that of Estanislao, who died at Mission San Jose in June 1838. During the 1840s, many American settlers emigrated to the Central Valley of what was still Mexican-controlled California, seeking to claim the area's fertile farmland. The first major American settlement along

Middle Fork Stanislaus River - Misplaced Pages Continue

5124-447: The River was formed to push a statewide ballot measure, Prop 17, that would have designated the Stanislaus as a National Wild and Scenic River and forestalled the construction of New Melones. Prop 17 was defeated by a narrow margin of voters, in part due to heavy lobbying by water agencies. Afterwards, dam opponents focused on limiting the level of the new reservoir, even as dam construction

5246-452: The Sierra Nevada. Water diversions for irrigation and regulation by reservoirs have significantly lowered the mean flow of the lower Stanislaus River, smoothed out seasonal variations, and increased the dry season baseflow . The United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gage at Ripon, 15 miles (24 km) from the mouth, recorded an annual flow of 1,008 cubic feet per second (28.5 m /s) between 1941 and 1978; after New Melones Dam

5368-614: The Stanislaus River Archive ), who protested the loss of one of the last free-flowing stretches of the Stanislaus. Although New Melones was eventually built, its completion is considered to have marked the end of large dam building in the United States. Water rights along the Stanislaus River are a controversial topic, with the senior rights of farmers coming into conflict with federal and state laws protecting endangered salmon and steelhead trout . The Stanislaus irrigation districts contend that diverting water for fish damages

5490-432: The Stanislaus River country. The Stanislaus was as productive a gold-bearing stream as any in California; in the early days of the Gold Rush it was known as the " Southern Mines " because it was at the time the southernmost extent of the primary gold diggings. In 1848 William R. Ryan wrote that the mining camps along the Stanislaus River were "all of the poorest and most wretched description. Miners expected to profit within

5612-453: The Stanislaus River have traditionally been, and are still de jure subject to the prior appropriation method, where the oldest rights-holders get first priority. However, after the completion of New Melones Dam in 1979, and especially due to drought in recent years, federal and local agencies have often been forced to compromise in order to divide limited Stanislaus River supplies between the many demands. Farmers have been using water from

5734-433: The Stanislaus River in the following decades, including others at Byrne's Ferry (later replaced by a covered bridge ) and Taylor's Ferry near Oakdale. Although Knight was killed later that year (reportedly in a gunfight), the settlement had already become the principal supply point of the region, with daily stage coach service to Stockton , and was named Knights Ferry in his honor. After Knight's death, Lewis Dent took over

5856-463: The Stanislaus River since the Gold Rush, when water was diverted to small farms and vegetable gardens on homesteads. As the number of claimants on the river grew, farmers recognized they had to work together in order to effectively distribute the water. One of the first irrigation cooperatives formed on the Stanislaus River was formed by the Tulloch family in 1858, who built a diversion dam to supply farms in

5978-460: The Stanislaus River was founded in January 1847 by about 30 Mormon colonists under the direction of Samuel Brannan . Stanislaus City, alternately called "Mormon Ranch" or "New Hope", was established on the north bank of the river not far from its confluence with the San Joaquin. The settlers constructed a sawmill and began to plant the area in wheat and vegetables. Brannan envisioned Stanislaus City as

6100-434: The Stanislaus River was the "Walla" or "Wal-li" (a native term meaning "digger" or "toward the earth") who lived in the hills between the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers . The "Walla Walla" term was also associated with other peoples in the region, because of their practice of digging in the earth for edible roots . With its annual floods, the Stanislaus River supported a wide area of perennial and seasonal wetlands, including

6222-664: The Stanislaus River was the North Fork project, officially known as the North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Development Project. It was built by a partnership between the Calaveras County Water District and the Northern California Power Agency for both hydropower and domestic water supply. Although proposed since the 1950s, the project was not built until the late 1980s. The primary features include

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6344-514: The Stanislaus River were Gabriel Moraga 's 1806 expedition, who named the river Rio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , "River of Our Lady of Guadalupe ". Fray Pedro Muñoz, traveling with Moraga, wrote of "immense quantities of wild grape-vines" along the Guadalupe River. In 1808, Moraga returned to the area to search for suitable mission sites, but was not successful. The river later became known as Río de los Laquisimes , possibly derived from

6466-490: The Stanislaus River, and the Central San Joaquin Water Conservation District which irrigates 48,000 acres (19,000 ha). In the 21st century, which has been subject to extended drought, federal and local water agencies continue to seek a balanced solution. New Melones was a significant milestone in the history of American dam building. The battle over the Stanislaus River greatly increased

6588-494: The Stanislaus River, as estimated at New Melones Dam, is 1,121,000 acre-feet (1.383 km ) per year, or about 1,500 cubic feet per second (42 m /s). About two-thirds of the Stanislaus River flow originates as snowmelt between the months of April and July, although its highest peak flows tend to occur during winter rains. The water flow varies widely from year to year, with a historic maximum of 2,950,000 acre-feet (3.64 km ) or 4,100 cubic feet per second (120 m /s) in

6710-559: The Stanislaus River, measured from its mouth to the head of Kennedy Creek in the Emigrant Wilderness, is about 150 miles (240 km). The confluence of the Middle and North Forks marks the start of the Stanislaus River proper. It flows southwest through a canyon to the 12,500-acre (5,100 ha) New Melones Lake reservoir in the Sierra Nevada foothills, forming the boundary between Calaveras County (west) and Tuolumne County (east). At

6832-552: The Stanislaus watershed in large part due to improvement of the Sonora Pass Highway. The former wagon trail up the Stanislaus canyon had operated since 1864 as a toll road (Sonora-Mono Toll Road) and was heavily traveled during the 1870s during the gold strike in Bodie . A number of trading posts and rest stops operated on both sides of Sonora Pass including Sugar Pine, Strawberry , Baker's Station, Leavitt's Station and Big Meadows. In

6954-513: The Tri-Dam Project, in addition to an 18 megawatt plant at the Tulloch Dam further downstream. An added benefit was that the Donnells and Beardsley dams regulate water flow down the Middle Fork, allowing more consistent power generation at the older Stanislaus Powerhouse. During the spring snowmelt, these high-elevation hydro projects operate at full load around the clock; any river flow in excess of

7076-497: The Tuolumne County Water Company was organized to divert water from the South Fork of the Stanislaus River; by 1853 it consisted of 80 miles (130 km) of canals serving as many as 1,800 miners and their claims. Water was supplied as far as Columbia and Sonora, 60 miles (97 km) to the south. The Columbia and Stanislaus River Company was formed in 1854 on the main stem of the Stanislaus River, in competition to

7198-403: The U.S. Constitution limit the power of state or federal governments to impinge upon any exclusive use of water by prohibiting the enactment of any laws or regulations that amount to a "taking" of private property. Laws and regulations that deprive a riparian owner of legally cognizable water rights constitute an illegal governmental taking of private property for which just compensation is owed to

7320-606: The area around Knight's Ferry. The Stanislaus and San Joaquin Water Company, formed by H.W. Cowell and N.S. Harrold in 1895, improved on this system, building 47 miles (76 km) of canals along the north side of the Stanislaus River and supplying water to some 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) in Manteca and Oakdale. The Oakdale Irrigation District (OID) and South San Joaquin Irrigation District (SSJID) were created in 1909 under

7442-455: The bonds issued for construction. The irrigation districts again entered into a contract with PG&E when they built the much more ambitious Tri-Dam Project. Two of the reservoirs, Donnells and Beardsley, were to be built at high elevations (4,900 feet (1,500 m) and 3,400 feet (1,000 m), respectively), affording huge hydroelectric potential. The 72 megawatt Donnell powerhouse and the 11 megawatt Beardsley powerhouse were built as part of

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7564-466: The center of the LDS church in California, eventually to attract thousands of Mormon emigrants. However the settlement did not grow significantly, ultimately dissolving the next year. At least one factor in its decline was a massive flood that winter; William Stout, one of the town's founders, wrote that the Stanislaus was "three miles wide" in January 1848. The influence of American settlement ultimately led to

7686-615: The city and to all groundwater aquifers underlying that particular city. The pueblo's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city. While California recognizes pueblo water rights, pueblo water rights are controversial. Some scholars and courts have argued that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law. Due to humanity's dependence upon clean water, many nations, states and municipalities have enacted regulations to preemptively protect water quality and quantity. This right of

7808-545: The confluence of the Middle and North Forks. Water was diverted from the Middle Fork at Sand Bar Dam, and a 11.4-mile (18.3 km) long tunnel was drilled through the mountains to carry it to the powerhouse. Because the water is diverted so far upstream, it affords a head of over 1,000 feet (300 m) to the Stanislaus Powerhouse; the much heavier flow of the Middle Fork means that more power can be generated – about 91 megawatts at full capacity. PG&E also built

7930-658: The context and origin of the right being discussed, or asserted. Traditionally, water rights refers to the utilization of water as an element supporting basic human needs like drinking or irrigation. Water rights could also include the physical occupancy of waterways for purposes of travel, commerce and recreational pursuits. The legal principles and doctrines that form the basis of each type of water rights are not interchangeable and vary according to local and national laws. Therefore, variations among countries and within national subdivisions exist in discussing and acknowledging these rights. Often, water rights are based on ownership of

8052-504: The current location of the Sierra Nevada that has since eroded away. Huge lava flows moved down the ancestral canyon, filling it with volcanic rock and sediment. About 9 million years ago during the Pliocene , the most recent period of orogeny (uplift) occurred, tilting the predominantly granitic Sierra Nevada batholith to form a regional slope to the west. As the mountains rose the Stanislaus River established its modern course, carrying away

8174-402: The departing miners settled around the farming community of Oakdale , several miles downstream. Historic records show that the majority of ranches and homesteads in the Stanislaus River area were established between the 1850s and 1890s by former gold seekers. The Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in Oakdale in 1872, bypassing Knights Ferry and drawing the valley's population to the former town;

8296-423: The distinctive "table mountains" around present day New Melones Lake. As both uplift and erosion continued, the Stanislaus River gradually carved the rugged canyons it flows through today, and contributed to the vast alluvial deposits that make up the flat floor of the Central Valley. Some of these fluvial sediments, originating from gold-bearing veins in the granite batholith, were deposited as placer gold in

8418-507: The dividing line between the upper and lower watersheds. Elevations in the watershed range from less than 15 feet (4.6 m) at the confluence with the San Joaquin River to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the high Sierra Nevada. Annual precipitation varies from 20 inches (510 mm) in the valley regions to 50 inches (1,300 mm) or more at higher elevations; at elevations above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) most precipitation falls as snow. The upper watershed comprises 90 percent of

8540-479: The dry season, and a number of small off-stream reservoirs were built, including Woodward Reservoir in 1916, though their benefit was limited at best. In 1925 the districts issued $ 2.2 million of bonds to build a storage dam on the Stanislaus River. The original Melones Dam, completed 1926, was a 211-foot (64 m) tall concrete arch structure capable of storing 112,500 acre-feet (0.1388 km ) of water, enough to irrigate 144,000 acres (58,000 ha) of land for

8662-428: The early 1940s. In 1948 the districts joined to increase water storage on the Stanislaus River by constructing the Tri-Dam Project, consisting of Donnells and Beardsley dams on the Middle Fork, Tulloch Dam between the existing Goodwin and Melones dams, and Columbia Dam below the junction of the Middle and North Forks (this fourth site was later dropped from the proposal). The districts had also contemplated building

8784-410: The extensive tule marshes ( tulares ) in the area of the San Joaquin River, which were host to an abundance of game animals, birds and migratory fish that in turn supported particularly high Native American populations. Fur trapper James Warner, who visited the area in 1832, wrote of "Indian villages above the mouth [of the Stanislaus], as also at or near the junction with the San Joaquin" and described

8906-592: The ferry operations. In 1854 the ferry was replaced by a wooden covered bridge; within the next few years Knights Ferry also became the site of a hotel, court house, flour mill and the Tuolumne County jail. The settlement was largely destroyed during the Great Flood of 1862 , which washed away the bridge, but it and the rest of the town were soon rebuilt. Knights Ferry became the seat of Stanislaus County that same year, until Modesto took its position in 1872. In 1851

9028-420: The first major hydroelectric project on the Stanislaus River was the 1916 Spring Gap Powerhouse near Strawberry , constructed by Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and still in operation today. Water diverted from the South Fork plunges more than 1,800 feet (550 m) down a mountainside to a seven megawatt power station on the Middle Fork. In 1939 PG&E completed the much larger Stanislaus Powerhouse near

9150-423: The following decades, travel over Sonora Pass declined heavily. The road became part of the state highway system in 1901 and was improved in 1906 to service the construction of Relief Dam in the headwaters of the Stanislaus River. Today, most of the road has been replaced by the newer alignment of Highway 108. Tourists began to visit the high country with the advent of the automobile in the early 20th century and

9272-404: The foothill canyons of the Stanislaus River. During the last glacial period the main Stanislaus glacier was up to 30 miles (48 km) long; during previous ice ages it may have extended as far as 45 miles (72 km). Although glaciation did not have as dramatic an impact on the Stanislaus River watershed as it did further south (such as at Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite ), many major features of

9394-517: The foothills and enters agricultural Stanislaus County at the historic Gold Rush town of Knights Ferry . It is paralleled by State Route 120 as it flows west into the Central Valley, through Oakdale , the largest town on the river, and along the northern edge of the Modesto metro area. At Riverbank it begins to form the border of Stanislaus County (south) and San Joaquin County (north). At Ripon , it

9516-503: The gold diggings via elaborate canal and flume systems, which directly preceded the irrigation districts formed by farmers who sought a greater degree of river control. Starting in the early 1900s, many dams were built to store and divert water; these were often paired with hydro-power systems, whose revenues covered the high cost of the water projects. In the 1970s the construction of the federal New Melones Dam incited major opposition from recreation and environmental groups ( documented on

9638-450: The headwaters of the Middle Fork to the valley floor at Knight's Ferry. The North and South Forks of the river also experience similarly swift drops, although neither carry as much water as the Middle Fork. Hydro plants on the Stanislaus River have a total capacity of more than 780 megawatts and generate 1.7 billion kilowatt hours per year. With the exception of small run-of-the-river projects such as Charles Tulloch's 1895 hydro plant,

9760-519: The high rates charged by Tuolumne. They built a ditch at a cost of $ 1.5 million (five times the original estimate), went bankrupt shortly after, and was ultimately sold to the Tuolumne County Water Company at a small fraction of the original cost. Massive amounts of lumber were required to build the mining flumes and aqueducts, leading to widespread deforestation in the lower elevations of the Stanislaus basin. These early waterworks were crudely built and often failed, sometimes with tragic results. In 1857,

9882-460: The history of Stanislaus River water development; power facilities were attached to irrigation dams to take advantage of the river's steep fall from the Sierra Crest to the Central Valley. However, other projects were also built purely to take advantage of the river's great hydroelectric potential: in a span of about 60 miles (97 km), the Stanislaus descends almost 10,000 feet (3,000 m) from

10004-409: The land upon which the water rests or flows. For example, under English common law , any rights asserted to "moveable and wandering" water must be based upon rights to the "permanent and immovable" land below. On streams and rivers, these are referred to as riparian rights or littoral rights , which are protected by property law . Legal principles long recognized under riparian principles involve

10126-454: The local economy, especially in years of drought. Water managers have struggled to find a balance between competing needs, which also include groundwater recharge , flood control, and river-based recreation such as fishing and whitewater rafting . The Stanislaus River headwaters consist of three forks in the high Sierra Nevada, in parts of Alpine County , Calaveras County and Tuolumne County . The Middle Fork , 46 miles (74 km) long,

10248-411: The lower elevations of foothills and the Central Valley, where they spent winters; during the summer they traveled into the Sierra Nevada via the Stanislaus and other nearby rivers to harvest vegetable foods in high elevations and escape the summer heat. Native Americans of the region did not form one large nation; rather, they lived in "tribelets" of between 100 and 500 people. One group associated with

10370-443: The lower end of the Stanislaus whitewater. The California Department of Water Resources questioned whether the extra irrigation water was even necessary, and studies by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife suggested that the dam would harm the fisheries it was intended to protect. The state and environmentalists agreed to compromise the lake level at 26 percent of its design capacity, which hydrological studies determined

10492-497: The lowest monthly mean was 139.1 cubic feet per second (3.94 m /s) in September 2016. The Stanislaus River watershed drains 1,075 square miles (2,780 km ) and is divided into two distinct sections – the mountainous upper watershed, where the vast majority of its flow originates, and the narrow, heavily developed lower watershed where it flows across the San Joaquin Valley. Goodwin Dam has traditionally been considered

10614-501: The missions and large ranchos , stealing horses and cattle and freeing Native American laborers. The Mexican army, led by Mariano Vallejo , moved to crush the resistance, but was initially defeated by natives on the Laquisimes River, in a place believed to be near present-day Caswell Memorial State Park . After the initial defeat, Vallejo returned with a force of "107 soldiers, some citizens, and at least fifty mission Indian militiamen" armed with muskets and cannon, but again fought to

10736-515: The mouth of the Middle Fork, at the head of New Melones Lake reservoir. As a result, much of the Middle Fork is dewatered during the drier months. Stanislaus River The Stanislaus River is a tributary of the San Joaquin River in north-central California in the United States . The main stem of the river is 96 miles (154 km) long, and measured to its furthest headwaters it

10858-510: The natural floodplain no longer exists, and about half of the former riparian habitat has been lost. The river bed has been subjected to extensive gravel mining (mostly for construction purposes), with an estimated 6.3 million yd (4.8 million m ) extracted between 1939 and 1999. The Stanislaus River is believed to have originally formed sometime during the Miocene period, about 23 million years ago, flowing down from an ancient mountain range in

10980-401: The old Melones powerhouse in 1978, is also operated on a peaking schedule. The result is often wildly fluctuating water levels along the dam-controlled segments of these rivers. Tulloch Dam, located directly below New Melones, serves to re-regulate the river flow and ensure a consistent water level in the lower portion of the Stanislaus River. The last major hydroelectric project to be built on

11102-528: The original 22 megawatt power station at the old 1926 Melones Dam, under a 40-year contract with the Oakdale and South San Joaquin Irrigation Districts. While the power company would be allowed to market and earn revenue on the hydroelectricity produced, it had to pay royalties since the dam was owned by the irrigation districts. This model proved useful for financing irrigation projects on the Stanislaus River; hydropower sales contributed greatly to repaying

11224-523: The other proprietors or not." Because of the limits on use, the doctrine of riparian rights is often known as the "downstream user rule" – the downstream users have rights to the water which the upstream users may not abridge. Where water is more scarce (like in the Western United States), allocation of flowing water is premised upon prior appropriation. "The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water

11346-444: The political influence of the river conservation movement, and public awareness of the environmental impact of large dam projects. Since New Melones' completion in 1978, "no structure as large or as significant has since been built on an American river. And since this date, virtually no structural modification to a river in this country has gone unopposed." Hydropower generation has generally taken second priority behind agriculture in

11468-434: The powerhouse capacity must be spilled (bypassed) and becomes wasted energy. The irrigation districts and PG&E must coordinate operations at the reservoirs and powerhouses to maximize both water storage and power production. In late summer and autumn, river flows are lower and the power plants are typically only operated several hours a day, on a peaking basis. The 300 megawatt New Melones Dam power station, which replaced

11590-699: The private timber land has been subject to checker-board clearcutting , which has greatly fragmented wildlife habitat. The lower Stanislaus River watershed comprises only about one-tenth of the total area and is used mainly for agriculture (61 percent) and urban development (34 percent), with minimal open space. Major communities near the lower river include (from upstream to downstream) Copperopolis , Knights Ferry, East Oakdale , Oakdale, Riverbank, Escalon , Salida and Ripon. The 60-mile (97 km) long lower river has been modified extensively not only by water diversions, but by channelization and levee construction to drain wetlands and prevent floods. Most of

11712-552: The project, saying that it was too big, a waste of federal money, and the reservoir would never fill. There was also concern that the Bureau of Reclamation was attempting a "water grab" that would take the extra water to meet obligations outside the Stanislaus River Basin. However, after the Christmas flood of 1964 caused massive destruction along the Stanislaus River, New Melones gained political support. After federal funding

11834-412: The public. In the United States, each state holds the land submerged by navigable waters in trust for the public and can establish a public right to access or recreate within these public waterways. Again, this "water right" is not an individual right, but rather a public right and individual privilege which may include restrictions and limitations based on local laws. The Fifth and Eleventh Amendment to

11956-565: The region as thus: "On no part of the Continent over which I had been or since have traveled was so numerous an Indian population subsisting upon the natural products of the soil and waters as in the San Joaquin Valley." Although the Spanish Empire claimed California in the 1770s, much of the Central Valley, then a huge expanse of swamps and rivers, remained unexplored by the Spanish for several decades thereafter. The first Spaniards to encounter

12078-487: The reservoir, it is joined by the smaller South Fork , which descends for 42 miles (68 km) from the Sierra Nevada to the east. Much of State Route 108 (the Sonora Pass Highway) runs parallel to the South Fork, as well as the upper part of the Middle Fork, linking a number of small communities in the upper Stanislaus basin. At the lower end of New Melones Lake is the 625-foot (191 m) tall New Melones Dam ,

12200-474: The right to continue to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses", regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse. "[A]s between appropriators, the rule of priority is 'first in time, first in right. ' " The 20th century system of prior appropriation water rights is characterized by five principles: Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such as maintaining

12322-404: The right to remove the water – for drinking or irrigation – or to add more water into the channel – for drainage or effluence. Under riparian law, water rights are subject to the test of "reasonable use". The judiciary has defined "reasonable use" principle as follows: "the true test of the principle and extent of the use is whether it is to the injury of

12444-399: The riparian doctrine, landowners had the right to receive water undiminished by upstream landowners. Over time, rights evolved from being strictly land-based to also include use-based, allowing non-landowners to hold enforceable rights to receive clean water. A reasonable use rule evolved in some countries. In Finland , waterbodies are generally privately owned, but Finland also applies

12566-403: The river and filled the reservoir in under two years, a process originally projected to take eight years. In June 1983 New Melones Lake hit its highest level on record, nearly flowing over the emergency spillway. The floods demonstrated the value of the dam in preventing $ 50 million of property damage and capturing a huge volume of water that would otherwise have flowed into the ocean, prompting

12688-551: The river bed to be discovered later during the California Gold Rush. The lower course of the river is geologically young, dating to no earlier than the Holocene ; the river has continually cut new channels through its sediments and filled in older ones, creating a sequence of river terraces . Most of the erosion that shaped the modern Stanislaus River basin is believed to have occurred during glacial and interglacial periods in

12810-553: The river the "Appelamminy". On May 20, Smith and two other men set out along the Laquisimes to attempt a crossing of the Sierra Nevada. About a week later, after having made their way up the rugged North Fork canyon, they crossed Ebbetts Pass , becoming the first people of European descent to cross the Sierra. There was considerable native resistance to the Spanish mission program, which continued after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Most escaped Native Americans fled to

12932-506: The river until 1972, when work began on the federal New Melones Dam which would replace and submerge the original 1926 Melones Dam. Starting in the 1940s, the federal government had also sought to build a high dam at the Melones site. The Flood Control Act of 1944 authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a flood control structure with about four times the capacity of the irrigation districts' dam. However, they were unable to provide

13054-412: The river's normal flow of 1.1 million acre feet (1.4 km ). About 3.9 million acre feet (4.8 km ) are considered "consumptive use" water rights, meaning that the water would not be returned to the river. Most of the other rights are for "non-consumptive" uses such as hydropower generation. Not all of these rights are in use today (many belong to defunct mining or power companies). Water rights on

13176-539: The river. The entire mining camp of Dry Diggings (near today's Placerville ), about 200 men in all, packed up and headed south to the Stanislaus River, and as news spread throughout the Gold Country, hundreds more arrived. Many miners traveling from the eastern United States arrived in California via the Sonora Pass , at the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the Stanislaus River. By 1849, as many as 10,000 miners had reached

13298-485: The state of California to lift the temporary limit. Since then, New Melones has struggled to fulfill its obligations to downstream water users; during droughts, the irrigation districts and the federal government have frequently fought over its water. One of the conditions of New Melones' construction was that the OID and SSJID be guaranteed the 600,000 acre-feet (0.74 km ) of water rights they had held since 1913. However,

13420-412: The total area and supplies a commensurate proportion of the river flow. Stretching from the foothill to alpine regions of the Sierra Nevada, it consists of rugged narrow canyons and ridges with an average local relief of 2,000 feet (610 m) or more from river to rim. Much of the watershed is at high elevation, with 40 percent of the total area above winter snow line . The average precipitation in

13542-430: The two districts. After almost ten years of construction, Donnells and Beardsley Dam were completed in 1957, and Tulloch Dam completed in 1958. The three dams combined could store 230,400 acre-feet (0.2842 km ), more than tripling the water storage capacity on the Stanislaus River, and increased the reliable annual supply to almost 570,000 acre-feet (0.70 km ). These were the last major water projects completed on

13664-482: The two districts. In the early years, maintaining a sufficient water supply in the summer was nearly impossible, because the Sierra snowpack usually melts out by mid-June. Agriculture relied heavily on wells in the late summer when the river was low, and this could only support about 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of crops. The lower Stanislaus River was often completely dry in the summertime due to water diversions. The irrigation districts desperately needed water storage for

13786-404: The upper Stanislaus were sculpted by ice, such as the Clark Fork valley and the Middle Fork valley at Donnell Lake. Humans first arrived in the Sierra Nevada of present-day California more than 10,000 years ago. The remains of a Native American dwelling near the Stanislaus River, an oval-shaped site about 12 feet (3.7 m) in width, is estimated by archaeologists to be about 9,500 years old and

13908-421: The upper basin as a whole is 46.8 inches (1,190 mm). The vast majority of the upper basin is either undeveloped or commercial timber land, with very small areas of agriculture, ranching, and mountain meadows above the tree line. The higher elevations are mostly federal Forest Service land and designated wilderness, while the middle elevations are a patchwork of state, federal and privately owned land. Much of

14030-478: The volcanic material that had filled the ancestral canyon. This orogeny coincided with a second period of volcanic activity, during which lava flows displaced the Stanislaus River course several times where it flows through the foothills, causing it to carve new canyons through underlying sedimentary rock. The lava flows are today known as the Stanislaus Formation, and are most visible as the caprock layer of

14152-448: The water right holder. In ancient Rome , the law was that people could obtain temporary usufructuary rights for running water. These rights were independent of land ownership, and lasted as long as use continued. Under English common law, all tidal waters were held by the Crown and all freshwater streams were included with title to the lands, with full accompanying rights. However, under

14274-442: Was approved, construction started in 1966. The New Melones project is well known for a legal battle between environmentalists, the state of California and the federal government which began in the 1970s as recreational whitewater rafting exploded in popularity. The Stanislaus was for a time the most popular run in the western United States, and was valued for the spectacular scenery along its rugged limestone canyons. Friends of

14396-494: Was believed to be the last known timber scissors truss in the United States. Both the resort and the bridge were destroyed in the 2018 Donnell Fire . There was also extensive logging done throughout the foothill area of the Stanislaus watershed, and several narrow gauge railroads penetrated into the foothills, including the Sugar Pine Railway or Strawberry Branch, which followed the Stanislaus' South Fork. Another line,

14518-412: Was built the annual flow between 1978 and 2013 was 855 cubic feet per second (24.2 m /s). The highest peak before 1978 was 62,500 cubic feet per second (1,770 m /s) on December 24, 1955, and the lowest monthly mean was 0.635 cubic feet per second (0.0180 m /s) in August 1977. After the dam was built, the highest peak was 7,320 cubic feet per second (207 m /s) on February 28, 1997, and

14640-544: Was completed in 1978. In May 1979 environmental activist Mark Dubois chained himself to a boulder in the Stanislaus Canyon, forcing federal authorities to either stop filling the lake or drown him. As a result, the state of California under Governor Jerry Brown (who also objected to New Melones on economic grounds) issued a temporary limit in November 1980 to keep the lake level below Parrott's Ferry Bridge, which marked

14762-579: Was pardoned by the Mexican government. However, the Mexicans never again attempted to control the eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley, and the Laquisimes River was renamed the Stanislaus in Estanislao's honor. An unintended, but destructive consequence of European arrival was the introduction of foreign diseases. It is believed that a Hudson's Bay Company trapping expedition inadvertently introduced malaria into

14884-472: Was the optimal volume for fulfilling demands along the Stanislaus without losing too much water to evaporation and flood releases. The federal government and some agencies which stood to benefit from the new dam derided the decision, arguing that to not fill the already completed dam was a waste of money and water. Heated debate continued until the 1982–1983 water years, California's wettest back-to-back seasons on record, when massive storms and snowpack swelled

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