Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials , and nearly all annuals and biennials .
18-451: Microseris is a genus of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae , plants that often called composites. They are native to North America , South America , Australia , and New Zealand . Plants in the genus can either be annuals or perennials . Perennial plants in Microseris usually have a taproot or a caudex with the exception of Microseris borealis , which
36-557: A taxonomic unit , calling it the "13th class of the plant kingdom". He only assigned taxa to it that are still regarded part of the Cichorieae today. Sébastien Vaillant gave this group the name "Cichoracées" in 1723. Since the name predates the start of the Linnean nomenclature in 1753, it is not valid , but Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle used the name Cichorieae in
54-502: A strap-shaped corolla with five teeth at its tip), a rare character that is further present only in the genera Catamixis , Glossarion , Hyaloseris ( Mutisieae ), and Fitchia ( Heliantheae ). However, recently the genera Gundelia and Warionia have been included in the Cichorieae, and those two genera have heads containing only disk flowers. In his Elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoître les plantes of 1694, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort first described this group as
72-1029: A tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Cichorieae all have milky latex and flowerheads that only contain one type of floret . The genera Gundelia and Warionia only have disk florets , while all other genera only have ligulate florets . The genera that contain most species are Taraxacum (Crepidinae subtribe) with about 1,600 apomictic species, Hieracium with about 770 sexually reproducing and 5,200 apomictic species, and Pilosella with 110 sexually reproducing and 700 apomictic species (both Hieraciinae). Well-known members include lettuce , chicory , dandelion , and salsify . Most species are herbaceous , perennial , short-lived or annual plants , rarely subshrubs , shrubs or vines . All Cichorieae-species have latex canals in both
90-405: A woody stem, allowing plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients over longer distances within the plant body. Since most woody plants are perennials with a longer life cycle because it takes more time and more resources (nutrients and water) to produce persistently living lignified woody stems, they are not as able to colonize open and dry ground as rapidly as herbs. The surface of herbs
108-475: Is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants that have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees , shrubs , vines and woody bamboos . Banana plants are also regarded as herbaceous plants because the stem does not contain true woody tissue. Some herbaceous plants can grow rather large, such as
126-461: Is rhizomatous . The leaves are mostly or entirely basal , growing very near the surface of the soil rather than being held on stems above ground level. When blooming the flowers are alone on the top of stems and are held upright when blooming and when producing seeds. The flowers are shades of orange or yellow with a superficial resemblance to dandelions . There is currently disagreement about which species should be placed in Microseris . Plants of
144-400: Is a catalyst for dew, which in arid climates and seasons is the main type of precipitation and is necessary for the survival of vegetation, i.e. in arid areas, herbaceous plants are a generator of precipitation and the basis of an ecosystem. Most of the water vapor that turns into dew comes from the air, not the soil or clouds. The taller the herb ( surface area is the main factor though),
162-661: Is also the classification in PLANTS and FNA. The other species classified by PLANTS and FNA as Nothocalais are Microseris alpestris ( N. alpestris ), Microseris cuspidata ( N. cuspidata ), and Microseris troximoides ( N. troximoides ). According to POWO Microseris contains the following 22 species: Cichorieae Chondrillinae Cichoriinae Crepidinae Hieraciinae Hyoseridinae Hypochaeridinae Lactucinae Microseridinae Scolyminae Scorzonerinae Warioniinae Lactuceae Cassini The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae ) are
180-587: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines "herb" as: The same dictionary defines "herbaceous" as: Botanical sources differ from each other on the definition of "herb". For instance, the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation includes the condition "when persisting over more than one growing season, the parts of the shoot dying back seasonally". Some orchids, such as species of Phalaenopsis , are described in some sources (including
198-746: The Synopsis Plantarium in Flora Gallica Descriptarum , published in 1806. The name Lactuceae that was cioned by Henri Cassini in 1819, comprises the same group of taxa and is thus a synonym . Obviously, over the centuries since the group was first identified, numerous new taxa have been described that are now included in the Cichorieae, and the group has been divided in different subgroups using various morphological character states by authors such as Cassini, David Don , Christian Friedrich Lessing , A.P. De Candolle, George Bentham and Karl August Otto Hoffmann . Genetic analysis has increased
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#1732851735171216-711: The World Online (POWO) synonymizes genus Nothocalais into Microseris . While the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS), World Flora Online (WFO), the Global Compositae Database (GCD), and Flora of North America (FNA) continue to list Nothocalais as a separate genus as of 2023. The only species classified by WFO in Nothocalais is Microseris nigrescens as Nothocalais nigrescens , which
234-404: The analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem . Herbaceous plants do not produce perennializing above-ground structures using lignin , which is a complex phenolic polymer deposited in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and hydrophobicity to secondary cell walls creating
252-860: The authoritative Plants of the World Online ) as "herbs" but with "leaves persistent or sometimes deciduous". In the glossary of Flora of the Sydney Region , Roger Charles Carolin defines "herb" as a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" as meaning "herb-like, referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture". Herbaceous plants include graminoids , forbs , and ferns . Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad-leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including true grasses , sedges, and rushes. Herbaceous plants most often are low-growing plants, different from woody plants like trees and shrubs , tending to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth
270-609: The genus Musa , to which the banana belongs. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants (especially annuals) are pioneers , or early-successional species. Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests , or in naturally open habitats such as meadow , salt marsh or desert . Some habitats, like grasslands and prairies and savannas , are dominated by herbaceous plants along with aquatic environments like ponds , streams and lakes . The age of some herbaceous perennial plants can be determined by herbchronology ,
288-1183: The insight in the phylogenetic relationships between the Cichorieae. The following trees together represent those insights. subtribe Cichoriinae subtribe Microseridinae subtribe Hieraciinae subtribe Crepidinae subtribe Chondrillinae subtribe Hypochaeridinae subtribe Hyoseridinae subtribe Lactucinae subtribe Scolyminae subtribe Scorzonerinae subtribe Warioniinae subtribes Cichoriinae, Hieraciinae and Microseridinae subtribes Chondrillinae, Crepidinae, Hyoseridinae, Hypochaeridinae and Lactucinae Gundelia tournefortii Catananche Scolymus Hymenonema Epilasia Tragopogon Koelpinia Pterachaenia stewartii Geropogon hybridus Podospermum Scorzonera Takhtajaniantha pusilla Tourneuxia Lasiospora Warionia saharae Aposeris foetida Hyoseris Reichardia Launaea Sonchus Garhadiolus Lagoseriopsis Heteracia szovitsii Heteroderis pusilla Syncalathium Hololeion Nabalus Soroseris Acanthocephalus Ixeris Herbaceous plant The fourth edition of
306-517: The more dew it produces, so a short cut of the herbs necessitates watering. For example, if you frequently and shortly cut the grass without watering in an arid zone, then desertification occurs. Most herbaceous plants have a perennial (85%) life cycle but some are annual (15%) or biennial (<1%). Annual plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at
324-536: The roots, stems and leaves, and this occurs to be a unique character among the Asteraceae, although latex as such occurs rather widespread in this family. The leaves are in a rosette or alternately set along the stem, but this is the dominant situation in the Asteraceae. The only exception in the Cichorieae are the opposite lower leaves of Shinnersoseris . Traditionally, the Cichorieae consisted of taxa with flowerheads only containing bisexual ligulate florets (having
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