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56-618: Meänkieli is especially similar to the Kven language and the Finnish dialects spoken on the Finnish side of the border and is strongly mutually integible with them, although Meänkieli contains strong influences from Swedish and has conserved some archaic features which even the Northern Finnish dialects have lost. Meänkieli is distinguished from Standard Finnish by the absence of 19th- and 20th-century developments in Finnish. Before 1809, all of what

112-551: A department. Stockholm University offers courses at both undergraduate and advanced level. There are 190 study programmes in total, including 75 master's programmes taught in English, and 1,700 courses to choose from within human science and science. Students can choose between studying one or more free-standing courses, that each may last between five weeks and one semester, or apply for a full study programme. Stockholm university offers 4 Bachelor Programmes taught in English, which are

168-458: A large extent still are). The area where Meänkieli is spoken that is now northern Sweden (apart from the linguistically Sami and Swedish parts of this geographical area), formed a dialect continuum within the Realm of Sweden . Since the area east of Torne River was ceded to Russia in 1809, the language spoken on the western side of it developed in partial isolation from standard Finnish. In 1826,

224-561: A letter š /ʃ/ was added into Meänkieli, instead of the Swedish letters sj. 1) There exists often either the omission of the d sound (in native words) or its replacement with t (in loanwords): 2) In certain environments, gemination (doubling of consonants) occurs, which differs from standard Finnish: Instead of ts clusters, there is tt (similar to western Finnish dialects): Some consonant clusters have assimilated into geminates: jokka 'who' (Finnish: jotka) Meänkieli often has

280-507: A minority language; it is only protected under Part II. This means that the culture and language are barely protected under this charter and, with the language dying out, the Norwegian Kven Association deems it important that the language be moved to Part III. The Norwegian Kven Organization was established in 1987. The organization currently (2024) has over 1200 members and about fifteen local branches. The members report to

336-490: A slight advantage in understanding Kven speakers, as opposed to the other way around. Stockholm University Stockholm University ( SU ) ( Swedish : Stockholms universitet ) is a public research university in Stockholm , Sweden , founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it

392-525: Is a Finnic language or a group of Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people . For political and historical reasons, it received the status of a minority language in 2005 within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . However, it is seen by some as a mutually intelligible dialect of the Finnish language , and grouped together with

448-559: Is a trilingual author from the Torne Valley. In 1985 he wrote the first Meänkieli novel, Lyykeri . He has also written several novels, dramas, grammar books, songs and films in Meänkieli. The author Mikael Niemi 's novels and a film based on one of his books in Swedish have improved awareness of this minority among Swedes. Since the 1980s, people who speak Meänkieli have become more aware of

504-608: Is declining. Few young people speak Meänkieli as part of daily life though many have passive knowledge of the language from family use, and it is not uncommon for younger people from Meänkieli-speaking families to be more familiar with standard Finnish, for which literature and courses are much more readily available. The language is taught at Stockholm University , Luleå University of Technology , Umeå University , and Babeș-Boylai University in Romania. In 2020, Oulu University began teaching translators in Meänkieli and Kven. Bengt Pohjanen

560-545: Is freely available. Today, most speakers of Kven are found in two places in Norway: Storfjord Municipality and Porsanger Municipality . A few speakers can be found other places, such as Bugøynes , Neiden , Vestre Jakobselv , Vadsø , and Nordreisa . In northeastern Norway, mainly around Varanger Fjord , the spoken language is quite similar to standard Finnish , whereas the Kven spoken west of Alta , due to

616-532: Is now established as a renowned marine research center. Tarfala research station belongs to the Department of Physical Geography. The station is located 1135 meters above sea level in Tarfaladalen, on the east side of Kebnekaise in arctic / alpine surroundings and conducts glaciological, hydrological, meteorological and climatological research. The station has the capacity to accommodate groups of up to 25 people and

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672-582: Is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia . Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university . As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large. The initiative for the formation of Stockholm University was taken by the Stockholm City Council. The process

728-414: Is represented in writing by ⟨n⟩ if followed by /k/ , and ⟨ng⟩ if geminated; i.e., ⟨nk⟩ /ŋk/ and ⟨ng⟩ /ŋː/ . Gemination is indicated in writing by doubling the letter; e.g., ⟨mm⟩ for /mː/ and ⟨ll⟩ for /lː/ . Just like in Finnish, Kven has many noun cases. In Kven, the third person plural verb ending uses

784-565: Is similar to that of Finnish . However, Kven and Finnish diverge in the phonemic realization of some words. While Standard Finnish has been replacing /ð/ with /d/ , it is retained in Kven. For instance, the word syöđä ('to eat') in Kven is syödä in Finnish. In addition, due to loanwords, the sound /ʃ/ is much more common in Kven than in Finnish: for example, Kven prošekti ('project'), compared to Finnish projekti . Kven has 16 vowels , if one includes vowel length : In writing,

840-400: Is today Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The language border went west of the Torne Valley area, so the upper section of today's Sweden (about 10% by area), was historically Finnish speaking (just like most areas along the eastern coast of the southern part of Gulf of Bothnia , areas that were ceded to Russia and are part of modern Finland, were historically Swedish speaking , and to

896-465: Is very similar to Finnish, with some variations such as the aspiration of consonants before long vowels. Meänkieli is an agglutinative language with fifteen noun cases. It contains consonant gradation and vowel harmony, just like Finnish. It contains four verb tenses, which are the present, imperfect, perfect and the pluperfect. It does not have a separate tense for future events. B, C, D, G, W, X, Z, and Å are only used in foreign words and names. in 2016

952-998: The Gällivare dialects (spoken around Gällivare ), which all descend from the larger Peräpohjola dialect group. The Torne Valley dialects are the most major variant group of Meänkieli, and the written standard language of Meänkieli is primarily derived from the Torne Valley dialects spoken in Pajala and Övertorneå. However, the Lannankieli and Gällivare variants are more severely endangered. All three dialectgroups are mutually intelligible with each other, however they contain some lexical differences. Meänkieli has an official status in: Pajala , Övertorneå , Haparanda , Gällivare , Luleå , Kalix , Kiruna , Umeå and Stockholm . Meänkieli has also been historically spoken in Piteå , Boden , Älvsbyn and northeastern Jokkmokk municipality . The grammar of Meänkieli

1008-668: The Peräpohjola dialects such as Meänkieli , spoken in Torne Valley in Sweden . While it is often considered a dialect in Finland, it is officially recognized as a minority language in Norway and many Kven consider it a separate language. There are about 1,500 to 10,000 known native speakers of this language, most of whom are over the age of 60. Middle-aged speakers tend to have a passing knowledge of

1064-518: The Stockholm Metro . The commuter train line Roslagsbanan also stop close to the main campus, at Universitetet railway station . SL buses 50, 540, 608, 624C, 628C, 639, 670 676, 680, 690, 691, 696 and 699 can also be used to get to the campus. The Computer Science campus, Kista, also is close to an underground station called Kista . It is also located close to the pendeltåg station Helenelund , only one or two stops (depending on bus line) from

1120-635: The U.S. News & World Report Rankings , Stockholm University was ranked 114 overall in the world in 2021, 4 in Sweden and 43 within Europe. In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022, Stockholm University was placed at 343 on the list of universities in the world. The main part of Stockholm University is in the Frescati area, which extends from the Bergius Botanical Garden in the north to Sveaplan in

1176-713: The University of Oulu ), the independent status of Meänkieli is important to many of its speakers as it has increased its linguistic prestige which has been historically very low due to the process of Swedification , thus helping to create a stronger cultural identity for the Tornedalians . In Sweden, Meänkieli consists of three dialect subgroups, the Torne Valley dialects (spoken in Pajala , Övertorneå , Haparanda and parts of Kiruna ), Lannankieli (spoken in Kiruna and Jukkasjärvi ) and

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1232-869: The Bachelor´s Programme in Business, Ethics and Sustainability; Bachelor Programme in Latin America Studies; Bachelor´s Programme in International Business and Politics and the Bachelor´s Programme in Earth Science, Distance Learning. Besides the programmes themselves, the university also offers opportunities for foreign exchange studies during the third year of a bachelor’s degree programme. The university has cooperative agreements with more than 100 universities worldwide. The university's researchers engage in governmental investigations, are active in

1288-503: The Internet. Individuals who agree with the classification of Meänkieli as a separate language generally do so for historical, political and sociological reasons, usually pointing to its separate history, cultural meaning, official status, and its standardised written language that is distinct from standard Finnish. However, on pure linguistic grounds, Meänkieli may be classified as a group of Northern Peräpohjola dialects of Finnish. Although

1344-485: The Kven culture and language at the University of Tromsø , and in 2007 the Kven language board was formed at the Kven institute , a national centre for Kven language and culture in Børselv , Norway . The council developed a written standard Kven language, using Finnish orthography to maintain inter-Finnish language understanding. The grammar, written in Kven, was published in 2014. A Norwegian translation published in 2017

1400-547: The Kven language. Norway saw the Kvens as a kind of a threat to Norwegian society and the attempt to assimilate the Kvens was much stronger than with the Sámi people . The Kven Assembly was formed in 2007 and plans to standardize a Kven written language. The term Kven first appeared in Ohthere 's tales from the 800s, along with the terms Finn and Norwegian . The area that the Kvens lived in

1456-651: The Teacher's College's Student Union on transferring its members to it, as it already has a teacher's division. In contrast to common belief, DISK is not an abbreviation. In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020, an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy/ Academic Ranking of World Universities , Stockholm University was placed as the 69th overall best university worldwide. The Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2018 listed Stockholm University at position 134 on

1512-456: The admission of students. Education and research at Stockholm University is carried out within the natural sciences and the humanities/social sciences. Within these fields, there are four faculties with 56 departments, institutes and centers within the humanities, law, natural sciences and social sciences. Research and training also takes place at a number of centers and institutes with a separate governing board, but that organisationally belong to

1568-460: The area's close ties to the Torne Valley area along the border between Finland and Sweden, is more closely related to the Meänkieli spoken there. In government report from 2005, the number of people speaking Kven in Norway is estimated to be between 2,000 and 8,000, depending on the criteria used, though few young people speak it, which is a major obstacle to its survival . The phonology of Kven

1624-498: The border speaking the language of the neighbouring country rather than the major language in their own country might not be trusted in case of war. Another reason was that Finns (primarily eastern Finns) were sometimes regarded as being of another "race." An opinion of that period, as reflected in contemporary fiction, was that the Sami and the Finnish populations belonged "more closely to Russia than to Scandinavia". Beginning around this time,

1680-464: The computer and system science students and the teacher students have their own, independent, student unions called DISK and "The Teacher's College's Student Union" (Lärarhögskolans studentkår) . The law students also have their own student union, as do journalism students ( Studentkåren vid JMK ). The future of the Teacher's College's Student Union is however not entirely safe, as Stockholm University's Student Union has declared it will begin talks with

1736-443: The creation of the 1809 border has moved Meänkieli into its own direction by increasing Swedish influences and keeping some archaic features, Meänkieli is still very comprehensible for speakers of Finnish, especially due to the fact that Swedish is taught as a mandatory subject in Finland, causing the heavy Swedish influence in Meänkieli to not cause as many problems for comprehension. However, according to Harri Mantila (a professor at

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1792-639: The dominant everyday language in the region, the language has impacted modern Meänkieli in some ways. Meänkieli also contains many words which have different meanings in Finnish and Meänkieli, yet sound similar. An example is the word "pyörtyä", which means 'to get lost' in Meänkieli, but it refers to fainting in Finnish. This example is taken from the Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore : Kven language Kven ( kvääni or kväänin kieli ; kainu or kainun kieli ; Finnish : kveeni or kveenin kieli ; Norwegian : kvensk )

1848-430: The first Kven language and culture plan. They are skilled at making plans. For example, they have a library plan, transport plan and physical activity plan. In the above sample, some Kven terms are shared with not only Norwegian, but also Swedish (e.g. biblioteek ( bibliotek ), transport , kommuun ( kommun ), and plaan ( plan , alternate term for planering/planera )), giving Finns who learned Swedish at school

1904-410: The following year, actual operations began. In 1878, the university college Stockholms högskola started its operations with a series of lectures on natural sciences, open to curious citizens (a tradition still upheld by yearly publicly open lectures). Notable in the university's early history is the appointment of Sofia Kovalevskaya to hold a chair in the mathematics department in 1889, making her

1960-469: The geminate vv : 3) Verb conjugation endings: -mma ~ -mmä, -tta ~ -ttä, -pi 4) Past participle: The Finnish syönyt form corresponds to syönny in Meänkieli (not present in all dialects). 5) In certain loanwords, Meänkieli has the sound y under the influence of Swedish, while Finnish uses the sound u : 6) In loanwords, Meänkieli has preserved the f sound, whereas in Finnish it has often become v : 7) In loanwords, Meänkieli often uses

2016-516: The government about the history and rights of the Kven people. The members also try and highlight Kven news by advancing Kven media coverage. The organization has also been pushing the Norwegian government to establish a state secretary for Kven issues. Moving the language of Kven into kindergarten classrooms, as well as all other education levels is also a forefront issue that the organization is aiming to tackle. Since 2006, it has been possible to study

2072-586: The importance of the language as a marker of identity. Today there are grammar books, a Bible translation, drama performances, and there are some TV programmes in Meänkieli. On radio, programmes in Meänkieli are broadcast regularly from regional station P4 Norrbotten (as well as local station P6 in Stockholm) on Mondays to Thursdays between 17:10 and 18:00, while on Sundays further programmes are carried by P6 between 8:34 and 10:00 (also on P2 nationwide from 8:34 to 9:00). All of these programmes are also available via

2128-416: The language. They use it occasionally, but not frequently enough to keep it off the endangered list. People under the age of 30 rarely speak or know the language. However, children in the community of Børselv can learn Kven in their primary schools. Because of fears of Finnish expansion into Norway, there were attempts of assimilating of the Kven people into Norwegian society and to make the Kvens give up

2184-457: The late 1700s. After Gustav III's trip to Italy in 1783–84, several places at Brunnsviken were given Italian names. Stockholm University has another campus in Kista , which houses the Department of computer and systems sciences. There are many ways to get to Stockholm University. The main campus Frescati is located near the underground railway station Universitetet metro station , on the red line of

2240-1012: The list of the world's top universities. Times Higher Education World University Rankings are annual university rankings published by British Times Higher Education (THE) magazine. In the QS World University Rankings , Stockholm University was ranked 148 overall in the world in 2021. Its subject rankings were: 23rd in Environmental Sciences, 37th in Sociology, 98th in Natural Sciences, 132nd in Arts & Humanities, 238th in Life Sciences & Medicine, 297th in Engineering and Technology, and 175th in Social Sciences and Management. In

2296-402: The media, provide responses to proposed legislation and are included in several Nobel committees and international expert bodies. Stockholm University Marine Research center (SMF) provides "Askö Laboratory", where Research on ecosystems, ecology and the impact of human interference is carried out. The field station was built in 1961 by Professor Lars Silén, Head of the Department of Zoology, and

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2352-530: The northern parts of Sweden understand some Meänkieli, but fewer people speak it regularly. People with Meänkieli roots are often referred to as Tornedalians although the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten is a far larger area than the Torne River Valley ; judging by the names of towns and places, the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten stretches as far west as the town of Gällivare . Today Meänkieli

2408-803: The passive form. The letter h is also very common in Kven; there are rules on where it is used. According to Katriina Pedersen, most differences with Kven and Standard Finnish are in vocabulary, for example Finnish auto 'car', in Kven is piili (from Norwegian bil ). Tromssan fylkinkomuuni oon saanu valmhiiksi mailman ensimäisen kainun kielen ja kulttuurin plaanan. Se oon seppä tekemhään plaanoi. Heilä oon esimerkiksi biblioteekkiplaana, transporttiplaana ja fyysisen aktiviteetin plaana. Tromssan läänikunta on saanut valmiiksi maailman ensimmäisen kveenin kielen ja kulttuurin suunnitelman. Se on taitava tekemään suunnitelmia. Heillä on esimerkiksi kirjastosuunnitelma, liikennesuunnitelma ja fyysisten aktiviteettien suunnitelma. prepared

2464-445: The schools in the area only taught in Swedish, and children were forbidden under penalty of physical punishment from speaking their own language at school even during class breaks. Native Finnish speakers were prevented by the authorities from learning Standard Finnish as a school subject for decades, which resulted in the survival of the language only in oral form. When minority languages first became taught in Swedish schools, Meänkieli

2520-551: The sound u under the influence of Swedish, while Finnish uses the sound o : 8) The verb olla (to be) is sometimes combined with personal pronouns in the spoken form of Meänkieli: 9) Meänkieli often uses the ending -tten in plural genitives: 10) Personal pronouns. Personal pronouns in Meänkieli somewhat differ from those used in standard Finnish: 11) Meänkieli often uses the "š" sound in loanwords due to Swedish influence. The Swedish language words are in parentheses in case of borrowed cognates. With Swedish being

2576-519: The south. It is located in the world's first national urban park and the area is characterized by nature, architecture and modern art, featuring such notable buildings as the Aula Magna (auditorium). Within Frescati, the areas Albano, the Bergius Botanical Garden , Frescati Backe, Frescati Hage, Kräftriket, Lilla Frescati and Sveaplan are located. The names of many of these areas have a history dating back to

2632-647: The staff consists of 2–5 people. Tovetorp Zoological Research Station belongs to the Department of Zoology, and is located about 95 km southwest of Stockholm. It conducts research and training activities in ecology and ethology. Every year Tovetorp is visited by up to 600 students who live and study between 2–10 days on the station. On the research side, over 20 people work today with different research projects. The number of employees are currently 6 people. Prior to 2008, Stockholm University had only one student union called Stockholm University Student Union (Stockholm universitets studentkår, SUS) . However, since 2008

2688-671: The state Church of Sweden appointed the priest and amateur botanist Lars Levi Laestadius to be the Vicar over the Karesuando parish, which is situated along the Muonio River north of the Arctic Circle on the border of Finland in Swedish Lapland . In the 1880s, the Swedish state decided that all citizens of the country should speak Swedish. Part of the reason was military; people close to

2744-755: The term "Meänkieli" was applied to the form of speech, which was called "Tornedalian Finnish" before. On April 1, 2000, Meänkieli became one of the now five nationally recognized minority languages of Sweden, which means it can be used for some communication with local and regional authorities in the communities along the Finnish border. Its minority language status applies in designated local communities and areas, not throughout Sweden. Few people today speak Meänkieli as their only language, with speakers usually knowing Swedish and often standard Finnish as well. Estimates of how many people speak Meänkieli vary from 30,000 to 70,000, of whom most live in Norrbotten . Many people in

2800-433: The third female professor in Europe. In 1904 the college became an official degree-granting institution. In 1960, the college was granted university status, becoming Sweden's fourth state university. The university premises were situated in central Stockholm at Observatorielunden but increased enrollment resulted in a lack of space, which required the university campus to be shifted to a bigger facility. Since 1970 most of

2856-537: The university operations are located at the main campus at Frescati north of the city center, the former Experimentalfältet, previously used by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry . Stockholm University is a state agency and is governed by decisions taken by the government and parliament. The university has the right, within the limits the government provides, to decide on many issues such as their internal organization, educational provision and

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2912-407: The vowel length is indicated by doubling the letter; e.g., ⟨yy⟩ /yː/ and ⟨öö⟩ /øː/ . The graphemes representing /ø/ , /æ/ and /ɑ/ are ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨a⟩ , respectively. Kven has 14 consonants found in native vocabulary , and 4 consonants found in loanwords : /b, d, ɡ, ʃ/ are only found in loanwords. /ŋ/

2968-592: Was called Kvenland. They originally settled in Kvenland, which also expanded into the flat areas of the Bay of Bothnia . As the Kven community continued to grow and develop a long standing culture, the Norwegian state deemed the Kvens taxpayers and the term Kven soon became an ethnic term. In 1992, the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages was enacted to protect regional and minority languages. It included Kven as

3024-584: Was completed after a decision in December 1865 regarding the establishment of a fund and a committee to "establish a higher education institution in the capital". The nine members of the committee were respected and prominent citizens whose work had helped the evolution of science and society. The next important step was taken in October 1869, when the Stockholm University College Association

3080-581: Was established. Several members of the committee became members of the association – including Professor Pehr Henrik Malmsten. The association's mission was to establish a college in Stockholm and would "not be dissolved until the college came into being and its future could be considered secure." The memorandum of the Stockholm University College was adopted in May 1877, and in the autumn semester of

3136-408: Was still classified by Sweden as a form of Finnish and children who spoke it natively were taught the standard Finnish literary language in school instead of their more native Tornedalian variant, causing the students to become demotivated. However, in 1977 some schools began to make materials specifically designed for speakers of Meänkieli which did not use standard Finnish. This was also the first time

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