The Mezhraiontsy (Russian: межрайонцы , IPA: [mʲɪʐrɐˈjɵnt͡sɨ] ), usually translated as the "Interdistrictites," were members of a small independent faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), which existed between 1913 and 1917. Although the organization's formal name was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Internationalists) , the names "Mezhraionka" for the organization and "Mezhraiontsy" for its participants were commonly used to indicate the group's intermediate ideological position between the rival Menshevik and Bolshevik wings of the divided RSDLP.
19-697: The Mezhraiontsy merged with the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Russian social democrats had been split into numerous factions along political and ethnic lines since at least 1903 when the original divisions between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks arose. After the defeat of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , both the Bolshevik and the Menshevik factions split into smaller factions. In January 1912,
38-506: A centrist position between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. At the outbreak of World War I in July–August 1914 and the subsequent change of St. Petersburg's name to "Petrograd", the faction lines within the RSDLP were drastically redrawn over the issue of support for the war. Those who supported the war were called "Defensists", and those who were opposed to it were called "Defeatists". Most members of
57-638: The Russian Civil War , Manuilsky worked in the People's Commissariat for Food , before being sent to Ukraine, where Lenin assigned him the task of organising the peasant population around Kharkiv to defeat the White Army of Anton Denikin . In January 1919, he and Inessa Armand were sent to Paris, in the hope they could stoke a revolution in France, but he was arrested and deported. He was People's Commissar for Food in
76-727: The Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1904. During the 1905 revolution he was assigned by the Bolsheviks to the naval base in Kronstadt where he took part in the naval revolt in July. Arrested, he was held in Kronstadt prison in 1905–06, then exiled, but escaped, arriving in Kiev and then, in 1907, to Paris. There he aligned with the ultra-left group led by Alexander Bogdanov , who challenged Lenin for
95-775: The Bolshevik one was called RSDRP(b) and the Menshevik one RSDLP(m). As a result of the developments, by late 1912 there were two separate social democratic organizations in St. Petersburg , the capital of the Russian Empire . The Bolsheviks had their "St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks)", and the "August Bloc" supporters had their "Initiative Group of the RSDLP". Some St. Petersburg social democrats were unhappy with that split and created an alternative organization that would, they hoped, eventually unite all fragments of revolutionary social democracy in Russia. The only exception that they made
114-569: The Mezhraionka, as well as Lenin and some Mensheviks, adopted an anti-war position, and by late 1915, the organization had 60-80 members. Growing popular disillusionment with the war caused, by the time the February Revolution of 1917 broke out, the organization to have 400-500 members. Mezhraionka members were active in Petrograd during the revolution by seizing a printing plant and publishing
133-567: The Petrograd district councils in May–June 1917, the IDO and Bolsheviks formed a bloc. The Mezhraionka, with about 4,000 members, merged with the Bolsheviks at the 6th Congress of the RSDLP in late July to early August 1917 in which both the groups formed a party that was formally independent of the Mensheviks. Many of its former members played an important role during the October Revolution later in
152-521: The Soviet Union delegation on Comintern's executive, and the lead representative at congresses of the French, German, and Czechoslovak communist parties. From 1935 until the dissolution of Comintern in 1943, he acted as deputy to its General Secretary, Georgi Dimitrov . Between 1944 and 1952, he held the largely meaningless post of Foreign Minister of Ukraine. From 1952 to 1953, he was Ukrainian ambassador to
171-692: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1920 to 1921, then switched to journalism, and from 1922 was working for the Comintern. From 1923 to 1952 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , as well as a member of the elite inner circle known as the "malaia comisiia", a five-member group that ruled the eleven-member Political Secretariat. In 1926, he supplanted Nikolai Bukharin as leader of
190-741: The United Nations. During the Great Purge , almost every Old Bolshevik with a past link with Trotsky was killed or imprisoned, except Manuilsky, whom Stalin despised but by whom he did not feel in any way threatened. In 1939, he told Dimitrov: "Manuilsky is a toady! He was a Trotskyite! We criticised him for keeping quiet and not speaking out when the purges of Trotskyite bandits were going on, and now he has started toadying!" The Montenegrin communist Milovan Djilas , who met Manuilsky in 1944, admired his learning and writing talent, but remembered him as "a slight and already hunched veteran, dark-haired, with
209-466: The divisions over Russia's participation in the war proved to be too deep. On April 12, 1917, the Mezhraionka refused to participate in a Menshevik-sponsored unification conference because it would be dominated by the Defensist wing of the Mensheviks. From that point onward, their positions began to converge with the Bolshevik positions, which were becoming more radical after Lenin's return from abroad. With
SECTION 10
#1732858807645228-683: The dominant Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin , held a meeting in Prague , and expelled Mensheviks from the party. In response, the Mensheviks, Leon Trotsky 's followers, the Jewish Bund and other ethnic social democratic groups held a meeting in Vienna in August 1912 in which they called Lenin's action illegal and formed their own leadership of the RSDLP , the so-called August Bloc . To distinguish between competing RSDLPs,
247-994: The editorial board was changed, and No. 9 of the journal appeared as the organ of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b). Publication was discontinued in September 1917 by decision of the Central Committee. Russian Revolution of 1917 Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 393250714 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:40:07 GMT Dmitry Manuilsky Dmitriy Zakharovich Manuilsky or Dmytro Zakharovych Manuilsky ( Russian : Дми́трий Заха́рович Мануи́льский ; Ukrainian : Дмитро Захарович Мануїльський ; 3 October 1883 – 22 February 1959)
266-486: The first leaflet calling for an armed uprising on February 27 O.S. After the formation of the Petrograd Soviet later that night, the Mezhraionka was given one seat in its Presidium, as opposed to the two seats allocated to each nationwide socialist party like the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party . Although the Mezhraionka's original goal was to unite all Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in one party,
285-518: The leadership of the Bolsheviks, and worked on the newspaper Vpered ( Forward ). After the outbreak of war in 1914, he worked on the newspaper Nashe Slovo and acted as the main contact between the Bolsheviks and the smaller group associated with Leon Trotsky . After his return to Russia in May 1917, he joined Trotsky's group, the Mezhraiontsy , who amalgamated with the Bolsheviks in August 1917. During
304-460: The return of many anti-war social democratic émigrés from European exile in April to June 1917, the Mezhraionka was a natural place for them to join. A number of prominent social democrats like Leon Trotsky , Adolf Joffe , Anatoly Lunacharsky , Moisei Uritsky , David Riazanov , V. Volodarsky , Lev Karakhan , Dmitry Manuilsky and Sergey Ezhov (Tsederbaum) joined it at that time. At the elections to
323-620: The year and the subsequent Russian Civil War . The group published a journal of its own, Vperyod . One number was put out illegally in 1915, and publication was resumed in 1917, when it came out legally from June to August as the organ of the St. Petersburg Inter-District Committee of the United Social-Democrats (Internationalists). Eight issues were put out. After the Sixth Congress of the Party
342-609: Was an important Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician and academic who was Secretary of the Executive Committee of Comintern , the Communist International, from December 1926 to its dissolution in May 1943. Manuilsky was born to a peasant family of an Orthodox priest in the village of Sviatets [ uk ] . After secondary school, he enrolled at the University of St. Petersburg in 1903, and joined
361-608: Was for the Mensheviks who were concentrating on legal forms of oppositionist activity at the expense of revolutionary activities. The Mezhraiontsy group was founded in November 1913 by three Bolsheviks ( Konstantin Yurenev , A. M. Novosyolov and E. M. Adamovich) and one Menshevik (N. M. Yegorov). Yurenev was the informal leader of the organization until May 1917 except for one year between February 1915 and February 1916, which he spent in jail on charges of subversive activities. Members occupied
#644355