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60-574: The Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse, also known as the Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, is a monumental anchor to Cleveland's Civic Mall. Fronting the Mall and Public Square, it was the first building erected under Cleveland's 1903 Group Plan, which illustrates the urban planning ideals of the City Beautiful movement . New York architect Arnold W. Brunner (1857–1925) designed the building under

120-515: A rusticated first floor and 42-foot-high (13 m) Corinthian order columns and pilasters on each elevation. These massive columns and pilasters define the sequence of window bays on the second, third, and fourth stories. Rusticated stone-arched windows with carved keystones adorn the first story. The more ornate second-story windows are capped with classically inspired pediments and balustraded sills. The third- and fourth-story window openings have molded surrounds and bracketed sills. Screening

180-804: A cathedral there in the Beaux-Arts style. Other celebrated architects of the fair's buildings—notably Cass Gilbert who designed the Palace of the Fine Arts, now the Saint Louis Art Museum , applied City Beautiful ideas from the exposition throughout their careers. An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the McMillan Plan (1902), named for Michigan Senator James McMillan . The plan emerged from

240-524: A children's room. Monuments and vistas were an essential feature of City Beautiful urban planning: in Denver, Paris-trained American sculptor Frederick MacMonnies was commissioned to design a monument marking the end of the Smoky Hill Trail . The bronze Indian guide he envisaged was vetoed by the committee and replaced with an equestrian Kit Carson . Harrisburg 's movement of beautification and improvement

300-473: A covered sewer interceptor along the river. The following February 1901, the population voted in favor of a bond issue that funded $ 1.1 million in new constructions and city planning. These improvements, combined with a new state capitol building in 1906, quickly transformed Harrisburg into a proud modern city by 1915. After the Southern Exposition of 1883–1887, Louisville grew rapidly with the advent of

360-585: A harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life , while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult." The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in tenement districts, a consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and internal migration of rural populations into cities. The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to

420-411: A model ship in one hand while her other arm rests on a globe representing the opportunity for world trade. At her right is Electricity , symbolized by a female figure holding a magnet catching electrical sparks. Steam , located to her left, is represented by a male figure grasping a wheel. On the interior, the grand main lobby dominates the first floor as it runs east to west across the entire length of

480-536: A part of comprehensive town planning, the Great Depression of the 1930s largely ended this fashion. Will Hicok Low Will Hicok Low (March 31, 1853 – November 27, 1932) or Will Hicock Low was an American artist, muralist , and writer on art. Low was born in Albany, New York . In 1873 he entered the atelier of Jean-Léon Gérôme in the École des Beaux Arts at Paris , subsequently joining

540-720: A plan for a Civic Center, disposed along a grand esplanade that led to the Colorado State Capitol . The plan was partly realized, on a reduced scale, with the Greek amphitheater, Voorhies Memorial and the Colonnade of Civic Benefactors, completed in 1919. The Andrew Carnegie Foundation funded the Denver Public Library (1910), which was designed as a three-story Greek Revival temple with a colossal Ionic colonnade across its front; inside it featured open shelves, an art gallery and

600-455: A process, it manifested the growing demand for greater architectural standards for public buildings and opened the way for additional appropriations to maintain those standards. As the first building erected under the Group Plan, the federal building was the model for later structures. The Group Plan proposed that local and federal government buildings be placed around a grand Mall. Embraced from

660-452: Is considered one of principal documents of the City Beautiful movement. The plan featured a dynamic new civic center, axial streets, and a lush strip of parkland for recreation alongside the city's lakefront. Of these, only the lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree. In 1913, the City of Chicago appointed a commission with a mandate to "make Chicago Beautiful." As part of the plan,

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720-676: Is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia 's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase. The popularization begun by the World Columbian Exposition was increased by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, held in St. Louis. Its commissioner of architects selected Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be Chief of Design. Within three years he designed

780-640: The American Coatings Association headquartered in Washington, D.C. In 1978, the Commission was reorganized, eliminating the field inspectors. In February 1989, the Commission moved to its present location at The Massey House in Victorian Village, Memphis . According to the author Even Bacon in his book “Orlando: A Centennial History,” Orange County sent a group of agricultural exhibitors to

840-587: The Essex County Court House in Newark, New Jersey as well as numerous panels for private residences and stained glass windows for various churches, including St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church , Newark . He was an instructor in the schools of Cooper Union , New York, during 1882 to 1885, and in the school of the National Academy of Design from 1889 to 1892. Low, who is known to a wider circle as

900-600: The Industrial Revolution . Specifically, the Old Louisville neighborhood, that was planned and designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the image of the City Beautiful movement, became the largest Victorian neighborhood in the United States. Central Park sits in the middle of Old Louisville and is home to an annual free public Shakespeare festival. Adjacent to the park is the St. James–Belgravia Historic District which hosts

960-794: The Philadelphia Museum of Art ), Pittsburgh (the Schenley Farms district in the Oakland neighborhood of parks, museums, and universities), San Antonio ( San Antonio River development), San Francisco (manifested by its Civic Center ), and the Washington State Capitol Campus in Olympia , and the University of Washington's Rainier Vista in Seattle . In Wilmington, Delaware , it inspired

1020-489: The U.S. Senate Park Commission's redesigning of the monumental core of Washington, D.C. , to commemorate the city's centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles L'Enfant a century earlier. The Washington, D.C., planners, which included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White , and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , visited many of the great cities of Europe . They hoped to make Washington, D.C., monumental and green like

1080-460: The 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. This greatly influenced city officials and planners at the turn of the century in incorporating diverse trees (such as oak trees, Palm trees, and azaleas) and other natural fixtures into the city's design. With the arrival of the middle-aged couple William S. and Jessie Branch from Parker, South Dakota, in 1903, led to the creation of brochures extolling

1140-433: The 1920s, Palos Verdes Estates, California , was established as a master planned community by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The community was designed as a "City Beautiful." Among its early structures were the buildings comprising Malaga Cove Plaza, designed in a Mediterranean Revival style popular with the City Beautiful movement. Both European and North American cities provided models for

1200-693: The Australian City Beautiful movement. A combination of elements about 1900 also influenced the movement: However, City Beautiful was not solely concerned with aesthetics. The term ‘beautility’ derived from the American city beautiful philosophy, which meant that the beautification of a city must also be functional. Beautility, including the proven economic value of improvements, influenced Australian town planning. There were no formal city beautiful organisations that led this movement in Australia; rather it

1260-592: The City Beautiful Commission was officially established by a city ordinance on July 1, 1930, making it the first and oldest beautification commission in the nation. It was the brainchild of the mayor, E. H. Crump . The first Commission was appointed and had operating expenses of $ 1,500. A small office was set up in The Nineteenth Century Club . Mrs. E. G. Willingham was chosen as chairman and Mrs. William B. Fowler served as vice chairman. In 1935,

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1320-640: The European capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the United States. The essence of the plan surrounded the United States Capitol with monumental government buildings to replace "notorious slum communities". At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Mall and eventually included Burnham's Washington Union Station . The implementation of

1380-518: The Office of the U.S. Trustee, and the U.S. Marshals Service. City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under

1440-852: The Ohio State Capitol building east to the Metropolitan Library and west to the Scioto River), Des Moines , Denver , Detroit (the Cultural Center , Belle Isle and Outer Drive ), Madison (with the axis from the capitol building through State Street and to the University of Wisconsin campus), Montreal , New York City (notably the Manhattan Municipal Building ), Philadelphia (the Benjamin Franklin Parkway museum district between Philadelphia City Hall and

1500-715: The Pathfinder, feature modern inventions to show how far humankind had progressed by the early 20th century. The final paintings reflect a patriotic theme, with subjects such as The Standard, The United States Military Academy, and the Shaft of Union. Taken together, these paintings—originally gracing the entrances of the State Library Main Reading Room, the Law Library, and the Periodicals Library—complement

1560-647: The Pennsylvania Union Railroad Depot was to be moved to the west side of the city and replaced with a new modern depot. The West Side Property Owner’s Association was among those that objected. As reported by the Chicago Tribune , the association’s attorney Sidney Adler of Loeb & Adler said, "As I saw the beautiful picture of the city beautiful we will have fountains in West Madison Street, with poets and poetesses walking along Clinton, and

1620-525: The Riverside Drive project was dedicated. Costing nearly $ 1,000,000 (largely WPA funds) the City Beautiful Commission landscaped the bluffs with crape myrtle, redbuds, magnolias, dogwoods and Paul Scarlet roses. White roses were planted at each guardrail post. In 1936, Mrs. William B. Fowler became chairman of the City Beautiful Commission and served for many years. City Beautiful grew under her leadership and soon had to relocate to larger headquarters. Through

1680-399: The annual St. James Court Art Show every October. South of St. James Court is the University of Louisville's Belknap Campus which is home to Grawemeyer Hall and the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law. Each of these areas of Louisville display the features of beautification and monumental grandeur that typified the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s. In Memphis, Tennessee ,

1740-430: The building. The floors, walls, and vaulted ceiling of the lobby are surfaced with marble. Original chandeliers illuminate the space. The postal service windows are located along the lobby's north wall. Marble stairs wrap around three sides of the elevator shafts, located at the east and west ends of the public lobby. Cast-bronze, spread-wing eagles standing on globes appear over each pair of elevator doors. Corner offices in

1800-466: The city. Today, Coral Gables is one of Miami's most expensive suburban communities, long known for its strict zoning regulations which preserve the City Beautiful elements along with its Mediterranean Revival architecture style, which is prevalent throughout the city. Coral Gables has many parks and a heavy tree canopy with an urban forest planted largely in the 1920s. In Denver, Colorado , Mayor Robert W. Speer endorsed City Beautiful planning, with

1860-632: The classes of Carolus-Duran , with whom he remained until 1877. Returning to New York , he became a member of the Society of American Artists in 1878 and of the National Academy of Design in 1890. His pictures of New England types, and illustrations of John Keats , brought him into prominence. Low executed panels and medallions for the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City , a panel for

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1920-472: The construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the 20th century, particularly in regard to United States public housing projects. The " Garden City " movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer suburbs of London , and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and

1980-583: The creation of Rodney Square and the surrounding civic buildings. In New Haven, Connecticut , John Russell Pope developed a plan for Yale University that eliminated substandard housing and relocated the urban poor to the peripheries. Kansas City, Missouri , and Dallas undertook the installation of parkways and parks under the influence of the movement. The City Beautiful philosophy was also heavily incorporated into Florida cities, such as in Coral Gables and Orlando . Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago

2040-783: The death of Berthe, in 1909 he married the former Mary Fairchild , the former wife of sculptor Frederick William MacMonnies . He painted a series of murals in the New York State Education Department rotunda in Albany, New York. Using figures and symbols from Roman and Greek mythology paired with New York buildings and landscapes, the artist charts major milestones in human progress—in terms of art, science, technology, modernization, liberty, democracy, and quality of life. The earliest panels, such as Architecture, Astronomy & Geography, and Medicine & Chemistry, combine theory and practical skills. Another eight, including Theseus,

2100-463: The design team that produced the Group Plan. Arnold W. Brunner, working as an independent architect, and John Merven Carrère, of the prominent New York firm of Carrère and Hastings , also served on the team. The Federal Building formed one half of the Mall's termination at Superior Avenue. Cleveland's Public Library (1925), forming the other half of this terminus, emulates the Federal Building in scale, mass, and general overall appearance. The building

2160-645: The direction of Supervising Architect of the Treasury James Knox Taylor (1857–1929). It is one of 35 buildings constructed during Taylor's tenure (1883–1912) that were designed by independent architects commissioned by the U.S. Treasury Department under the Tarsney Act. The 1893 Act authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to use private architects, selected through competitions, to design Federal buildings. As

2220-609: The efforts of City Beautiful, Memphis gained the title of cleanest city in Tennessee in 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 and 1946. Memphis also received the Ernest T. Trigg "Nation’s Cleanest City" award in 1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951. During this time, volunteers were organized into Wards and Block Clubs with Ward Chairmen and Block Captains. The City Beautiful staff grew to include 30 inspectors by 1954 who worked through these organizations to identify and improve eyesores. Memphis participated with

2280-414: The exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham , who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens , to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition

2340-646: The fifth floor is an expansive entablature capped by a balustraded parapet that rises nine feet. A low-hipped, standing-seam copper roof crowns the building with attic dormer windows facing the interior light court . The parapets are adorned with shields and carved stone eagles at the building's corners. The main entrance to the building is centered on the Superior Avenue facade. Granite steps lead to three rusticated stone arches once fitted with cast bronze doors and ornate bronze lanterns hang from cast bronze brackets. The original doors have been replaced. Flanking

2400-443: The following fair buildings in the prevailing Beaux Arts: the Palace of Agriculture; the cascades and colonnades; the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game; the Palace of Horticulture; and the Palace of Transportation. All these were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States. Shortly after the fair opened in 1904, Masqueray resigned, having accepted an invitation from Archbishop John Ireland in St. Paul, Minnesota to design

2460-572: The friend of R. L. Stevenson , published some reminiscences, A Chronicle of Friendships, 1873-1900 (1908). The obverse of the United States silver certificate History Instructing Youth was his work. His design was used for the obverse of the bill and . The engraving for the obverse of the one-dollar History Instructing Youth note was done by Charles Schlecht . In 1896 he began working for American artist John La Farge . He spent two years in New York working for La Farge decorating buildings. After

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2520-612: The horrific conditions in Harrisburg, and she set out to gain public sentiment in support of changing them. Dock’s speech was titled "The City Beautiful" or "Improvement Work at Home and Abroad", and this was the starting point for Harrisburg’s city improvements. Dock’s contemporary and closest ally in her drive for urban beautification was J. Horace McFarland , who was the president of the American Civic Association. With McFarland and Dock working together, they were able to push

2580-568: The lack of good filtration systems that could filter the sewage dumped by populations further up the Susquehanna River. A disastrous fire that consumed the state capitol in 1897 had spawned new conversation about the suitability of Harrisburg as a state capital. The improvement campaign was sparked by a riveting speech of conservationist Mira Lloyd Dock to the Harrisburg Board of Trade on December 20, 1900. Dock wanted to publicly challenge

2640-402: The late 19th century into the first decades of the 20th century, the City Beautiful movement had its beginnings with the monumental planning and predominately classical architectural style of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Celebrated architect Daniel Burnham , who was instrumental in promoting the nationwide adoption of City Beautiful Movement principles, served as a member of

2700-435: The leadership of the upper-middle class , which was concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit , Kansas City and Washington, D.C. , promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote

2760-474: The mechanical systems was initiated in 2002. Although the primary activities of the U.S. District Court system have moved to the new Carl B. Stokes Federal Court House Building a few blocks west, the ceremonial courtrooms in the Metzenbaum Courthouse will continue to be used for public hearings and proceedings. New client agencies moving into the renovated building will include the U.S. Bankruptcy Court,

2820-469: The other, with its " semi-detached villas " evoking a more rural atmosphere. The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary Beaux-Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony. The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . The planning of

2880-514: The plan was interrupted by World War I , but resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the Lincoln Memorial in 1922. The success of the City Beautiful philosophy in Washington, D.C. , is credited with influencing subsequent plans for beautification of many other cities, including Chicago , Baltimore , Cleveland ( The Mall ), Columbus (with the axis along State Street from

2940-462: The primary entrance are two important sculptures executed by the famed sculptor Daniel Chester French (1850–1931). Jurisprudence is located on the Public Square corner, while Commerce sits at the corner of East Third Street and Superior Avenue. Jurisprudence is personified by a mother figure clasping her baby while a criminal crouches in chains. Commerce is depicted as a female figure holding

3000-469: The process of municipal improvement in Harrisburg by convincing prominent community leaders to donate money, and by gathering the support of the majority of citizens. In April 1901, the Harrisburg Telegraph, a city newspaper, published a front-page article on the city’s problems, which stressed Dock’s message of beautification and recreation, paved streets, clean water, a city hall, land for parks, and

3060-572: The simple minded residents of the west side, after work is done, will take their gondolas and row on the limpid bosom of the Chicago River idlely strumming guitars." Planned out as a suburb of Miami in the early 1920s by George Edgar Merrick during the Florida land boom of the 1920s , Coral Gables was developed entirely upon the City Beautiful movement, with obelisks, fountains, and monuments seen in street roundabouts, parks, city buildings and around

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3120-684: The upper floors are adorned with impressive murals depicting significant events in the history of Cleveland. Among the magnificent artworks are City of Cleveland Welcomes the Arts by Will Hicok Low (1853–1932), and the Battle of Lake Erie by Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum (1849–1925). Murals in the ceremonial courtrooms on the third floor are The Common Law by Henry Siddons Mowbray (1858–1928), and The Law by Edwin Howland Blashfield (1848–1936). A major renovation project to restore public spaces and modernize

3180-560: The virtues of Florida and its climate, highlighting from the Orlando area. Five years later, the city sponsored a contest to replace Orlando’s nickname which was previously “Phenomenal City”, in response to the city's beautifications efforts. Out of the many suggestions, the proposed nickname “The City Beautiful” was chosen and adopted. The city has since continued in their preservation and revitalization of its natural habitat in its city design, notably at Lake Eola Park and at Leu Gardens . In

3240-554: Was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement and, in 1921, wrote the book An Introduction to Australian City Planning . Both the City Beautiful and the Garden City philosophies were represented by Sulman’s "geometric or contour controlled" designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra. The widths of pavements were also reduced and vegetated areas were increased, such as planted road verges. Melbourne’s grid plan

3300-413: Was considered a way to increase the city’s popularity as a tourist destination. Walter Burley Griffin incorporated City Beautiful principles for his design for Canberra . Griffin was influenced by Washington, D.C., "with grand axes and vistas and a strong central focal point: with specialised centres and, being a landscape architect, used the landscape to complement this layout. John Sulman, however,

3360-520: Was considered dull and monotonous by some people, and so the architect William Campbell designed a blueprint for the city. The main principle behind this were diagonal streets, providing sites for new and comprehensive architecture and for special buildings. The designs of Paris and Washington were major inspirations for this plan. World War I prolonged the City Beautiful movement in Australia , where more memorials were erected than in any other country. Although City Beautiful, or artistic planning, became

3420-417: Was constructed between 1903 and 1910. The building covers the entire city block bounded by Rockwell Avenue on the north, Superior Avenue on the south, East Third Street on the east, and Public Square on the west. Inspiration for the design of this Beaux Arts building came from the Place de la Concorde in Paris as well as the work of French architect and theorist Francois Blondel. The resulting design presents

3480-428: Was influenced by communications among professionals and bureaucrats, in particular architect-planners and local government reformers. In the early Federation era some influential Australians were determined that their cities be progressive and competitive. Adelaide was used as an Australian example of the "benefits of comprehensive civic design" with its ring of parklands. Beautification of the city of Hobart, for example,

3540-403: Was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. On May 27, 1998, the building was officially renamed in honor of U.S. Senator Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio. The Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse is one of Cleveland's great monumental public buildings, skillfully illustrating the strong, classical characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture . The five-story, granite-faced building

3600-545: Was one of the early and more successful urban reform movements in the U.S. It began when local minded residents became convinced that their city was unattractive, unhealthy, and filthy, and lacked the appearance and facilities appropriate to its status as Pennsylvania's state capital. The causes of the city's defects were well known: industrialization in the previous half century had left the city poorly planned with unpaved streets and undeveloped water management systems. Residents of Harrisburg suffered disease and illnesses caused by

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