37°23′35.71″N 5°59′30.77″W / 37.3932528°N 5.9918806°W / 37.3932528; -5.9918806
63-437: Setas de Sevilla ("Mushrooms of Seville") or Las Setas ("The Mushrooms"), initially titled Metropol Parasol , is a large, predominantly wood structure located at La Encarnación square in the old quarter of Seville , Spain . It accommodates a traditional market, restaurants, a performance square, archaeological museum — and 'rooftop' terrace with a panoramic view of Seville's old city. Selected from 65 submissions in
126-524: A sunshade , rainshade , snowshade , or beach umbrella ( US English ). An umbrella may also be called a brolly ( UK slang ), gamp ( British, informal, dated ), or bumbershoot ( rare, facetious American slang ). The earliest known parasols in Ancient Egyptian art date back to the Fifth Dynasty , around 2450 BC. The parasol is found in various shapes. Typically it is depicted as a flabellum ,
189-463: A city-sponsored competition, the structure was designed by German architect Jürgen Mayer , was completed in April 2011, and is roughly 150 by 70 metres (490 by 230 ft) with an approximate height of 26 metres (85 ft). Initially beset with technical problems as well as budget and schedule overruns, the parasols are constructed of 3,500 cubic meters of micro-laminated Finnish pine and are marketed as
252-450: A dais should be placed upon the imperial cars. The figure of this dais contained in Zhou Li , and the description of it given in the explanatory commentary of Lin-hi-ye, both identify it with an umbrella. The latter describes the dais to be composed of 28 arcs, which are equivalent to the ribs of the modern instrument, and the staff supporting the covering to consist of two parts, the upper being
315-490: A deer-hunt is represented, at which a king looks on, seated on a horse, and having an umbrella borne over his head by an attendant. The creation of the umbrella is attributed to the wife of Lu Ban , who invented it during the Warring State Period . Some investigators have supposed that its invention was first created by tying large leaves to bough-like ribs (the branching out parts of an umbrella). Others assert that
378-474: A fan of palm -leaves or coloured feathers fixed on a long handle, resembling those now carried behind the Pope in processions. Gardiner Wilkinson , in his work on Egypt, has an engraving of an Ethiopian princess travelling through Upper Egypt in a chariot; a kind of umbrella fastened to a stout pole rises in the centre, bearing a close affinity to what are now termed chaise umbrellas. According to Wilkinson's account,
441-570: A museum. Level 1 (street level) is the Central Market. The roof of Level 1 is the surface of the open-air public plaza, shaded by the wooden parasols above and designed for public events. Levels 2 and 3 are the two stages of the panoramic terraces (including a restaurant), offering a view of the city centre. From the 19th century a dedicated market building was located in the plaza, which was partially demolished in 1948 in accordance with urban renewal plans. The market itself remained until 1973, when
504-473: A new market (steel rib designs would not appear until after 1852). Beehler's success attracted competitors. Baltimore was long recognized as the umbrella capital of the country; at the industry's peak in 1920 there were seven umbrella companies in the city producing millions of umbrellas annually. The oldest extant example of a parasols appears in the archaeological record around 2310 BC, in a victory stele of Sargon of Akkad . In later sculptures at Nineveh ,
567-517: A parasol". For a man to carry one was considered a mark of effeminacy. In Aristophanes' Birds , Prometheus uses one as a comical disguise. Cultural changes among the Aristoi of Greece eventually led to a brief period – between 505 and 470BC – where men used parasols. Vase iconography bears witness to a transition from men carrying swords, then spears, then staffs, then parasols, to eventually nothing. The parasol, at that time of its fashion, displayed
630-444: A post of honour among maid-servants to bear it over their mistresses. Allusions to it are tolerably frequent in the poets. ( Ovid Fast. lib. ii., 1. 31 I.; Martial , lib. xi., Ch. 73.; lib. xiv, Ch. 28, 130; Ovid Ars. Am., ii., 209). From such mentions the umbrella seems to have been employed as a defense from sun, but references to its use as a protection against rain, while rare, also exist ( Juvenal , ix., 50.). According to Gorius,
693-578: A rod 3/18 of a Chinese foot in circumference, and the lower a tube 6/10 in circumference, into which the upper half is capable of sliding and closing. The Book of Han contains a reference to a collapsible umbrella, mentioning its usage in the year 21 AD when Wang Mang (r. 9–23) had one designed for a ceremonial four-wheeled carriage. The 2nd-century commentator Fu Qian added that this collapsible umbrella of Wang Mang's carriage had bendable joints which enabled them to be extended or retracted. A 1st century collapsible umbrella has since been recovered from
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#1732847541991756-645: A sunny beach. The word parasol (originally from French ) is a combination of para , meaning 'to shield from' derived from the Latin parare , and sol , meaning 'sun'. Parapluie (French) similarly consists of para combined with pluie , which means 'rain' (which in turn derives from pluvia , the Latin word for rain); the usage of this word was prevalent in the nineteenth century. Paraneige (French) consists of para combined with neige , which means 'snow' (which in turn derives from nix ,
819-500: A type of handle which can be made from wood, a plastic cylinder or a bent "crook" handle (like the handle of a cane). Umbrellas are available in a range of price and quality points, ranging from inexpensive, modest quality models sold at discount stores to expensive, finely made, designer-labeled models. Larger parasols capable of blocking the sun for several people are often used as fixed or semi-fixed devices, used with patio tables or other outdoor furniture , or as points of shade on
882-416: Is a large, predominantly wood structure located at La Encarnación square in the old quarter of Seville , Spain . It accommodates a traditional market, restaurants, a performance square, archaeological museum — and 'rooftop' terrace with a panoramic view of Seville's old city. Selected from 65 submissions in a city-sponsored competition, the structure was designed by German architect Jürgen Mayer ,
945-588: Is evidently a description of the parasol. In Thomas Coryat 's Crudities , published in 1611, about a century and a half prior to the general introduction of the umbrella into England, is a reference to a custom of riders in Italy using umbrellas: And many of them doe carry other fine things of a far greater price, that will cost at the least a duckat, which they commonly call in the Italian tongue umbrellas, that is, things which minister shadowve to them for shelter against
1008-707: Is in Girolamo dai Libri 's painting Madonna dell Ombrello ("Madonna of the Umbrella"), in which the Virgin Mary is sheltered by a cherub carrying a large, red umbrella (see image). Umbrellas were regarded as marks of distinction for the pope and clergy. Thomas Wright , in his Domestic Manners of the English , gives a drawing from the Harleian MS., No. 604, which represents an Anglo-Saxon gentleman walking out attended by his servant,
1071-560: Is the equivalent of a modern flag. The pantli was carried by the army general. Beehler Umbrella Factory est. 1828 was the first umbrella manufacturing company in the United States. Francis Beehler was a woodcarver in his home country of Germany. After he immigrated to Baltimore, Maryland , he noticed a lack of umbrellas. Americans generally scorned the devices for their "ridiculous effeminacy". Nevertheless he used his talents in making wooden poles and whale bone ribbed umbrellas to create
1134-584: Is traditionally used when protecting oneself from rain, while parasol is used when protecting oneself from sunlight, though the terms continue to be used interchangeably. Often the difference is the material used for the canopy; some parasols are not waterproof , and some umbrellas are transparent . Umbrella canopies may be made of fabric or flexible plastic. There are also combinations of parasol and umbrella that are called en-tout-cas (French for "in any case"). Generally speaking, parasols and umbrellas are small, handheld, personal use items. Golf umbrellas are
1197-523: The Asantehene 's umbrella bearer, the others also spin their umbrellas in tune with the music produced by drummers while accompanying their "Ohene". Umbrellas were also used to provide coolness as well as highlight the importance of the various leaders. The At district of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was reported to have used an umbrella made from feathers and gold as its pantli , an identifying marker that
1260-624: The Charles Dickens novel Martin Chuzzlewit as the character was well known for carrying an umbrella, although this usage is now dated or obsolete. Brolly is a slang word for umbrella , used often in Australia, Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Bumbershoot is a rare and fanciful Americanism from the late 19th century. A parasol may also be called
1323-414: The Latin word for snow). Hence, a parasol shields from sunlight, a parapluie shields from rain, and a paraneige shields from snow. The word umbrella evolved from the Latin umbra , meaning 'shaded' or 'shadow'. The Oxford English Dictionary records the first recorded usage in this sense in 1611. In Britain, umbrellas were sometimes referred to as "gamps" after the character Mrs. Gamp in
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#17328475419911386-508: The late Mycenaean period ( c. 1320–1190 BC ). Ancient umbrellas could be opened and shut, but rigid examples may have also existed. The earliest archaeological evidence for a collapsible umbrella was unearthed in Samos in a context from about 700 BC and follows closely the shape of a slightly older Phrygian specimen excavated at Gordion . The sliding mechanism of the two pieces is remarkably similar to those in use today. In Classical Greece ,
1449-608: The East", says that on each side of the Mogul 's throne were two umbrellas, and also describes the hall of the King of Ava was decorated with an umbrella. The chháta of the Indian and Burmese princes is large and heavy, and requires a special attendant, who has a regular position in the royal household. In Ava it seems to have been part of the king's title, that he was "King of the white elephant, and Lord of
1512-614: The French and English Tongues (1614), the French Ombrelle is translated An umbrello; a (fashion of) round and broad fanne, wherewith the Indians (and from them our great ones) preserve themselves from the heat of a scorching sunne; and hence any little shadow, fanne, or thing, wherewith women hide their faces from the sunne. In Fynes Moryson 's Itinerary (1617) is a similar allusion to the habit of carrying umbrellas in hot countries "to auoide
1575-519: The King the exclusive right to produce folding umbrellas for five years. A model was purchased by the Princess Palatine in 1712, and she enthused about it to her aristocratic friends, making it an essential fashion item for Parisiennes. In 1759, a French scientist named Navarre presented a new design to the French Academy of Sciences for an umbrella combined with a cane. Pressing a small button on
1638-558: The Roman Empire , in the 5th and 6th centuries, the umbrella and parasol were largely forgotten in Europe, for the next few centuries. Beginning in the 8th century, there are numerous contemporary depictions and descriptions of umbrellas and parasols during the remainder of the Middle Ages , predominantly used in the religious ceremonies of the church. By the 8th century, the umbrella and parasol
1701-899: The Three Schools ( 演禽斗數三世相書 ) by Yuan Tianwang ( 袁天網 ), that was printed in about 1270 AD features a picture of a collapsible umbrella that is exactly like the modern umbrella of today's China. The oil-paper umbrella also originated in China and was spread among the common people after the Eastern Han dynasty . It started to be introduced in other countries in the Tang dynasty and eventually spread across several East, South and Southeast Asian countries such as Japan , Malaysia , Myanmar , Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos and Vietnam , where it has been further developed with different characteristics. The Sanskrit epic Mahabharata relates
1764-407: The area. Construction began on June 26, 2005, with an estimated cost of 50 million euros and completion date of June 2007. By May 2007, engineering firm Arup informed municipal authorities the structure was technically unfeasible as designed, that a number of structural assumptions had not been tested and the design appeared to violate the limitations of known materials. Alternatives to buttress
1827-407: The area. Construction began on June 26, 2005, with an estimated cost of 50 million euros and completion date of June 2007. By May 2007, engineering firm Arup informed municipal authorities the structure was technically unfeasible as designed, that a number of structural assumptions had not been tested and the design appeared to violate the limitations of known materials. Alternatives to buttress
1890-677: The beames of the Sunne". Their employment, says the author, is dangerous, "because they gather the heate into a pyramidall point, and thence cast it down perpendicularly upon the head, except they know how to carry them for auoyding that danger". During Streynsham Master 's 1676 visit to the East India Company 's factory in Masulipatnam he noted that only the governor of the town and the next three officials in seniority were allowed to have "a roundell [i.e. umbrella] carried over them." In France,
1953-471: The biggest hand-portable umbrellas available. There are two types of umbrellas: completely collapsible umbrellas, which can be folded up into a small enough bag because of the supporting metal pole's ability to retract, and non-collapsible umbrellas, which only have the canopy that can be folded up. Manually operated umbrellas and spring-loaded automatic umbrellas, which open with a button press, can also be distinguished from one another. Hand-held umbrellas have
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2016-452: The dilapidated market building was finally demolished. The land remained undeveloped until 1990, when the city planned to construct a market with underground parking. During construction, ruins dating to the Roman and Al-Andalus eras were discovered, and construction was frozen after an expenditure of 14 million euros. In 2004, the city opened an international competition to solicit bids to redevelop
2079-629: The feasts of Dionysos , the umbrella was used, and in an old bas-relief, the same god is represented as descending ad inferos with a small umbrella in his hand. In the Panathenæa, the daughters of the Metics , or foreign residents, carried parasols over the heads of Athenian women as a mark of inferiority. During the Panathenaea , daughters of Metics carried the parasols of the Athenian maidens and this service
2142-430: The following legend: Jamadagni was a skilled bow shooter, and his devoted wife Renuka would always recover each of his arrows immediately. One time however, it took her a whole day to fetch the arrow, and she later blamed the heat of the sun for the delay. The angry Jamadagni shot an arrow at the sun. The sun begged for mercy and offered Renuka an umbrella. Jean Baptiste Tavernier , in his 17th century book "Voyage to
2205-497: The heate of the sunne from the upper parts of their bodies. In John Florio 's "A WORLD of Words" (1598), the Italian word Ombrella is translated a fan, a canopie. also a testern or cloth of state for a prince. also a kind of round fan or shadowing that they vse to ride with in sommer in Italy, a little shade. Also a bonegrace for a woman. Also the husk or cod of any seede or corne. also a broad spreding bunch, as of fenell, nill, or elder bloomes. In Randle Cotgrave 's Dictionary of
2268-438: The idea was probably derived from the tent , which remains in an unaltered form to the present day. However, the tradition existing in China is that it originated in standards and banners waving in the air, hence the use of the umbrella was often linked to high-ranking (though not necessarily royalty) in China. The use of umbrella as a social marker indicating and classifying the identities and social class of its users started by
2331-654: The kingdoms of Thunaparanta, Tampadipa, and all the great umbrella-wearing chiefs of the Eastern countries". The Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella is one of the royal regalia of Thailand. The Bronze Age Dupljaja chariot , a ceramic sculpture found in Serbia dating from c. 1300 BC (attributed to the Dubovac culture ), depicts a male figure, interpreted as a solar deity, standing in a three-wheeled chariot with an attached parasol held above him. Parasols are first attested on pottery shards from
2394-610: The luxury of the user's lifestyle. During the period of their usage, Greek style was inspired by the Persian and Lydian nobility's way of dressing: loose robes, long decorated hair, gold, jewellery, and perfume. It also had religious significance. In the Scirophoria , the feast of Athene Sciras, a white parasol was borne by the priestesses of the goddess from the Acropolis to the Phalerus. In
2457-465: The parasol ( skiadeion , σκιάδειον), was an indispensable adjunct to a lady of fashion in the late 5th century BC. Aristophanes mentions it among the common articles of female use; they could apparently open and close. Pausanias describes a tomb near Triteia in Achaia decorated with a 4th-century BC painting ascribed to Nikias; it depicted the figure of a woman, "and by her stood a female slave, bearing
2520-407: The parasol appears frequently. Austen Henry Layard gives a picture of a bas-relief representing a king in his chariot, with an attendant holding a parasol over his head, dating from c. 710 BC. It has a curtain hanging down behind, but is otherwise exactly like those in use today. It is reserved exclusively for the monarch (who was bald), and is never carried over any other person. In Persia ,
2583-405: The parasol is repeatedly found in the carved work of Persepolis , and Sir John Malcolm has an article on the subject in his 1815 "History of Persia." In some sculptures, the figure of a king appears attended by a servant, who carries over his head an umbrella, complete with stretchers and runner. In other sculptures on the rock at Taghe-Bostan , supposed to be not less than twelve centuries old,
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2646-597: The peculiar broad and deep canopy belonging to the large parasol of the Chinese Government officials, borne by native attendants. John Evelyn , in his Diary for 22 June 1664, mentions a collection of rarities shown to him by "Thompson", a Roman Catholic priest , sent by the Jesuits of Japan and China to France. Among the curiosities were "fans like those our ladies use, but much larger, and with long handles, strangely carved and filled with Chinese characters", which
2709-544: The post- Wei period and continued up to the Ming dynasty . On at least one occasion, twenty-four umbrellas were carried before the emperor when he went out hunting. The umbrella served in this case as a defence against rain rather than sun. The Chinese and Japanese traditional parasol, often used near temples, remains similar to the original ancient Chinese design. The ancient book of Chinese ceremonies, called Zhou Li ( The Rites of Zhou ), dating some 2,400 years ago, directs that
2772-458: The project was titled Metropol Parasol, with locals quickly adopting a colloquial nickname, the setas or mushrooms. Seville officially adopted the name Setas de Sevilla after discovering the project's architect had trademarked the name "Metropol Parasol" and would charge for its use; Setas de Sevilla has been the project's official name since opening, The structure consists of six parasols loosely resembling large mushrooms, inspired by
2835-514: The project's official name since opening, The structure consists of six parasols loosely resembling large mushrooms, inspired by the vaults of the Cathedral of Seville and the ficus trees in the nearby Plaza de Cristo de Burgos. The Setas are organized in four levels. The underground level (Level 0) accommodates the Antiquarium , where Roman and Moorish remains discovered on site are displayed in
2898-529: The rain") did not enter the dictionary of the Académie française until 1718. Kersey's Dictionary (1708) describes an umbrella as a "screen commonly used by women to keep off rain". The first lightweight folding umbrella in Europe was introduced in 1710 by a Paris merchant named Jean Marius, whose shop was located near the barrier of Saint-Honoré. It could be opened and closed in the same way as modern umbrellas and weighed less than one kilogram. Marius received from
2961-421: The remainder of the dilapidated market building was finally demolished. The land remained undeveloped until 1990, when the city planned to construct a market with underground parking. During construction, ruins dating to the Roman and Al-Andalus eras were discovered, and construction was frozen after an expenditure of 14 million euros. In 2004, the city opened an international competition to solicit bids to redevelop
3024-534: The same stick, was permitted to the king alone; the nobles carried a single umbrella with painted cloths hanging from it. The Talapoins (who seem to have been a sort of Siamese monks) had umbrellas made of a palm-leaf cut and folded, so that the stem formed a handle. In 1855 the King of Burma directed a letter to the Marquis of Dalhousie in which he styles himself "His great, glorious, and most excellent Majesty, who reigns over
3087-431: The scorching heate of the sunne. These are made of leather, something answerable to the forme of a little cannopy, & hooped in the inside with divers little wooden hoopes that extend the umbrella in a pretty large compasse. They are used especially by horsemen, who carry them in their hands when they ride, fastening the end of the handle upon one of their thighs, and they impart so large a shadow unto them, that it keepeth
3150-542: The servant carrying an umbrella with a handle that slopes backwards, so as to bring the umbrella over the head of the person in front. It probably could not be closed, but otherwise it looks like an ordinary umbrella, and the ribs are represented distinctly. The use of the parasol and umbrella in France and England was adopted, probably from China, about the middle of the seventeenth century. At that period, pictorial representations of it are frequently found, some of which exhibit
3213-429: The structure proved impractical because of their added weight, with a glued reinforcement resolution developed by early 2009 — with a revised cost of approximately 100 million euros. Parasol An umbrella or parasol is a folding canopy supported by wooden or metal ribs that is mounted on a wooden, metal, or plastic pole. It is usually designed to protect a person against rain . The term umbrella
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#17328475419913276-471: The structure proved impractical because of their added weight, with a glued reinforcement resolution developed by early 2009 — with a revised cost of approximately 100 million euros. Plaza de la Encarnaci%C3%B3n 37°23′35.71″N 5°59′30.77″W / 37.3932528°N 5.9918806°W / 37.3932528; -5.9918806 Setas de Sevilla ("Mushrooms of Seville") or Las Setas ("The Mushrooms"), initially titled Metropol Parasol ,
3339-556: The tomb of Wang Guang at Lelang Commandery in the Korean Peninsula . The Chinese collapsible umbrella may predate Wang's tomb, however. Zhou dynasty bronze castings of complex bronze socketed hinges with locking slides and bolts—which could have been used for parasols and umbrellas—were found in an archeological site of Luoyang , dated to the 6th century BC. A late Song dynasty Chinese divination book, Book of Physiognomical, Astrological and Ornithomantic Divination according to
3402-548: The twenty-four umbrellas." Simon de la Loubère, who was Envoy Extraordinary from the French King to the King of Siam in 1687 and 1688, wrote an account entitled a "New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam", which was translated in 1693 into English. According to his account, the use of the umbrella was granted to only some of the subjects by the king. An umbrella with several circles, as if two or three umbrellas were fastened on
3465-406: The umbrella ( parapluie ) began to appear in the 1660s, when the fabric of parasols carried for protection against the sun was coated with wax. The inventory of the French royal court in 1763 mentioned "eleven parasols of taffeta in different colours" as well as "three parasols of waxed toile , decorated around the edges with lace of gold and silver". They were rare, and the word parapluie ("against
3528-453: The umbrella came to Rome from the Etruscans who came to Rome for protection, and certainly it appears not infrequently on Etruscan vases and pottery, as also on later gems and rubies. One gem, figured by Pacudius, shows an umbrella with a bent handle, sloping backwards. Strabo describes a sort of screen or umbrella worn by Spanish women, but this is not like a modern umbrella. By the fall of
3591-604: The umbrella was generally used throughout Egypt, partly as a mark of distinction, but more on account of its useful than its ornamental qualities. In some paintings on a temple wall, a parasol is held over the figure of a god carried in procession. The exact date when the Ashanti began using umbrellas is uncertain. However, in the 1800s, the Amanhene (senior chiefs) were using large multicolored umbrellas. Umbrellas were used during festivals as streets of Kumasi were paraded with them. Like
3654-409: The vaults of the Cathedral of Seville and the ficus trees in the nearby Plaza de Cristo de Burgos. The Setas are organized in four levels. The underground level (Level 0) accommodates the Antiquarium , where Roman and Moorish remains discovered on site are displayed in a museum. Level 1 (street level) is the Central Market. The roof of Level 1 is the surface of the open-air public plaza, shaded by
3717-399: The wooden parasols above and designed for public events. Levels 2 and 3 are the two stages of the panoramic terraces (including a restaurant), offering a view of the city centre. From the 19th century a dedicated market building was located in the plaza, which was partially demolished in 1948 in accordance with urban renewal plans. The market itself remained until 1973, when the remainder of
3780-477: The world's largest wooden structure. Since their opening, the parasols have become Seville's third-most visited urban landmark. During development, the project was titled Metropol Parasol, with locals quickly adopting a colloquial nickname, the setas or mushrooms. Seville officially adopted the name Setas de Sevilla after discovering the project's architect had trademarked the name "Metropol Parasol" and would charge for its use; Setas de Sevilla has been
3843-563: Was called sciadephoria (σκιαδηφορία). From Greece it is probable that the use of the parasol passed to Rome, where it seems to have been usually used by women, while it was the custom even for effeminate men to defend themselves from the heat by means of the Umbraculum , formed of skin or leather, and capable of being lowered at will. There are frequent references to the umbrella in the Roman Classics, and it appears that it was, not unlikely,
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#17328475419913906-483: Was completed in April 2011, and is roughly 150 by 70 metres (490 by 230 ft) with an approximate height of 26 metres (85 ft). Initially beset with technical problems as well as budget and schedule overruns, the parasols are constructed of 3,500 cubic meters of micro-laminated Finnish pine and are marketed as the world's largest wooden structure. Since their opening, the parasols have become Seville's third-most visited urban landmark. During development,
3969-462: Was firmly established in the church, seen as honorific and symbolic. The earliest visual record is an "8th century image of Bishop John of Pavia , showing him followed by a servant carrying an umbrella." The earliest known written evidence of the parasol is also from the 8th century, when Pope Paul I (757-767) bestowed a jeweled parasol to Pepin the Short as part of a peace settlement. A 1530 depiction
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