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56-451: The word 'ton' and hence ' tonnage ' originates from the word 'tun' which is a measure of volume equivalent to the size of a barrel which could contain 252 gallons of wine. In the UK, merchant sailing vessels were historically measured using Builder's Old Measurement to measure tonnage and taxed accordingly. Due to the difficulty with accurately measuring the internal volume of a sailing vessel with

112-618: A combination of discipline, equipment, gender and sometimes categories. These criteria are defined by the race purpose. The following are the main disciplines: Common categories of equipment include the following: dinghies , multihulls , keelboats , sailing yacht , windsurfers , kiteboarding and radio-controlled sailboats . Within these categories normally specific class or rating system are used. The majority of sailing events are "open" events in which males and females compete together on equal terms either as individuals or part of team. Sailing has had female only World Championships since

168-909: A conference was held at the Langham Hotel in London in July 1906. Representatives from eleven countries attended, together with an observer from the United States, plus several respected nautical engineers and designers and they started to formulate the International rule. A committee met again in October 1906 in Berlin to elaborate on the application of the Rule. The conference delegates met finally again in Paris in October 1907 and ratified

224-607: A different country. The leading yacht racing countries came together and laid down a system that calculated the rating of yachts, measurement rules, construction regulations (scantlings) and rules for racing. This was largely driven by the United Kingdom. The then Secretary of the YRA (now called the Royal Yachting Association ), Brooke Heckstall-Smith had been in discussion with Scandinavians German and French yacht clubs and

280-516: A formula based on the vessel's length and beam. Historically in England , tunnage was the medieval import duty on tuns of wine. A tun was a large size of casks used for wine ), used in the wine trade. The number of tuns that a ship could carry was used as a measure of the size of the ship. The wine trade to England originated in France, which is where the tuns were made. A French standard tun cask size

336-467: A hull of varying curvature, a set of distances at points on the hull was defined to be measured and entered into a formula which then defined the tonnage and hence the taxes to be paid to the government of the day. It did not matter that the tonnage measurement was not an exact measure of volume because all vessels were measured using the same basis which gave an equitable basis for determining tax. This system of measuring or rating merchant sailing ships has

392-456: A large section of the sport. Almost any boat can be sailed though some are more suitable for larger ranges of disabilities or specific categories of impairment. World Sailing is also responsible for disabled sailing worldwide under the guidance of its own brand Para World Sailing. This is since the merger of International Association for Disabled Sailing (IFDS) in November 2014, and re-forming of

448-401: A long, well established history, so tonnage, and the calculus involved was naturally also used to measure or rate a sailing yacht. During the early part of the 19th century interest in yacht racing had achieved sufficient momentum to need an agreed handicapping system to allow different types of yacht to race on an equitable basis. The method of measuring merchant sailing ships carried over into

504-767: A number of modifications from the former net register tonnage of the Moorsom System and was established by the International Commission of Constantinople in its Protocol of 18 December 1873. It is still in use, as amended by the Rules of Navigation of the Suez Canal Authority and is registered in the Suez Canal Tonnage Certificate. Thames measurement tonnage (TM) is another volumetric system, generally used for small vessels such as yachts ; it uses

560-469: A remarkable number considering that most of them were built before World War II. Partly this is a result of the fact that the R-metre boats had to adhere to Lloyd's strict scantling rules, that has given them longevity that very few other traditional classes have been blessed with. Numbers without references are estimates. In addition, over four thousand 2.4 m have built since the classes introduction in

616-921: A result, an International Conference of Yacht Measurement was held in London in January and June 1906, at which the Metre Rule was developed. This group went on to adopt a formal Constitution after a meeting at the Yacht Club de France in Paris on 14 October 1907 which is seen as the formation date of the International Yacht Racing Union. On 5 August 1996, the IYRU changed its name to the International Sailing Federation (ISAF). On 14 November 2015, ISAF changed its name to World Sailing. Competitive sailing regatta contain events which are defined by

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672-510: A ship. Although tonnage (volume) should not be confused with displacement (the actual mass of the vessel), the long ton (or imperial ton) of 2,240 lb is derived from the fact that a " tun " of wine typically weighed that much. Tonnage measurements are governed by an IMO Convention (International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which initially applied to all ships built after July 1982, and to older ships from July 1994. A commonly defined measurement system

728-530: A smaller size of standard barrel. This was the barrique bordelaise , measuring a quarter of the size of the tun (in English, this barrel was termed a hogshead ). For instance, Basque ships engaged in 16th century whaling in Labrador used this size of barrel (with the name barrica ). The French tonneau de mer was legally defined, in 1681, as the cubic space into which four barrique bordelaise fitted, with

784-504: A very popular class for the physically disabled, and is currently used in the Paralympics. A group of Metre Class yacht owners, friends and enthusiasts celebrated the centenary of the International rule, in July, 2007, in Cowes UK, by organising a regatta for all Metre Class yachts. About 6000 of the larger metre rule boats have been built since 1907. About half of them still exist, which is

840-407: A volume that, if filled with fresh water, would weigh around 2.83 tonnes . The definition and calculation of the internal volume is complex; for instance, a ship's hold may be assessed for bulk grain (accounting for all the air space in the hold) or for bales (omitting the spaces into which bulk, but not baled cargo, would spill). Gross register tonnage was replaced by gross tonnage in 1982 under

896-399: Is a function of the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. The Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) is based on net tonnage modified for Panama Canal purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; one PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m ) of capacity. The Suez Canal Net Tonnage (SCNT) is derived with

952-443: Is composed of "Member National Authorities" (MNA's) from over 140 countries all of whom have the right to make submissions to determine World Sailing's policies. Persons with a physical impairment who are interested to learn to sail are encouraged to locate their national World Sailing Member National Authority (MNA), Disabled Sports Organization, or visit the local sailing club, as World Sailing seeks to people with disabilities into

1008-443: Is important, since a ship's registration fee, harbour dues, safety and manning rules, and the like may be based on its gross tonnage (GT) or net tonnage (NT). Gross tonnage (GT) is a function of the volume of all of a ship's enclosed spaces (from keel to funnel ) measured to the outside of the hull framing. The numerical value for a ship's GT is always smaller than the numerical values of gross register tonnage (GRT). Gross tonnage

1064-596: Is just over 40 cubic feet (1.1 m ). British practice by the 19th century was for a ton of cargo volume to be 50 cubic feet (1.4 m ). This is derived from an estimate of the hull space needed to fit the roughly cylindrical tun and is broadly consistent with the much earlier French definition given below. The Bordeaux tun was used as a measurement elsewhere in Europe. By the 16th century, multi-decked ships which were loaded through hatchways (as opposed to earlier undecked or single decked ships) found it more convenient to use

1120-399: Is the one-person 2.4 Metre Class , currently active as a Paralympics class. International rule should not be confused with Square Metre Rule . It is commonly believed that the term Metre refers to the units of measurement used for the input values entered into the formula. This has led to the idea that the use of metric units for the formula represented a major concession on the part of

1176-413: Is therefore a kind of capacity-derived index that is used to rank a ship for purposes of determining manning, safety, and other statutory requirements and is expressed simply as GT, which is a unitless entity, even though it derives from the volumetric capacity in cubic metres. Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. It indicates a vessel's earning space and

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1232-462: Is today raced in fleets based in Norway, Sweden, the UK, Canada, Bermuda and the United States of America. The IOD is a very tightly regulated variation of a 6 metre. A recent development has been the 2.4 Metre Class—a Metre class boat designed for a solo sailor. As a keelboat, and unlike a dinghy, it does not require the crew to balance his weight to keep the boat from capsizing. Therefore, it has become

1288-635: The 8 metres were also used in different years. The later 5.5 Metre was also used in the Olympics. The 12 Metre Class was used for the America's Cup events from 1958 through 1987. In 1936, Cornelius Shields, used the International Rule as the basis for a new one-design class. Designed by Norwegian Bjarne Aas, and modeled after his classic 6 metre Saga, the International One Design sloop , or IOD,

1344-660: The International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The creation of the International Yacht Racing Union (IYRU) began in 1904, when Major Brooke Heckstall-Smith AINA, then Secretary of the Yacht Racing Association (now the Royal Yachting Association ) wrote to the Yacht Club de France , pointing out the desirability of holding a conference for the purpose of devising an International Rule of Measurement for Racing Yachts acceptable to all European countries. As

1400-462: The Middle Ages , ships were often impressed by the crown for military use. To do this in an efficient and speedy manner, a measurement of size was needed. The payment to the owner of the requisitioned ship was based on the tonnage. Port dues and various licences were based on tonnage, and it was a useful measure for a ship builder who needed to build a vessel that met the new owner's requirements. In

1456-474: The Tudor period a bounty per ton was paid for the construction of larger ships, so the threshold for that payment had to be determined, as well as the amount paid for those qualifying. In the middle ages, the normal way of discovering the tonnage of a ship was to load her with wine and see how many tuns could be fitted in. There is an instance of the owner of a new ship, in 1459, being challenged that his safe-conduct

1512-485: The 1970s to encourage participation and now host more than 30 such World Championship titles each year. For the 2016 Olympics, compulsory mixed gender in the event was added for the first time. In addition the following categories are sometimes applied to events: World Sailing is now most familiar to sailors for defining the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS), the international standard used to define competition rules and

1568-409: The 1980s. From 2000 to 2016, the 2.4 m was used for the sailing at Paralympic Games . Tonnage Tonnage is a measure of the capacity of a ship , and is commonly used to assess fees on commercial shipping . The term derives from the taxation paid on tuns or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of

1624-605: The British Thames Measurement by the Yacht Club of France in 1870 may mark the beginning of international rating rules. In 1893, the Germano-Scandinavian Union was formed and it developed its "Union Rule". Starting in 1902, under the leadership of the New York Yacht Club , U.S. yacht clubs agreed to a " Universal Rule " in 1905 which was based on a formula developed by Nathanael Herreshoff . By

1680-486: The British whose preeminence in yachting at the time could have justified using imperial units . In fact, the formula works equally well with imperial units. The relation between the length and area components of the formula are preserved whether in metric or imperial units. The use of the term Metre refers to the unit of length (the metre ) used in the expression of the result of the calculation. If one uses imperial units,

1736-628: The Classes used for the Olympic Games, World Sailing arrange the following events: Sailing as an equipment based sports allows one of the largest ranges of paralympians to compete under equal terms. Sailing was included for the first time in the Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games program as a demonstration event. It became a full medal sport at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games up to 2020 were IPC removed sailing from

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1792-566: The Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969, with all ships measured in GRT either scrapped or re-measured in GT by 1994. Net register tonnage (NRT) is the volume of cargo the vessel can carry—that is, the gross register tonnage less the volume of spaces that do not hold cargo (e.g., engine compartment, helm station, and crew spaces, again with differences depending on which port or country does

1848-523: The Universal Rule based on the formula developed by Nathanael Herreshoff . The International rule eventually became the backbone of yacht racing. The Rule created a formula that took into account most problematic areas that had previously caused dissent among the racing nations. It does not restrict size—many individual classes were created. It allowed designers a degree of latitude—yet controlled unsafe extremes. It laid down construction rules and governed

1904-571: The World Sailing Committee later rebrand Para World Sailing. The rational was given as follows: "The creation of a single governing body for Member National Authorities (MNAs) and sailors will better serve the needs and interests of sailors with disabilities, and provide consistency within the sport, from relationships with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to technical support and operational efficiencies." The IFDS Foundation

1960-475: The calculations). It represents the volume of the ship available for transporting freight or passengers . It was replaced by net tonnage in 1994, under the Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969. International Sailing Federation World Sailing ( WS ) is the international sports governing body for sailing ; it is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and

2016-469: The casks aligned two directly above the two below (so not optimising the layout). This redefined ton worked out as 42 cubic pieds de roi (1.44 cubic metres (51 cu ft). The difference between this measure and, for instance, the Spanish toneladas was calculated by recognised adjustment factors. Tonnage measurement was important for an increasing number of reasons through history. In England in

2072-420: The divisor was merely a constant, and others "non-trivial", where the divisor was a resistance factor. The Union Rule was a trivial fraction (the divisor being "150") and the Universal Rule non-trivial (the divisor being 5 times the cube root of the draught). It was the illustrious architect, Dixon Kemp , who began the tradition of expressing British rules as trivial fractions with a divisor of "2", thus starting

2128-434: The early 20th Century yacht racing had spread across Europe but each country had its own different rating rules but they all typically used similar principles. International competition was always subject to various forms of handicapping which was often subjective and certainly open to protest What was needed was a common rating or an agreed International rule, which would enable yachts from one country to race competitively in

2184-438: The first International rule which defined not only the rating of yachts and measurement rules but also construction regulations (scantlings) and racing rules. Delegates from this meeting went on to form the International Yacht Racing Union (IYRU); the precursor to the present International Sailing Federation (ISAF). The USA sent observers to the meetings but did not initially adopt the first International rule and continued with

2240-551: The first six inductees for the ISAF Sailing Hall of Fame. At the 2015 annual conference in Sanya , China, there were seven further inductees. The Beppe Croce Trophy is presented to an individual who has made an outstanding voluntary contribution to the sport of sailing. The roll of honour is an impressive one, including multiple Olympic medallists, rules gurus and designers, and all have dedicated an outstanding amount of time to

2296-527: The following awards together with service medals. The main annual award the " Rolex World Sailor of the Year " that is sponsored by ROLEX in the following categories: When a crew of two or three people is nominated, the awarded is presented to the entire crew. When larger crews win the award, normally only the skipper is recognised. On 5 November 2007 in Estoril , Portugal, the International Sailing Federation announced

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2352-593: The framework within which racing is conducted. Para sailing regattas for para sailors likewise follow the World Sailing rulebook with a minor change to permit things like powered adaptations. Strict classification requirements are enforced in the Paralympic Games for fair competition in Paralympic-class keelboats. The key documents under control of World Sailing are: Like all sports federations, World Sailing

2408-469: The measurement rules to enable a design to get a better rating. Whilst this encouraged designers it discouraged owners from participating in handicap racing because designs were being outdated almost before the yacht was launched. In order to restore the equilibrium, work began on new formulas, which resulted, in the Thames Measurement which was the first formula defined for yachts. The adoption of

2464-426: The paralympic program. Work continues to get sailing reinstated for the 2028 Paralympics. Each World Sailing class is entitled to hold a world championship The following World Championships are held: Sailing is a versatile sport that can accommodate many types of disability primarily because it is equipment based. Sailing is one of the few sports where disabled sailors compete on equal terms to able body sailors in

2520-424: The result for a Six Metre yacht is 19.685 feet. The London Conference preferred the term "Six Metre" yachts to "19.685 foot" yacht. For the International rule, the rating number is approximately equal to the sailing length of the hull. These boats have long overhangs which allow the waterline length to increase as the boat heels over. A displacement hull's maximum speed (the hull speed ) is directly proportional to

2576-464: The results of numerous races each Class was allocated a distance allowance that the Class had to give away to the next lower Class. This was equivalent to a Class 1 having to sail more distance than a Class 4 yacht during a race. In 1834 handicapping by distance was changed to handicapping by time. As yacht racing in particular became more and more popular designers started to look for and found loopholes in

2632-530: The sport. The federation recognizes over 80 classes which are each entitled to hold world championships. World Sailing is responsible for administration of the Olympic Sailing Regatta . Sailing (called yachting in the early years) has been a mainstay of the modern summer Olympic games since 1896, omitted only from the 1904 summer games in St. Louis. To help encourage high level international competition in

2688-415: The square root of its waterline length. The first rating rules were first expressed as the weighted sum of various speed factors such as length and sail area. Later rules included resistance factors, such as draught or freeboard. These resistance factors could either be subtracted from the speed factors or used as divisors of the speed factors. Some rules thus took the form of fractions—some "trivial", where

2744-465: The tradition of the age old question: "Since your boat is a Six metre, why is it 12 metres long?" While many different Metre Class yachts were constructed during those first heady years, of the sizes specified in the original rule, four have maintained their popularity; the 5.5, 6, 8 and 12 Metre Classes. The year after the ratification, the 12 Metre Class were chosen for the Olympics—the 6 Metre and

2800-448: The use of materials—yet understood that the Rule must develop. Used from 1907 to 1920 where Used from 1920 to 1933. where Used from 1933 to 1939. where It is important to note the term Metre does not refer to the length of the yacht; it is the product of a formula and denotes the class. A Six Metre yacht can be from 10 to 12 metres in length. Metre rule has proven to be successful and enduring, seeing only minor revisions over

2856-452: The world of yacht racing so that a yacht also now had a measured tonnage which allowed size comparisons and hence performance comparisons to be made between yachts on the basis that a properly designed big yacht will sail faster than a properly designed small yacht. Each yacht fell within a Class based upon its measured tonnage. In the early 19th century four ranges of tonnage and hence four Classes were defined. Based on experience gained from

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2912-464: The years. Whilst many different Metre Class yachts were constructed during those first heady years, three sizes have maintained their popularity; the 6 , 8 and 12 Metre Classes. The year after the ratification, the 12 Metre Class were chosen for the Olympics—the 6 and 8 Metres were also used at different stages. The 12 Metre Class was used for the America's Cup events until 1987. A relatively new arrival

2968-411: Was apparently paid without any measurement system to confirm the actual size. The presumption is that it was taken from the amount of cargo unloaded after the first voyage (which would be recorded in the customs records of the relevant port). Gross register tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal volume of a vessel, where one register ton is equal to a volume of 100 cubic feet (2.83  m );

3024-546: Was dissolved during the 2015 Annual Conference in Sanya, China. The Disabled Sailing Committee then re-branded as the Para World Sailing Committee. From 1906 to 1946 a chairman was elected from time to time to orchestrate the annual meetings. Vice presidents have been elected since 1955. There are four types of race officials used to conduct sailing events recognised by World Sailing as follows: World Sailing hold

3080-431: Was established about 1450. The 15th century Bordeaux wine tun was between 240 and 252 imperial gallons (1,090 and 1,150 L; 288 and 303 US gal). When measuring the tonnage of a ship, the approximately cylindrical cask would have air space around it when stowed in a ship. Therefore the volume of hold space required for several tuns was greater than the total of the capacity of those tuns. 252 imperial gallons

3136-403: Was for a 400 ton vessel, whilst he had already loaded more than 600 tons. The excuse was accepted that he had no idea of her tonnage until she was loaded. In another case, in 1456, a dispute over the actual tonnage of a ship had to be resolved by having coopers part load her with (presumably empty) barrels to estimate what she could carry. The Tudor bounty paid for the construction of larger ship

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