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75-660: The pyramid was located in today's Borgo district of Rome, between Old Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and the Mausoleum of Hadrian . Its foundations have been discovered under the first north block of via della Conciliazione , which now includes the Auditorium della Conciliazione and the Palazzo Pio. The Meta Romuli was a monumental burial erected in the Roman age on the right bank of

150-658: A Lion (representing the Leonine City), and three Mounts and a Star (taken from the coat of arms of Pope Sixtus). At the beginning of the 17th century Pope Paul V restored the Aqua Traiana , an ancient Roman Aqueduct , and had several fountains built in the Rione (among them, that designed by Carlo Maderno in Piazza Scossacavalli , now placed in front of the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle ). Pope Alexander VII , after

225-558: A few drawings, no scientific documentation of the old quarter was taken. Most of the inhabitants, whose families had been living and working in Borgo for centuries, were deported to the outskirts in the middle of the Campagna , as Acilia . That happened because no new apartment houses were built, but only offices, mainly used by the Vatican. Judgement about the whole undertaking, controversial since

300-441: A granary tends to contain excess moisture, which encourages mold growth leading to fermentation and heating, both of which are undesirable and affect quality. Fermentation generally spoils grain and may cause chemical changes that create poisonous mycotoxins . One traditional remedy is to spread the grain in thin layers on a floor, where it is turned to aerate it thoroughly. Once the grain is sufficiently dry it can be transferred to

375-439: A height of 10–12 m). Ferno writes also that during its demolition, which took place between April and 24 December 1499, the concrete of the building was so hard that it had to be demolished with a trip hammer ; the bangs which resulted were so loud like those produced by beating a mountain of iron. In 1948–49, during the works for the construction of the first block of the north side of Via della Conciliazione , it came to light

450-631: A new bridge, Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II , located slightly north of the ruins of Nero's Bridge, connected the new avenue of Corso Vittorio Emanuele with Borgo. This situation changed forever in 1936. In that year, Mussolini and Pius XI a approved a plan by the Roman architects Marcello Piacentini and Attilio Spaccarelli to demolition of the spina , a neighborhood sandwiched between the Renaissance-era roads Borgo Nuovo and Borgo Vecchio that linked Saint Peter's to Castel Sant'Angelo. An agreement between

525-499: A northwest–southeast-oriented foundation of concrete conglomeration made by tufa quarry waste, surrounded by a large pavement made with travertine slabs. These remains fully confirm the description of the Meta found in the Mirabilia and those given by the eyewitnesses. Borgo (rione of Rome) Borgo (sometimes called also I Borghi ) is the 14th rione of Rome , Italy. It

600-522: A passar la gente modo colto, che da l’un lato tutti hanno la fronte verso ’l castello e vanno a Santo Pietro, da l’altra sponda vanno verso ’l monte. as, in the year of Jubilee, the Romans, confronted by great crowds, contrived a plan that let the people pass across the bridge, for to one side went all who had their eyes upon the Castle, heading toward St. Peter’s, and to the other, those who faced

675-460: A postcard, and the sense of perspective gets lost as well. During the 1930s extensive demolition affected also the northwestern part of the rione ( Via di Porta Angelica e Via del Mascherino ). These were officially undertaken in order to better define the border between Italy and the new State of the Vatican City. Since 1950, the remaining Borghiciani (the name by which the inhabitants of

750-469: A small lane near Borgo Pio, were the shops of the Roman umbrella makers, gathered there because of the bad smell coming from the oiled silk. In Borgo Vecchio several small foundries were active, where artistic objects made of bronze were cast. Particularly characteristic was the making of bells : the last foundry, located in Vicolo del Farinone , closed around 1995, after an activity lasted about 450 years. In

825-509: Is identified by the initials R. XIV and is included within Municipio I . Its coat of arms shows a lion (after the name " Leonine City ", which was also given to the district), lying in front of three mounts and a star. These – together with a lion rampant – are also part of the coat of arms of Pope Sixtus V , who annexed Borgo as the 14th rione of Rome. During the Roman age, the Borgo district

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900-415: The quadriporticus and the stairs of Saint Peter's church. The construction was very robust: Michele Ferno, an eyewitness of the demolition, could visit the burial chamber , which was reachable through a long tunnel; its walls had four niches to keep the defuncts' ashes, and with a side of 7 m and a height of 10.5 m it was almost as big as that of the Mausoleum of Hadrian (which has a side of 7.8 m and

975-505: The Indus Valley from 6000 BC. The ancient Egyptians made a practice of preserving grain in years of plenty against years of scarcity. The climate of Egypt being very dry, grain could be stored in pits for a long time without discernible loss of quality. Historically, a silo was a pit for storing grain. It is distinct from a granary, which is an above-ground structure. Simple storage granaries raised up on four or more posts appeared in

1050-470: The Palazzo della Cancelleria , and Palazzo dei Penitenzieri , perhaps designed by of Baccio Pontelli . The last three palaces faced a small square, Piazza del Cardinale di S. Clemente (later Piazza Scossacavalli ), which became the most important in the Borgo. Also wealthy bourgeoises , such as Febo Brigotti and Jacopo da Brescia, the doctors respectively of Paul III and Leo X, had their houses built in

1125-626: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlements in the Jordan Valley . The first were located in places between other buildings. However beginning around 8500 BC , they were moved inside houses, and by 7500 BC storage occurred in special rooms. The first granaries measured 3 x 3 m on the outside and had suspended floors that protected the grain from rodents and insects and provided air circulation. These granaries are followed by those in Mehrgarh in

1200-616: The Tiber , near the intersection of two Roman roads, the Via Cornelia and the Via Triumphalis , in an area outside the pomerium (the religious boundary around Rome); this area, named Ager Vaticanus , hosted at that time numerous cemetery areas such as the nearby Vatican Necropolis and, due to its proximity to the Campus Martius represented an ideal area to build the monumental tombs of

1275-533: The Vatican City a western border, which is marked by the Vatican wall between Piazza del Risorgimento and Via di Porta Cavalleggeri . Westward, the rione also borders with Quartiere Aurelio (Q. XIII) , from which is separated by the stretch of the Leonine Walls beside Via di Porta Cavalleggeri, Largo di Porta Cavalleggeri and Viale delle Mura Aurelie. Southward, Borgo borders with Trastevere (R. XIII),

1350-582: The West Saxons . That hospice became the core of the future Hospital of Santo Spirito , one of the oldest and largest in Rome, founded by Pope Innocent III in 1198. Near the hospital was erected the church of Santo Spirito in Sassia . The German pilgrims gave the zone around their Scholae the name Burg (fortified town), which, italianised, became the name of the quarter. Since it lay outside Aurelian 's Walls,

1425-813: The Yangshao culture in China and after the onset of intensive agriculture in the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period (c. 1000 B.C.) as well as in the Japanese archipelago during the Final Jōmon /Early Yayoi periods (c. 800 B.C.). In the archaeological vernacular of Northeast Asia, these features are lumped with those that may have also functioned as residences and together are called 'raised floor buildings'. China built an elaborate system designed to minimize famine deaths. The system

1500-469: The 16th century, when the new Saint Peter's was erected in its place) one of the centers of Christianity. During the early Middle Ages the bridge of Nero fell into ruins, while the Mausoleum of Hadrian was converted into a stronghold ( Castel Sant'Angelo ), the possession of which ensured control of the city. Despite the wars and invasions that plagued Rome during those centuries, the flood of pilgrims to

1575-746: The Basilica they met the tomb of the founder of the city before that of the founder of the church. Due to that, the Meta Romuli was a popular subject in the representations of the city in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Some examples are the Stefaneschi Polyptych by Giotto ; a polyptych by Jacopo di Cione ; one tile of Filarete 's Bronze Doors in Old St. Peter's Basilica; the fresco of The Vision of

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1650-627: The Borgo are called in Roman dialect ), live north of the Passetto, where the quarter retained until recent times its character. Several high prelates live or lived there: among them, late Pope Benedict XVI , who had been living in Borgo Pio for more than twenty years before his election to the Papacy. South of the Passetto the quarter houses only some offices (mainly belonging to the Vatican), an Auditorium , and

1725-506: The Borgo was always exposed to attacks. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the quarter – together with the basilica - was plundered several times by Saracens who landed in Portus , and devastated by fires (that of 847 was immortalised by Raphael in a fresco painted in the stanze vaticane ). Finally, Pope Leo IV built the walls which still bear his name. On June 27, 852 the Pope, accompanied by

1800-449: The Borgo were also located many famous osterie , where Romans and pilgrims could eat and drink wine. Another profession peculiar to the men of the Borgo was that of headsman (" boia "). In fact, the executioner was forbidden to live on the left bank, and even to go there ( Boia non passa Ponte , in English : "the headsman cannot cross the bridge", was a Roman proverb ), but had to stay in

1875-486: The Borgo, as fourteenth rione, became again a part of Rome. The Leonine walls, which incorporated an older wall built by Totila during the Gothic War , still exist between the Vatican and the Castle, where they bear the name of Passetto . This constitutes a covered passage, which could be used – and actually has been used several times - by the Pope as an escape route from his residence to the Castle in case of danger. In

1950-460: The Borgo. The Leonine City at that time was also renowned in Rome for its stufe . These buildings, whose tradition came from Germany (the name comes from the German word stube ), were something between a Roman bath and a modern sauna , and were often attended by artists, who could freely sketch nudes there (Raffaello himself was owner of a stufa in Borgo, near his palace). In order to address

2025-685: The Cross in Raphael's Rooms in the Vatican ; and the frescoes on the vaults of the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi by Cimabue . The cella of the pyramid was used for centuries as a granary by the Chapter of Saint Peter, which owned it from the 13th century until its destruction. At the beginning of the 15th century, the pyramid's pinnacle was demolished; on the platform which resulted were garrisoned soldiers of

2100-609: The Leonine City with all its inhabitants, this caused violent demonstrations in the Borgo. This offer was refused by Pius IX , who preferred to declare himself a prisoner of the Italian State and seclude himself in the Vatican complex. After 1870, the walls of Pius IV, which bordered the Rione to the north, were pulled down, together with the Porta Angelica, to ease communication with the new Rione of Prati . Between 1886 and 1911

2175-599: The Leonine City. The most important yearly event for the rione was the spectacular procession of Corpus Domini , which started and finished in Saint Peter's, and was led by the Pope himself together with the Cardinal Dean , during which each building was dressed with flags and standards. Things began to change again for the Borgo during the French occupation under Napoleon . The Préfet of Rome, Camille de Tournon , started

2250-480: The Middle Ages, the quarter was not much populated, with sparse houses, some churches and a lot of vegetable gardens. There were also several brick furnaces, using the clay abundant in the Vatican and Gianicolo hills. A small harbor, the Porto Leonino , later used to deliver the travertine blocks needed to build the new Saint Peter's, existed south of the castle. The pilgrims going to St. Peter's and coming from

2325-529: The Middle Ages, while the former survived until the Renaissance age becoming an important element of Rome's topography. It is clear that the man who could afford to build such a monument could only have been a prominent figure of the Roman state, but his name remains unknown. The first mention of the Meta can be found in a comment to Horace by the Pseudo-Acron (a writer of the 5th century AD) who mentions that

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2400-565: The Mount. During the Avignon Papacy the Borgo, together with Rome, suffered decay. The Portica collapsed, and on its place was built the road of Borgo Vecchio , also named Carriera Martyrum after the martyrs going to death in the Circus of Nero . During that time only Borgo Santo Spirito and Borgo Vecchio afforded access to reach Saint Peter's from the left bank. The recovery began with

2475-556: The Via Triumphalis with a stone bridge, (whose ruins can still be seen in the Tiber during the minimum flow periods) named after him Pons Neronianus or Triumphalis . Emperor Hadrian built near the Tiber his huge Mausoleum , which he connected to the left bank of the river with another Bridge, the Pons Ælius (today's Ponte Sant'Angelo ). But what changed forever the destiny of the zone

2550-492: The ashes of Scipio Africanus were taken from a pyramid in the Vatican; due to that, the Meta Romuli was also named "Sepulcher of the Scipions". The name Meta Romuli instead was due to a popular belief, which linked it to the pyramid of Cestius (named Meta Remi in the Middle Ages and lying near the Basilica of Saint Paul ), identifying them with the tombs of Romulus and Remus , the two mythical founders of Rome, and making them

2625-462: The beginning of the 16th century by high prelates and aristocrats, including Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila , designed by Raphael ; the Palazzo Caprini by Donato Bramante (a house that Raphael chose to buy, and later became part of the Palazzo dei Convertendi ); Palazzo Castellesi , built by Cardinal Adriano Castellesi , attributed to Andrea Bregno or Bramante and a small-scale copy of

2700-451: The beginning, appears now to be largely negative. In fact, besides the destruction of many ancient edifices and, above all, of a whole social tissue, what was lost forever was the "surprise" (typical of the Baroque ), when, at the very end of the narrow and dark lanes of the Borgo, the huge Piazza and Basilica suddenly appeared. Now, instead, Saint Peter's appears in the distance, flattened as in

2775-569: The boundary being outlined by the Aurelian Walls , up to Ponte Principe Amedeo Savoia Aosta . Granary A granary is a storehouse or room in a barn for threshed grain or animal feed . Ancient or primitive granaries are most often made of pottery . Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals and from floods. From ancient times grain has been stored in bulk. The oldest granaries yet found date back to 9500 BC and are located in

2850-480: The clergy and people, started this undertaking walking bare-foot along the circuit of the new walls. Then, in order to augment the population, Pope Leo settled several families of Corsicans in the Borgo. Since that time, the quarter was no longer considered a part of Rome, but a separate town, the Leonine City ( Civitas Leonina ), with its own magistrates and governor. It was only in 1586, under Pope Sixtus V , that

2925-484: The completion of the colonnade designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (built between 1656 and 1665), ordered the demolition of the first block in front of it. He created so the Piazza Rusticucci , the vestibule to Saint Peter's Square. Among the other buildings, which then went lost, there was Palazzo Branconio . During the 18th and the early 19th centuries, the Borgo kept its characteristics. The bourgeoises abandoned

3000-584: The demolition of the spina, but the project had to be interrupted shortly after it began due to a lack of funds. During the Italian Risorgimento the Borgo, together with Trastevere and Monti , was one of the quarters of Rome where public opinion supported with great enthusiasm the struggle for Italian independence. When, shortly after the September 20, 1870 the Italians offered the Pope full sovereignty over

3075-625: The end of the Western Schism and the beginning of the Renaissance . By that time, the center of gravity of Rome began to shift from the zone around Campidoglio , where medieval Rome had developed, to the Campo Marzio plain. At the same time, the Popes abandoned finally the Lateran complex for the Vatican, which now became the new center of power in Rome. The large amount of building activity and above all

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3150-517: The houses of the Rione south of the Passetto were demolished, with mostly new construction lining the Via della Conciliazione . A few major buildings including Santa Maria in Traspontina (the parish church of Borgo), Palazzo Torlonia , and Palazzo dei Penitenzieri were spared because they were more or less on axis with the new road. All the others were either pulled down and rebuilt with their fronts on

3225-523: The huge complex of the Hospital of Santo Spirito. Borgo lies on the west bank of the Tiber and has a trapezoidal shape. The territory of the rione includes a level part, which is made up of the Tiber's alluvial deposits , and a hilly zone, which coincides with the clay -laden slopes of the Vatican hill. In administrative terms, the rione became part of the city center (the Municipio I ) following city decree n.11 issued on 11 March 2013. Before then, it

3300-539: The left bank through Ponte Sant'Angelo, after entering a gate (later named Porta Castello ) could walk through the Borgo of the Saxons (today's Borgo Santo Spirito ) or the Porticus or Portica (named now Porticus Sancti Petri ), which was still in place. Those coming from Trastevere along the route that would later become Via della Lungara used the posterula Saxonum (today's Porta Santo Spirito ), and, finally,

3375-406: The members of the roman upper class. It was directly south next to another large mausoleum , the so-called Therebintus Neronis , whose demolition started during the 7th century, which had instead a circular plan and the shape of a giant tumulus tomb. While both monuments survived the great changes due to the construction of the old St. Peter's Basilica , the latter was destroyed already during

3450-632: The mid-point between the Meta Romuli and the pyramid of Cestius, that is the place on the Janiculum hill called Montorio , where in the Renaissance Donato Bramante built the Tempietto di San Pietro ; consequently, the pyramid was represented for centuries in the depictions of St. Peter's martyrdom. The tomb had also a great importance for the pilgrims who reach Saint Peter, since on their way to

3525-399: The nearby Castle, who got their supplies thorough a system of ropes hanging to the fortress. Despite its importance for the city and for the church, Pope Alexander VI ordered its demolition on 26 November 1498 for the opening of the new Via Alessandrina (later known as Borgo Nuovo ), a road which connected the Vatican area with the bridge crossing the Tiber . Due to the difficulty of

3600-426: The new roads (like Palazzo dei Convertendi , rebuilt to align with the Via della Conciliazione, and the houses of Febo Brigotti and Jacopo da Brescia, whose façades were reassembled on the new Via dei Corridori ), or, like the small churches of San Giacomo a Scossacavalli and Sant'Angelo ai Corridori, formerly built along the Piazza Scossacavalli and along the Passetto, simply demolished and never rebuilt. Besides

3675-418: The object of various legends, based upon the analogy between the founders of the city and the apostles Peter and Paul. It was traditionally believed that the site of the martyrdom of Saint Peter, described as ad Therebintum inter duas metas...in Vaticano , was placed either between the Therebintus and the Meta Romuli, or between the latter and the obelisk of the Circus of Nero , or - in a larger context - in

3750-406: The old Church of Santa Maria in Traspontina , which lay directly next to the Castle. A new church bearing the same name was built in 1587 in the middle of Borgo Nuovo. On December 9, 1586 (the year when Domenico Fontana erected in Saint Peter's Square the obelisk once standing in the Circus of Nero), Pope Sixtus V declared Borgo the fourteenth Rione of the city. Its coat of arms represents

3825-462: The pilgrims coming from the north ( monte Mario ) following the Via Francigena , entered through Porta San Pellegrino (also named Viridaria because of its vicinity to the Vatican Gardens ). In his Divine Comedy , Dante describes the great crowds of pilgrims visiting the Leonine City during the first Jubilee , which took place in 1300 under Boniface VIII . come i Roman per l’essercito molto, l’anno del giubileo, su per lo ponte hanno

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3900-400: The project. Two Propylaea were built in front of Saint Peter's Square (inside that on the south side was enclosed the ancient church of San Lorenzo in piscibus ), and two others at the beginning of the road. The road was finished in time for the Jubilee of 1950, by putting along it two rows of obelisks (which the Romans quickly christened "the suppositories"). The result was that almost all

3975-413: The quarter was able to recover quite quickly. Paul III restored the walls, erecting three new ramparts and the still unfinished Porta Santo Spirito (the work of Antonio da Sangallo the younger ). The Borgo continued to grow to such an extent, that in 1565 Pius IV started the construction of three new roads, all north of the Passetto, named respectively Borgo Pio (after himself), Borgo Vittorio (after

4050-486: The rebuilding of Saint Peter , which was the ultimate result of this translocation, attracted several artists to the Borgo, while the renewed flood of pilgrims boosted commerce. Under Nicholas V , Bernardo Rossellino planned three diverging roads with arcades going to Saint Peter, but the Pontiff's death blocked the project. Sixtus IV opened a new road parallel to the Passetto, named after him via Sistina (later Borgo Sant'Angelo ). Magnificent buildings were built at

4125-514: The remains of the monument. In 1511, Pope Julius II claimed ownership of the monument, and in several documents of the 16th century until 1568 the Meta was cited as the end of the Palio race. The adoption of the pyramidal shape for sepulchral monuments was popular during the Augustan period, in the context of cultural influences from Egypt. Many pyramidal tombs were built, between 40 and 50 meters high, of which only that of Gaius Cestius survives. The Vatican pyramid dated back presumably to

4200-425: The rione for the new settlements in Campo Marzio , and Borgo became a quarter inhabited by simple people (artisans or workers at the Vatican), very devoted yet always open to new ideas, and men of the church, who appreciated the vicinity to the Holy See. Many sellers of religious goods, named Paternostrari or Coronari ( rosary makers) had their shops here. At the edge of the quarter, in Vicolo degli ombrellari ,

4275-448: The same age or to the first imperial age, and according to evidence was larger than the Cestia pyramid; as per 15th-century accounts, it had a square plan with sides 25 metres (82 ft) long and was between 32 and 50 meters high. The Mirabilia Urbis Romae (a 12th-century guide of the city) says that the monument fuit miro lapide tabulata ("was sided with wonderful stone") and that pope Donus (r. 676–8) dismantled its siding to pave

4350-414: The slopes of the Gianicolo and Vatican hills. Emperor Gaius (also known as Caligula) built on the Vatican a circus ( Circus Gaianus ), which was then enlarged by Nero ( Circus Neronis ). The obelisk standing today in St. Peter's Square was erected along its raised median (the spina ). The circus was connected to the city through an archway ( Porticus ). Nero also replaced the timber bridge of

4425-464: The so-called "spina" (named thus on account of its similarity to the dividing line of an ancient Roman Circus). At about its middle, the spina was interrupted by a small square, called Piazza Scossacavalli . A recurrent theme of Roman city planning , were the various projects contemplating the demolition of the spina: starting with, that of Carlo Fontana in the late 17th century; and ending, in 1936, when, under Benito Mussolini and Pius XI , this task

4500-407: The soldiers of Charles V entered the Leonine City and mercilessly plundered it, so starting the Sack of Rome . Clement VII barely escaped capture, running through the elevated Passetto (one block north of the spina) in his night dress and locking himself within Castel Sant'Angelo, while all the Swiss Guards , except those defending his escape, were killed near the obelisk. Despite this disaster,

4575-437: The tomb of the apostle never stopped. Pilgrims of the same nationality gathered together in associations named Scholae , whose task was to host and to aid men and women of the same nation coming to Rome. The most famous were those of the Franks , Saxons , Frisians and Lombards . Each Schola had its own hospice and church. One of the first – the Schola Saxonum - was built during the 8th century by Ina or Ine , king of

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4650-402: The traffic problems in the bustling Borgo, a new road, the Via Alexandrina or Recta , later named Borgo Nuovo , was opened during the Jubilee of 1500 by Pope Alexander VI Borgia was opened between Castel Sant'Angelo and Saint Peter's Square . The Borgo Nuovo paralleled to the north the existing road of Borgo Vecchio , creating a distinct row of houses between these two roads formed

4725-423: The twenty five Cardinals belonging to the Curia , each of whom maintained a court comprising hundreds of people, were living here. The most important artists (such as Raphael) took or built their houses in the Borgo. The only important female presence was that of the so-called Cortigiane , decent prostitutes, who were the lovers of high prelates and noblemen. All this came to an abrupt end on May 6, 1527, when

4800-399: The two leaders was possible because of the new climate of collaboration between the State and the Church following the signing of the Lateran Treaties in 1929. On October 23, 1936 (the day after the anniversary of the March on Rome ), Mussolini, standing on a roof, gave the first stroke of the pickaxe. On October 8, 1937 (less than one year later), the spina ceased to exist, and Saint Peter

4875-437: The undertaking, the pope conceded a plenary indulgence to the men willing to help. On 24 December 1499, the pope blocked all the old roads between Saint Peter and the Tiber, forcing the people to use the new thoroughfare; however, the demolition of the pyramid was not complete, since Raphael , who arrived in Rome in 1509, in a letter to Pope Leo X written in 1519 about the antiquities of the city, writes that he could still see

4950-826: The upper floor enclosed. Access to the first floor was usually via stone staircase on the outside wall. Towards the close of the 19th century, warehouses specially intended for holding grain began to multiply in Great Britain. There are climatic difficulties in the way of storing grain in Great Britain on a large scale, but these difficulties have been largely overcome. Modern grain farming operations often use manufactured steel granaries to store grain on-site until it can be trucked to major storage facilities in anticipation of shipping. The large mechanized facilities, particularly seen in Russia and North America are known as grain elevators . Grain must be kept away from moisture for as long as possible to preserve it in good condition and prevent mold growth . Newly harvested grain brought into

5025-448: The victory of Lepanto ) and Borgo Angelico (after Angelo, his own first name prior to his election). In order to boost the new settlement, he gave tax privileges to the Romans who choose to build their houses here. New Walls, and a new monumental gate ( Porta Angelica ), were built to protect the new area, which in honor of the Pope was named Civitas Pia . Pius IV also demolished several old churches and monasteries: among these, in 1564,

5100-420: Was a round tomb surmounted by a narrow tower, and the Meta Romuli , a pyramid similar to that still standing near Porta San Paolo ) that was demolished only in 1499. At the foot of the Vatican Hill , two roads started: the Via Cornelia , which joined the Via Aurelia near Tarquinii , and the Via Triumphalis ( Triumphal Road), which met the Via Cassia a few kilometers north. The latter

5175-601: Was destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion of the 1850s. In vernacular architecture of Indonesian archipelago granaries are made of wood and bamboo materials and most of them are built raised up on four or more posts to avoid rodents and insects. Examples of Indonesian granary styles are the Sundanese leuit and Minang rangkiang . In the South Hams in southwest Great Britain , small granaries were built on mushroom -shaped stumps called staddle stones . They were built of timber-frame construction and often had slate roofs. Larger ones were similar to linhays , but with

5250-415: Was finally accomplished to create the wide Via della Conciliazione in the space between the form Borgo Nouvo and Borgo Vecchio . The golden Age of the Borgo reached its apogee during the reign of the two Florentine Popes, Leo X and Clement VII , both members of the Medici family . Under the latter, the quarter had a population of 4,926 inhabitants, almost all bachelors and non-Roman. Nine out of

5325-405: Was freely visible from Castel Sant'Angelo. In the space between the two ancient roads, a new road celebrating the reconciliation ( La Conciliazione" ) of the pope and the Italian State was built, the Via della Conciliazione . Due to World War II , the work was interrupted. After the war, although the political and cultural climate had changed, the government and the Vatican decided to finish

5400-590: Was part of the 14th Regio (Regio XIV Transtiberim) and was named Ager Vaticanus , after the auguries ( vaticinii ) performed there by the Etruscan Augurs . Since it lay outside the Pomerium (the religious city border inside which burial was forbidden) and was plagued by malaria , this territory was used as a burial place. Some tombs reached notable proportions, including the Terebinthus Neronis , which

5475-453: Was part of the now abolished Municipio XVII, together with rione of Prati (also merged to the I Municipio in March 2013) and the quartieri Trionfale and Della Vittoria . Northward, Borgo borders with Prati (R. XXII), from which is separated by Piazza Adriana, Via Alberico II , Via Properzio , Piazza Americo Capponi, Via Stefano Porcari and Piazza del Risorgimento Borgo shares with

5550-591: Was so named because, beginning with Titus , the Roman Emperors used it to enter the city when celebrating their Triumphs. At the beginning of the Imperial Age , magnificent Villae (country houses) and Horti ( Gardens ), such as those owned by Agrippina the Elder , wife of Germanicus and mother of Caligula ( Horti Agrippinae ), and by Domitia Longina , wife of Domitianus ( Horti Domitiae ), were built near

5625-571: Was the martyrdom of St. Peter at the foot of the Vatican hill in 67, during the first persecution of the Christians . The saint was buried nearby, and this turned the Vatican into a place of pilgrimage. Above the tomb of the saint, Pope Anacletus built an oratory , which in 324 Emperor Constantine turned into a huge basilica devoted to the prince of the Apostles . This church, known today as Old Saint Peter's , soon became (until its destruction in

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