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33-954: Mesoraca relies on the production of oil , wine , cereals , citruses , and intensive cattle rearing. Mesoraca is twinned with: This Calabrian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oil An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water ) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active . Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature. The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal , vegetable , or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile. They are used for food (e.g., olive oil ), fuel (e.g., heating oil ), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil ), lubrication (e.g. motor oil ), and

66-471: A heat transfer oil . Lubricants used for older refrigerator and air conditioning compressors are based on mineral oil, especially those using R-22 refrigerant . Mineral oil is used as a lubricant , a cutting fluid , and as a conditioning oil for jute fibres selected for textile production , a process known as 'jute batching'. Spindle oils are light mineral oils used as lubricants in textile industries. An often-cited limitation of mineral oil

99-684: A barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 US gallons (37 imp gal; 170 L). In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity. Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons . Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents , fertilizers , medicines , paints , plastics , synthetic fibers , and synthetic rubber . Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry . Mineral oil Mineral oil

132-407: A religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity . Oils have been consumed since ancient times. Oils hold lots of fats and medical properties. A good example is olive oil. Olive oil holds a lot of fats within it which is why it

165-464: A risk assessment on the migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging—including mineral oils—into food in 2011, based on the findings of a survey conducted in the same year. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks. People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace through inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States,

198-439: A temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation. Over-the-counter veterinarian -use mineral oil is intended as a mild laxative for pets and livestock. Certain mineral oils are used in livestock vaccines , as an adjuvant to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent. In the poultry industry , plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto

231-449: A wooden kitchen item impedes absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, easing the process of hygienically cleaning wooden utensils and equipment. The use of mineral oil to impede water absorption can also prevent cracks and splits from forming in wooden utensils due to wetting and drying cycles. However, some of the mineral oil used on these items, if in contact with food, will be picked up by it and therefore ingested. Mineral oil

264-434: Is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on eyelashes to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in cold cream , is also used to remove creme make-up and temporary tattoos . One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of comedogenic substances. These lists of comedogenic substances were developed many years ago and are frequently quoted in

297-409: Is a liquid obtained from refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products . Mineral oils used for lubrication are known specifically as base oils . More generally, mineral oil is a transparent , colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes , related to petroleum jelly . It has a density of around 0.8–0.87 g/cm (0.029–0.031 lb/cu in). Some of

330-522: Is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum , as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils . The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', ' liquid paraffin ' (a highly refined medical grade ), paraffinum liquidum ( Latin ), and 'liquid petroleum'. Most often, mineral oil

363-598: Is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body. It is recommended by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine for use as a fertility-preserving vaginal lubrication . However, it is known that oils degrade latex condoms . Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering micro drops of culture medium in petri dishes , during the culture of oocytes and embryos in IVF and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over

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396-437: Is known as transformer oil , and in high-voltage switchgear , where mineral oil is used as an insulator and coolant to disperse switching arcs. Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a hydraulic fluid in hydraulic machinery and vehicles. The dielectric constant of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at 50 °C (122 °F) to 2.1 at 200 °C (392 °F). Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as

429-1202: Is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil. Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light , and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery . There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes ), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel , kerosene , benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas . A 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil produces approximately 10 US gallons (8.3 imp gal; 38 L) of diesel, 4 US gallons (3.3 imp gal; 15 L) of jet fuel, 19 US gallons (16 imp gal; 72 L) of gasoline, 7 US gallons (5.8 imp gal; 26 L) of other products, 3 US gallons (2.5 imp gal; 11 L) split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases, and 2 US gallons (1.7 imp gal; 7.6 L) of heating oil. The total production of

462-453: Is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for confectionery . In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods, though it is still found in many confectioneries, including Swedish Fish . The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its laxative effect. The maximum daily intake

495-622: Is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the US in 1980. It is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there

528-465: Is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil. Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats , are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying

561-406: Is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil or rapeseed oil may be used instead. Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden cutting boards , salad bowls , and utensils . Periodically rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into

594-409: Is used as a laxative to alleviate constipation by retaining water in stool and the intestines . Although generally considered safe, as noted above, there is a concern of mist inhalation leading to serious health conditions such as pneumonia . Mineral oil can be administered either orally or rectally. It is sometimes used as a lubricant in enema preparations as most of the ingested material

627-594: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set the legal limit for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, with a previous limit of 10 mg/m (0.0044 gr/cu ft) for short-term exposure rescinded according to

660-493: The 2019 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the ACGIH . Levels of 2,500 mg/m (1.1 gr/cu ft) and higher are indicated as immediately dangerous to life and health . However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of 2,500 mg/m (1.1 gr/cu ft) is indicated as being arbitrary. Mineral oil

693-430: The dermatological literature. The type of highly refined and purified mineral oil found in cosmetic and skincare products is noncomedogenic (does not clog pores). Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive coolant or thermal fluid in electric components, as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in transformers , where it

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726-896: The excess grime and creating a layer where new grime could form but be easily washed off in the water as oil is hydrophobic. Fish oils hold the omega-3 fatty acid. This fatty acid helps with inflammation and reduces fat in the bloodstream.   Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints . The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD. Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling , for instance in electric transformers . Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (see oil cooling ), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters ) and in other applications of heat transfer. Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil

759-476: The feet of chickens infected with scaly mites on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites. In beekeeping , food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other mites . It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin ( ashes ) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes. Mineral oil is a common ingredient in baby lotions , cold creams , ointments , and cosmetics. It

792-457: The imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and merchants who did not know, and usually had no need of knowing, the oil's precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" as being 1771. Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine the makeup of an oil was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with

825-542: The manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents. First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile , from Latin oleum , which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον ( elaion ), "olive oil, oil" and that from ἐλαία ( elaia ), " olive tree", "olive fruit". The earliest attested forms of

858-412: The modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials , such as zooplankton and algae , which geochemical processes convert into oil. The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer , in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin

891-417: The open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as 20 μl (0.0012 cu in) per oocyte instead of several milliliters for the batch culture); and it serves as

924-510: The term " white metal ". "Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the United States, is not sold as such in the United Kingdom. Instead, British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat more viscous varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and cosmetics . British aromatherapists commonly use

957-478: The term "white mineral oil". In lubrication , mineral oils make up Group I, II, and III base oils that are refined from petroleum. The World Health Organization classifies minimally treated mineral oils as carcinogens group 1 known to be carcinogenic to humans; Highly refined oils are classified group 3 as not suspected to be carcinogenic, from known available information sufficient to classify them as harmless. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) carried out

990-399: The texture of foods (e.g. stir fry ). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter , lard and other types, or plant oils from olive , maize , sunflower and many other species. Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See hair conditioner . Oil has been used throughout history as

1023-533: The way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids. Crude oil, or petroleum , and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals , are crucial resources in

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1056-775: The word are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺 , e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺 , e-rai-wo , written in the Linear B syllabic script. Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids , steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins , waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids . Lipids can be classified by

1089-419: Was also used in lighting in ancient Greece and Rome. So people would use it to bulk out food so they would have more energy to burn through the day. Olive oil was also used to clean the body in this time as it would trap the moisture in the skin while pulling the grime to the surface. It was used as an ancient form of unsophisticated soap. It was applied on the skin then scrubbed off with a wooden stick pulling off

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