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60-414: Memrise offers user-generated content on a wide range of other subjects. The Memrise app has courses in 16 languages and its combinations, while the website for "community courses" has a great many more languages available, including minority and ancient languages. As of 2018, the app had 35 million registered users. Memrise has been profitable since late 2016, having a turnover of $ 4 million monthly. Memrise

120-434: A BBC iWonder guide, Never forget: Can anyone improve a poor memory? presented by Alex Jones . He demonstrates the 'memory palace' technique in order to remember 18 random numbers in one minute. During 2020's worldwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdown , Cooke and a group of collaborators co-founded The Co-Reality Collective to throw experimental online parties every two to three weeks. These drew hundreds of attendees, and spawned

180-564: A Memrise app has been available for download on both the App Store (iOS) and Google Play . As of January 2020, the app received $ 21.8 million of investments in a total of seven seed rounds. Memrise makes language studying a game , like its competitor Duolingo . Memrise uses spaced repetition to accelerate language acquisition. Spaced repetition is an evidence-based learning technique that incorporates increasing intervals of time between subsequent review of previously learned material to exploit

240-473: A clause is included in the Seneca word, Seneca features free word order, and cannot be neatly categorized along the lines of a subject/object/verb framework. Rather, new information appears first in the Seneca sentence; when a noun is judged by the speaker to be more "newsworthy" than a verb in the same sentence, it is likely to appear before the verb; should it not be deemed to hold such relevance, it typically follows

300-438: A cluster of multiple non-consonantal segments in the onset. Seneca is a polysynthetic , agglutinative language with a remarkably rich verbal morphological system, and to a lesser extent, a fairly rich system of nominal morphology as well. Verbs constitute a decisive majority of Seneca words (by one estimate, as much as eighty-five percent of different words), and between the numerous classes of morphemes that can be added to

360-515: A falling pitch. Short vowels are typically accented in a trochaic pattern, when they appear in even-numbered syllables preceding A. a laryngeal obstruent, B. a cluster of non-vocalic segments, or C. an odd-numbered syllable containing either A or B. There does not appear to be any upper or lower limit on how many such syllables can be accented – every even-numbered syllable in a word can be accented, but none need be accented. Syllables can also be stressed by means of accent spreading, if an unaccented vowel

420-569: A laryngeal stop, and C. do not contain the vowel [a] (unless the syllable is word-initial). Moreover, vowels are often lengthened compensitorally as the reflex of a short vowel and an (elided) glottal segment (e.g. vowels are long preceding glottal fricatives elided before sonorants (*V̆hR > V̄R)). Stress is either strong, marked with an acute accent mark (e.g. ⟨é⟩), or weak, which is unmarked (e.g. ⟨e⟩). Seneca accented short vowels are typically higher in pitch than their unaccented counterparts, while accented long vowels have been recorded as having

480-489: A learning platform centered around crowdsourcing and community engagement, has undergone a noticeable transition by gradually phasing out significant features in favor of prioritizing their official content offerings. In late February 2019, Memrise announced that user-created content will be moving to a different web-based platform. It was announced that this new website would not have an app and that users would be unable to access their material offline. On 25 February 2020, as

540-576: A master's degree in Cognitive Science at Paris Descartes University under the supervision of J. Kevin O'Regan in 2005, he started a career researching, writing about, and teaching memory techniques. At 23, he became a Grand Master of Memory . Cooke uses memory techniques popularized by the likes of Tony Buzan and Dominic O'Brien , which involves turning raw data - packs of cards, series of numbers, US Presidents - into colourful imagery. His work has found popular application in education. To learn

600-510: A middle voice or reflexive prefix, or an incorporated noun root. The common middle voice prefix describes actions performed by an agent and received by that same agent. Its forms, in descending order or prevalence, are as follows: The similar reflexive prefix is nearly semantically identical, the only difference being that the reflexive prefix more clearly distinguishes the two (unitary) roles of agent and recipient. Its forms are not regularly predictable by phonetic environment, and are derived from

660-439: A new "experience" based on official content. In February 2024, Memrise has again separated community courses to a new website, which is not accessible through the updated mobile app, meaning that users can no longer download the courses for offline accessibility. The official notice states that the courses will remain on the new website until "at least the end of 2024". The CEO Steve Toy has made posts announcing and trying to explain

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720-474: A new web-video platform called Sparkleverse, which was then selected as a host for 2020's online Burning Man . In 2021, Cooke appeared on Channel 4 TV show Can I Improve my Memory as a memory coach. In 2021, Ed initiated Sonic Sphere - a multi-sensory spherical concert hall inspired by Karlheinz Stockhausen 's Kugelauditorium. Seneca language Seneca ( / ˈ s ɛ n ə k ə / ; in Seneca, Onöndowaʼga꞉ʼ Gawë꞉noʼ , or Onötowáʼka꞉ )

780-755: A patient, or the object of the verb, while aspect suffixes can be habitual or stative, describing four types of meanings: habitual, progressive, stative, and perfect. Bases are classified as "consequential" or "nonconsequential," on the basis of whether or not they "result in a new state of affairs." Nonconsequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual actions, and stative aspect stems to describe progressive actions. Consequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual or progressive actions, and stative aspect stems to describe perfect actions. Some verb roots are said to be stative-only; these typically describe long states (e.g. "to be heavy," "to be old," etc.). Habitual and stative roots are related to

840-467: A phonemic differentiation between voiced and voiceless consonants (see below in Phonology 2.1: Consonants). The letter j can also be replaced by the three-letter combination tsy . (For example, a creek in the town of Coldspring, New York , and the community near it, bears a name that can be transliterated as either jo꞉negano꞉h or tsyo꞉nekano꞉h .) As per Wallace Chafe 's 2015 grammar of Seneca,

900-458: A picture of Abraham Lincoln listening to a ghetto blaster with the caption "Abe ends work in the evening" for the German word Abend , which means "evening". For learning Chinese characters , mems have been created to help relate their meaning and the concept they represent. In 2012, Ed Cooke highlighted the network effect associated with learning through mems, explaining that "the more people on

960-591: A proximal/distal distinction, as seen in the following demonstrative pronouns: In 1998, the Seneca Faithkeepers School was founded as a five-day-a week school to teach children the Seneca language and tradition. The School has published language learning tools and courses on the language-learning platform Memrise broken out by topic. In 2010, K-5 Seneca language teacher Anne Tahamont received recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting "Documenting

1020-503: A response to the loud criticism from users, Memrise decided to undo the split (i.e. closing Decks and merging its content back to the Memrise main site.) However, in November 2023, Memrise announced on a forum post that it planned to "sunset" user-created courses. The very forum was closed on 8th December 2023 as the company shifts its focus from supporting community-created content to developing

1080-537: A revitalization project". A research conducted by NEȾOLṈEW̱, a Canadian partnership working on indigenous language revitalization, praises the motivational effect of Memrise' leaderboard for learners, but raises concerns about the issue of data sovereignty . In 2023, the successes of the Memrise projects for Ume Sámi and Kristang were cited as "inspiring stories" by the UNESCO publication Digital initiatives for indigenous languages . Apart from resources for language learning,

1140-578: A simple noun suffix (denoting, naturally, that it is a noun), an external locative suffix, denoting that something is "on" or "at" that noun, or an internal locative suffix, denoting that something is "in" that noun. The forms of these are as follows: - Simple noun suffix: -aʼ ~ -öʼ (in a nasalizing context) - External locative suffix: -aʼgeh - Internal locative suffix: -aʼgöh Nouns are often preceded by pronominal prefixes, but in this context, they represent possession, as opposed to agency or reception. Nouns without pronominal prefixes are preceded by either

1200-461: Is voiced and optionally spirantized [ j ] , in free variation with a spirant allophone [ ʝ ] . Otherwise it is voiced and not spirantized [ j ] . / w / is a velar semivowel. It is weakly rounded [ w ] . / n / is a released apico-alveolar nasal [ n̺ ] . / t / is an apico-alveolar stop [ t̺ ] . It is voiceless and aspirated [ t̺ʰ ] before an obstruent or an open juncture (but

1260-559: Is a British entrepreneur and author of Remember, Remember: Learn the Stuff You Thought You Never Could . He is also a Grand Master of Memory and the co-founder of Memrise , a freemium online educational platform that uses memory techniques to optimise learning. He grew up in Oxfordshire . After graduating with a first class degree in psychology and philosophy from Oxford University in 2004 and completing

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1320-514: Is always voiceless, and is fortified to [s˰] everywhere except between vowels. It is palatalized to [ ʃ ] before [ j ] , and lenited to [s˯] intervocalically. / dʒ / is a voiced postalveolar affricate [ dʒ ] , and / dz / is a voiced alveolar affricate [ dz ] . Before [ i ] , it is optionally palatalized [ dz ] in free variation with [ d͡ʑ ] . Nevertheless, among younger speakers, it appears as though / dʒ / and / dz / are in

1380-437: Is distinguished in singular forms. Moreover, before pronominal prefixes, "preproniminal" prefixes carrying a variety of meanings can be placed to modify the meaning of the verb. The prefixes, in the order in which the precede one another, are as follows: Seneca nominal morphology is far simpler than verbal morphology. Nouns consist of a noun root followed by a noun suffix and a pronominal prefix. The noun suffix appears as either

1440-438: Is followed immediately by a stressed vowel (i.e. VV́ > V́V́). Additionally, word-initial and word-final syllables are underlyingly unaccented, although they can be given sentence level stress. Seneca allows both open and closed syllables; a Seneca syllable is considered to be closed when the nucleus is followed by a cluster of multiple consonants. Moreover, [h] appears to be ambisyllabic intervocalically, and can be included in

1500-422: Is hardly audible between a nasalized vowel and open juncture). It is voiced and released [ d̺ ] before a vowel and resonant. / k / is a dorso-velar stop [ k ] . It is voiceless and aspirated [ kʰ ] before an obstruent or open juncture. It is voiced and released [ g ] before a vowel or resonant. / s / is a spirant with blade-alveolar groove articulation [ s ] . It

1560-533: Is indicated with an acute accent over the top. æ is transcribed as ä. /i/ is a high front vowel [i]. /e/ is a high-mid front vowel. Its high allophone [ɪ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments. /æ/ is a low front vowel [æ]. /a/ is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [ʌ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i], [w], [j], or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [ɑ] occurs in all other environments. Before [ɛ] or [ɔ] it

1620-439: Is marked with a colon ⟨꞉⟩ , and open juncture by word space. Long vowels generally occur in one of two environments: 1. In even-numbered (i.e. falling and even number of syllables from the beginning of the word) word-penultimate syllables not followed by a laryngeal stop; and 2. In odd-numbered penultimate syllables that A. are followed by only one non-vocalic segment before the succeeding vowel, B. are not followed by

1680-650: Is nasalized [æ]. /o/ is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [ʊ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environments. /u/ is a rounded high back vowel [u]. It has also, however, been recorded as [ɯ]. /ɛ/ is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized [ɛ̃] . /ɔ/ is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized [ɔ̃] . The following oral diphthongs occur in Seneca: ae, ai, ao, ea, ei, eo, oa, oe, and oi. The following nasal diphthongs occur as well: aö, eö, and oë. Vowel length

1740-854: Is the language of the Seneca people , one of the Six Nations of the Hodinöhsö꞉niʼ ( Iroquois League); it is an Iroquoian language , spoken at the time of contact in the western part of New York. While the name Seneca , attested as early as the seventeenth century, is of obscure origins, the endonym Onödowáʼga꞉ translates to "those of the big hill." About 10,000 Seneca live in the United States and Canada, primarily on reservations in western New York , with others living in Oklahoma and near Brantford , Ontario . As of 2022, an active language revitalization program

1800-485: Is the one used by the Seneca Bilingual Education Project. The nasal vowels , /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/ , are transcribed with tremas on top: ⟨ë ö⟩ . Depending on the phonetic environment, the nasal vowel ⟨ë⟩ may vary between [ɛ̃] and [œ̃] , whereas ⟨ö⟩ may vary from [ɔ̃] to [ɑ̃] . Long vowels are indicated with a following ⟨:⟩ , while stress

1860-562: Is underway. Seneca is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people, one of the members of the Iroquois Five (later, Six) Nations confederacy. It is most closely related to the other Five Nations Iroquoian languages, Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , and Mohawk (and among those, it is most closely related to Cayuga). Seneca is first attested in two damaged dictionaries produced by the French Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier around

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1920-456: The University of California , organized a workshop in 2018 to teach participants to use Memrise for teaching and learning endangered languages with the aim of revitalization, considering that Memrise is "an ideal tool for language revitalization because it’s flexible, community-oriented, easy-to-use, fun, and free" and "a great way for fluent elders and more tech-savvy young people to collaborate on

1980-425: The letter colon (꞉) and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is generally written in all- lowercase , and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word; all-caps is never used, even on road signs. The vowels and consonants are a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y , and ʼ . In some transliterations, t is replaced by d , and likewise k by g ; Seneca does not have

2040-738: The Department of Education of Keelung City Government has taken initiatives to foster the education of indigenous and local languages by publishing Memrise-based learning materials for the Amis , Taroko , Taiwanese Hakka , and Taiwanese Hokkien languages. Journalist Joshua Foer , in an attempt to communicate with the Pygmy peoples in the Congo Basin , was able to pick up Lingala , a language with scarce learning materials, by utilizing community courses. Speech communities of endangered languages have made use of

2100-678: The Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians ' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $ 200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified

2160-461: The abovementioned change on the Memrise subreddit , under which many users have expressed concerns, frustrations, and even anger regarding the future of community courses. Regarding the future of community courses, Toy has clarified that he has no plan to take them down after 2024 or any date, but is "not prepared to put [his] name next to a promise about the site['s] longevity at this moment." Ed Cooke (author) Edward "Ed" Cooke (born 1982)

2220-609: The community has produced courses for other subject matters, including geography, history, mathematics, natural science, some designed for general interests and some for test preparation . In July 2024, Memrise announced in a blog-post that community courses will be removed from their new app experience, moving them to a separate platform. Memrise used to have a function known as "mems," which are user-generated mnemonic devices or memory aids to help learners remember and retain new information more effectively. Mems are often designed to be humorous or even absurd to be memorable, such as using

2280-509: The consonantal and non-vocalic inventory of Seneca is as follows. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription. j is a palatal semivowel. After [ s ] , it is voiceless and spirantized [ ç ] . After [ h ] , it is voiceless [ j̊ ] , in free variation with a spirant allophone [ ç ] . After [ t ] or [ k ] , it

2340-644: The course catalogue. This feature has led to the accumulation of a diverse range of "community courses" over time, which has proven useful for studying languages with limited resources or those of niche interest, in addition to the more popular languages. In 2012, less than two years after its launching, Memrise had already crowdsourced materials for about 100 languages, "from Catalan to Haitian Creole ." Courses have been created by enthusiasts to teach Klingon , Toki Pona , and Esperanto , among other artificial languages . Classical languages , such as Latin and Ancient Greek , have been covered as well. In Taiwan ,

2400-629: The critically endangered Kristang language includes a vocabulary course based on Memrise. The success of this project "inspired the start of similar projects among speakers of other Indigenous languages," like Unangam Qilinĝingin to teach the Aleut language spoken in Alaska . Courses of many other endangered languages can be found, including the other Sámi languages , Hawaiian , Yiddish , Cornish , Greenlandic , Navajo , Irish , and Welsh . The Institute on Collaborative Language Research, founded at

2460-626: The electromagnetic spectrum, for instance, Cooke proposes transforming each stage (for example, the microwave ) into an image (a microwave in the kitchen). He also features prominently in Joshua Foer 's Moonwalking with Einstein , having acted as memory coach to Foer, who went on to become U.S. Memory Champion. He is co-founder of Memrise , an online educational platform that uses memory techniques to optimise learning. Cooke's latest writings on memory, education and philosophy can be found on his blog and on Twitter. In May 2015, Cooke appeared in

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2520-399: The end of a base noun to alter the meaning of the verb; these are as follows (given with the underlying form or most common form of the suffix): Seneca verbs consist of a verb base that represents a certain event or state, which always includes a verb root; this is always followed by an aspect suffix, and almost always preceded by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes can describe an agent,

2580-440: The ending of the verb base, but have become largely arbitrary, or at least inconsistent. Additionally, there is a common punctual suffix, an aspect suffix that is added to describe punctual events. It necessarily takes the "modal prefix," which precedes a pronominal prefix, and indicate the relationship of the action described in the verb to reality; these three prefixes are factual, future, and hypothetical. A list of forms of each of

2640-717: The languages most closely related to it, as well as making the underlying morphological richness of the language incredibly opaque. Today, Seneca is spoken primarily in western New York, on three reservations, Allegany ( ʼohi꞉yoʼ ), Cattaraugus ( kaʼtä꞉kë̓skë꞉öʼ ), and Tonawanda ( tha꞉nöwöteʼ ), and in Ontario, on the Grand River Six Nations Reserve ( swe꞉këʼ ). While the speech community has dwindled to approximately one hundred native speakers, revitalization efforts are underway. Seneca words are written with 13 letters, three of which can be umlauted , plus

2700-409: The leaderboard on the website was temporarily suspended due to "extensive cheating". Specific users had been using bots and non-intensive mechanisms, such as celebrity photo memory courses, to achieve atypical scores that were not reflective of actual learning. In response, the administrators established a new leaderboard after revising the scoring loopholes. Over time, Memrise, initially established as

2760-462: The neuter patient prefix yo- ~ yaw- ~ ya-, or the neuter agent prefix ka- ~ kë- ~ w- ~ y-. These morphemes do not hold semantic value, and are historically linked to certain noun roots arbitrarily. Finally, certain prepronominal verbal prefixes can be suffixed to nouns to alter the meaning thereof; in particular, the cislocative, coincident, negative, partitive, and repetitive fall into this group. As much of what, in other languages, might be included in

2820-497: The official forum. As of March 2024, Memrise has official materials for 23 languages for English speakers, combined with a GPT-3 -powered "AI Language partner" that allows learners to practice human-like conversations, which Memrise believes can help learners to overcome the "confidence gap" in language acquisition. Official courses do not cover the vast majority of languages covered by community courses, nor are there any non-language-related official materials. In late September 2012,

2880-430: The oral vowels /i/, /e/, /æ/, /a/, and /o/, and the nasalized vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. Of these vowels, /æ/ is relatively rare, an innovation not shared with other Five Nations Iroquoian languages; even rarer is /u/, a vowel only used to describe unusually small objects. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription. The orthography described here

2940-522: The patient is 2pl. There are fifty-five possible pronominal pronouns, depending on who is performing an action, and who is receiving that action. These pronouns express number as singular, dual, or plural; moreover, in the case of pronominal prefixes describing agents, there is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person. Gender and animacy are expressed as well in the third person; gender distinctions are made between masculine entities and "feminine-zoic" entities (i.e. women and animals), and inanimacy

3000-528: The platform to aid in their revitalization endeavors, as seen in the case of Ume Sámi , a language spoken by fewer than 50 people in Sweden. In the United States , indigenous nations have published courses on Memrise to support efforts to revitalize their heritage languages, including Cherokee , Seneca , Comanche , Potawatomi , and Choctaw . In Singapore , an initiative known as Kodrah Kristang to revitalize

3060-484: The process of merging to [ dʒ ] . Similarly, / tʃ / is a voiceless postalveolar affricate [ tʃ ] , and / ts / is a voiceless alveolar affricate [ ts ] . / h / is a voiceless segment [ h ] colored by an immediately preceding and/or following vowel and/or resonant. / ʔ / is a glottal stop [ ʔ ] , written ⟨ʼ⟩ and commonly substituted with ASCII ⟨´⟩ . The vowels can be subclassified into

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3120-417: The psychological spacing effect . The use of spaced repetition has been shown to increase the rate of memorization. Users of the platform have the ability to create personalized "courses," which consist of curated lists of words and phrases that can be accompanied by audio and pictures. These courses can be used for individual learning purposes or shared with the community by making them publicly available in

3180-582: The site was named as one of the finalists for the 2010 TechCrunch Europas Start-up of the Year. In March 2011, it was selected as one of the Techstars Boston startups. In May 2017, Memrise was named as the winner of the "Best App" award at the second edition of the Google Play awards. On 1 October 2012, 100 users were allowed to sign up to test a non-beta version of the website called Memrise 1.0. As of May 2013,

3240-487: The site, the more there are contributing new content for the mems". In 2013, Ben Whately and Ed Cooke discussed their team's approach to take advantage of the Intenet obsession with cats and "the relationship between cuteness and improved cognitive function" to create memorable mems. However, since September 2022, mems have been completely removed from the site, despite overwhelmingly negative feedback from users as expressed in

3300-440: The stems is as follows: The system of pronominal prefixes attached to Seneca verbs is incredibly rich, as each pronoun accounts not only for the agent of an action, but for the recipient of that action (i.e. "patient") as well. For example, the first person singular prefix is k- ~ ke- when there is no patient involved, but kö- ~ köy- when the patient is 2sg, kni- ~ kn- ~ ky- when the patient is 2du., and kwa- ~ kwë- ~ kw- ~ ky- when

3360-447: The turn of the eighteenth century. It is clear from these documents, and from early nineteenth century Seneca writings, that the eighteenth century saw an extremely high degree of phonological change, such that the Seneca collected by Garnier would likely be mutually unintelligible with modern Seneca. Moreover, as these sound changes appear to be unique to Seneca, they have had the effect of making Seneca highly phonologically divergent from

3420-425: The underlying form -at-. A noun can be incorporated into the verb base by placing it before the middle voice or reflexive prefix (i.e. at the front of the base noun), such that that noun becomes the patient (or often, instrument or manner) of the verb. In between noun-final and prefix/verb root-initial consonants, the "stem-joining" vowel -a- is epenthesized. The following types of derivational suffixes can be added at

3480-411: The verb root, the generally multiple morphemes constituent thereto, and the variants thereof, a truly staggering number of Seneca verbs is grammatically possible. While most verb forms have multiple allomorphs , however, in the majority of cases, variants of morphemes cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of its phonological environment. The verb base can be augmented by adding a derivational suffix,

3540-547: The verb. Particles, the only Seneca words that cannot be classified as nouns or verbs, appear to follow the same ordering paradigm. Moreover, given the agent/participant distinction that determines the forms of pronominal morphemes, it seems appropriate to consider Seneca a nominative-accusative language. In Seneca, multiple constituents of a sentence can be conjoined, in a number of ways. They are summarized as follows: The words utilized in Seneca to identify referents based on their position in time and space are characterized by

3600-535: Was founded by Ed Cooke , a Grand Master of Memory , Ben Whately and Greg Detre , a Princeton neuroscientist specializing in the science of memory and forgetting. The website launched in private beta after winning the Princeton Entrepreneurship Club 2009 TigerLaunch competition. In July 2010, Memrise was named as one of the winners of the London Mini-Seedcamp competition. In November 2010,

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