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54-429: Vladimir Kramnik won the most overall titles with six. Viswanathan Anand is the only player to have won both the rapid and blindfold events in the same year (he did it twice, in 1997 and 2005). The most rapid events have been won by Anand (nine times), and the most blindfold events have been won by Kramnik (nine times). Nearly every world class player has played in the tournament but Garry Kasparov . Vassily Ivanchuk

108-606: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ). Tuapse has warm to hot summers and cool winters with frequent rainfall year-round. Tuapse is home to the Tuapse oil terminal . Tuapse is one of the key transport hubs of the Black Sea coast of the Russian Federation . The city's location determines its key importance to ensure a ground connection with the Spa capital of

162-646: A 7th place, while he finished 5th in the London Chess Classic in England. 2011 brought varied results. In Wijk aan Zee Kramnik shared fifth with Maxime Vachier-Lagrave , and in the Candidates he was eliminated by Alexander Grischuk . He won Dortmund for the tenth time, with Lê Quang Liêm in second place, and shared third behind Peter Svidler and Alexander Morozevich in the Russian Superfinal. Kramnik won

216-454: A Kasparov–Shirov match, and it never took place. It appears Shirov refused to play for what he considered too small a prize fund. Kasparov decided to try to arrange a match with the highest rated-player according to FIDE's rating list. At the time Anand was the highes-rated player, but Anand refused the match. Therefore, in March 2000 Kasparov announced he would play a match against Kramnik, who at

270-585: A game. This was only the second time in history that a World Champion had lost a match without winning a single game, the other time being Lasker in 1921 . It also marked the first time Kasparov had lost a World Championship match. Kramnik's performance won him the Chess Oscar for 2000; this was the first time he had received the award. In October 2002, Kramnik competed in Brains in Bahrain , an eight-game match against

324-464: A large fire at the Rosneft oil terminal, reportedly by two uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). It was reported by Naval News that the reach of Ukrainian forces was growing with this long-range attack over 430 km (270 mi) away from Ukrainian-controlled territory. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Tuapse serves as the administrative center of Tuapsinsky District , even though it

378-599: A match against the winner to unify the world championship. After the tournament, negotiations began for a reunification match between Kramnik and the new FIDE World Champion— Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria . In April 2006, FIDE announced a reunification match between Kramnik and Topalov—the FIDE World Chess Championship 2006 . The match took place in Elista , Kalmykia . After the first four games, Kramnik led 3–1 (out of

432-416: A maximum of 12). After the fourth game, however, Topalov's coach/manager Silvio Danailov protested that Kramnik was using the toilet suspiciously frequently, implying that he was somehow receiving outside assistance whilst doing so. Topalov said that he would refuse to shake hands with Kramnik in the remaining games. The Appeals committee decided that the players' toilets be locked and that they be forced to use

486-500: A peak rating of 2817 in October 2016, which makes him the joint-eighth-highest-rated player of all time . Kramnik publicly announced his retirement as a professional chess player in January 2019. He stated he intends to focus on projects relating to chess for children and education. Vladimir Kramnik was born in the town of Tuapse , on the shores of the Black Sea . His father's birth name

540-616: A result, Kramnik became the first undisputed World Champion, holding both the FIDE and Classical titles, since Kasparov split from FIDE in 1993. In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand , who won the World Chess Championship 2007 tournament ahead of Kramnik. He challenged Anand at the World Chess Championship 2008 to regain his title, but lost. He remained a top player, playing in four more Candidates tournaments between 2012 and 2018, very nearly winning in 2013 . He reached

594-422: A shared toilet, accompanied by an assistant arbiter. Kramnik refused to play the fifth game unless the original conditions agreed for the match were adhered to. As a result, the point was awarded to Topalov, reducing Kramnik's lead to 3–2. Kramnik stated that the appeals committee was biased and demanded that it be replaced. As a condition to continue the match, Kramnik insisted on playing the remaining games under

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648-721: A subpar showing, losing to eventual champion Ruslan Ponomariov and finishing in joint third place with 5/10. He then participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters preliminary tournament in Shanghai from 3 to 8 September, where he faced world number four Levon Aronian , Alexei Shirov , and Wang Hao ; the top two scorers qualified for the Grand Slam final supertournament from 9 to 15 October in Bilbao against Carlsen and Anand. Scoring 3/6, Kramnik tied for second place with Aronian behind

702-574: A win for Aronian in a rapid game that didn't count as tiebreak). In Tal Memorial he shared fourth place behind Magnus Carlsen , Fabiano Caruana and Teimour Radjabov . He finished second in the London Chess Classic behind Carlsen. Kramnik played in the 2013 Candidates Tournament , which took place in London, from 15 March to 1 April. He finished with 8½ points, sharing the first place with Magnus Carlsen, who won due to having better tiebreaks. In

756-529: Is a Russian chess grandmaster . He was the Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the 14th undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007. In 2000, Kramnik defeated Garry Kasparov and became the Classical World Chess Champion . He defended his title in 2004 against Peter Leko , and defeated the reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match in 2006, during which he faced cheating accusations. As

810-572: Is a sea port and the northern center of a resort zone which extends south to Sochi . Tuapse was a large center (native land) for the Shapsugs tribe along other areas in Circassia , with about 10,000 speakers of the language living in Tuapse currently. The name of the town is itself Adyghe (literally meaning "two waters") since Tuapse was part of historical Circassia and it became a part of Russia during

864-655: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the Town of Tuapse —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the Town of Tuapse is incorporated within Tuapsinsky Municipal District as Tuapsinskoye Urban Settlement . The town is situated on the northeast shore of the Black Sea, south of Gelendzhik and north of Sochi . Tuapse has

918-462: Is the longest since the inception of the FIDE ranking system in 1971. In the mid- and late 1990s, Kramnik, although considered one of the strongest players in the world, suffered several setbacks in his attempts to qualify for a World Championship match. In 1994, he lost a quarterfinal candidates match for the PCA championship to Gata Kamsky 1½–4½, and later that year, lost a semifinal candidates match for

972-544: Is the only player to have played in all 20 editions. The 20th Amber Tournament was held in 2011 in Monaco, as was the first Amber Tournament. The first tournament was played from 3 to 13 February 1992 in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin as a double round robin competition of rapid chess. The first round-robin was won by Viswanathan Anand , undefeated with a score of 8/11, closely followed by Vassily Ivanchuk with 7.5 points. In

1026-467: Is the second of only fifteen chess players to have reached a rating of 2800 (the first being Kasparov). During his reign as world champion, Kramnik never regained the world number-one ranking, doing so only in January 2008 after he had lost the title to Viswanathan Anand ; as in 1996, Kramnik had the same FIDE rating as Anand (2799) but became number one due to more games played within the rating period. Kramnik's 12 years between world number-one rankings

1080-535: Is the village that later became Tuapse. Town status was granted to Tuapse in 1896. During the Russian Empire , the town was the administrative capital of the Tuapsinsky Okrug . The Soviets developed Tuapse as an oil terminal and depot. An oil pipeline from Grozny and Maykop was in operation by 1928, designed by Vladimir Shukhov . An oil refinery dates from the same period. No later than 1941, Tuapse's status

1134-591: The 2012 World Championship cycle . He participated as one of 130 grandmasters at the combined World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Berlin that was organized by FIDE from 10 to 14 October. In the World Rapid Championship he remained unbeaten, winning five games of 15 and reaching the 6th place. Kramnik finished third in the World Blitz Championship in Berlin with 15 / 21. He was a half-point behind

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1188-722: The Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012 . Kramnik began 2010 at the Corus chess tournament in the Netherlands, during which he defeated new world number one Carlsen with the Black pieces in their head-to-head encounter, ending Carlsen's 36-game unbeaten streak. A late loss to Viswanathan Anand knocked him out of first place, and Kramnik finished with 8/13, tying for second place with Alexei Shirov behind Carlsen's 8½ points. In May 2010 it

1242-569: The Chess World Cup 2013 qualified him for the Candidates Tournament 2014 . He finished equal third on 7 out of 14, and took third place on tie breaks. Kramnik did not succeed in defending his title in the Chess World Cup. In the third round he was defeated by Andreikin. He narrowly missed out on qualifying by rating for the Candidates Tournament 2016 . This was the first Candidates Tournament Kramnik had missed, since their re-introduction in

1296-714: The 1993 World Championship with Nigel Short , he created a rift in the chess world. In response, FIDE sanctioned a match between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman for the FIDE World Championship, which Karpov won. Subsequently, the chess world had seen two "champions": the "classical" championship, claiming lineage dating back to Steinitz ; and the FIDE-endorsed champion. When Kramnik defeated Kasparov and inherited Kasparov's title, he also inherited some controversies. At FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 , Kramnik refused to participate, but indicated his willingness to play

1350-506: The 2007 World Championship as the incumbent FIDE champion. Although the rationale behind his (and Garry Kasparov's) "classical" title is that the title should change hands by challenge match rather than by tournament, Kramnik stated that he would recognize the winner of this tournament as being the world champion. In the tournament, held in September 2007, Kramnik and Anand drew both of their games but Kramnik finished second. The tournament, and

1404-470: The 2013 Alekhine Memorial tournament, held from 20 April to 1 May, Kramnik finished seventh, with +2−2=5. In the 2013 Tal Memorial tournament, held from 13 to 23 June, Kramnik finished tenth out of ten, with +0−3=6. In the Chess World Cup 2013 , held in Norway from 11 August to 2 September, Kramnik finished in first place, defeating Dmitry Andreikin in the four-game final match 2½–1½. Kramnik's win at

1458-576: The FIDE championship to Boris Gelfand with the score 3½–4½. In 1998, Kramnik faced Alexei Shirov in a Candidates match for the right to play Garry Kasparov for the Classical World Chess Championship, and lost 3½–5½. In 1999, Kramnik participated in the FIDE knockout championship in Las Vegas , and lost in the quarterfinals to Michael Adams 2–4. Suitable sponsorship was not found for

1512-652: The Russian team in the 1992 Chess Olympiad in Manila . His selection for the team caused some controversy in Russia at the time, as he was only a FIDE Master . However, his selection was supported by Garry Kasparov . He scored eight wins, one draw , and no losses, a performance of 2958, which won a gold medal for best rating performance. The following year, Kramnik played in the very strong tournament in Linares . He finished fifth, beating

1566-453: The chess computer Deep Fritz in Bahrain . Kramnik started well, taking a 3–1 lead after four games. However, in game five, Kramnik made what was described as the worst blunder of his career, losing a knight in a position which was probably drawn. He quickly resigned . He also resigned game six after making a speculative sacrifice, although subsequent analysis showed that he had drawing chances in

1620-415: The country — the city of Sochi , and also makes an important item in the export commodities of the country (oil, fertilizer, coal, etc.). There is a railway station in Tuapse. The Russian Children Center Orlyonok (former All- Russian SFSR Young Pioneer camp ) is located there. The world chess champion Vladimir Kramnik and 2005 Miss Universe winner, Natalie Glebova , were born in Tuapse. Tuapse

1674-513: The field was 2789, the highest in history. After defeating world number one Carlsen for the second consecutive time, and then Shirov in his first two games, Kramnik drew his final four games to finish in clear first with 4/6. This gave Kramnik the distinction of having won the two strongest tournaments in chess history. Kramnik's attempt to defend his 2009 title at the Tal Memorial in Moscow ended with

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1728-569: The final position. The last two games were drawn, and the match ended tied at 4–4. In February 2004 Kramnik won the Tournament of Linares outright for the first time (he had tied for first with Kasparov in 2000), finishing undefeated with a +2 score, ahead of Garry Kasparov , the world's highest-rated player at the time. From 25 September 2004 until 18 October 2004, Kramnik retained his title as Classical World Chess Champion against challenger Péter Lékó at Brissago , Switzerland, by barely drawing

1782-448: The following six years (1993–1998), tournament books were published on each tournament for that year. The first four were produced by Guido den Broeder , in association with chess grandmasters such as John van der Wiel and John Nunn . The last two were produced by Dagobert Kohlmeyer , in association with John Nunn. Vladimir Kramnik Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik ( Russian : Влади́мир Бори́сович Кра́мник ; born 25 June 1975)

1836-411: The match 10½–7½. In January 1996, Kramnik became the world number-one rated player; although having the same FIDE rating as Kasparov (2775), Kramnik became number one by having played more games during the rating period in question. This was the first time since December 1985 that Kasparov was not world number one, and Kramnik's six-month stretch (January through June 1996) as world number one would be

1890-504: The match as underdog, but his adoption of the Berlin Defence to Kasparov's Ruy Lopez opening was very effective. With the white pieces, Kramnik pressed Kasparov hard, winning Games 2 and 10 and overlooking winning continuations in Games 4 and 6. Kasparov put up little fight thereafter, agreeing to short draws with the white pieces in Games 9 and 13. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½ without losing

1944-450: The match in the last game. The 14-game match was poised in favor of Lékó right up until Kramnik won the final game, thus forcing a 7–7 draw and ensuring that Kramnik remained world champion. The prize fund was 1 million Swiss francs , which was about USD $ 770,000 at the time. Because of the drawn result, the prize was split between the two players. When Garry Kasparov broke with FIDE , the federation governing professional chess, to play

1998-611: The match to Anand by a score of 6½ to 4½ (three wins to Anand, one win to Kramnik, seven draws). Kramnik had exceptionally good results in 2009, winning once again in Dortmund and then winning the Category 21 (average Elo = 2763) Tal Memorial in Moscow with 6/9 and a 2883 rating performance ahead of world champion Anand, Vasyl Ivanchuk , Magnus Carlsen , Levon Aronian , Boris Gelfand , former FIDE world champion Ruslan Ponomariov , Peter Leko , Peter Svidler and Alexander Morozevich . At

2052-422: The match was tied 6–6, although Kramnik continued to dispute the result of the unplayed fifth game until the end of the match. On 13 October 2006 the result of this disputed game became irrelevant as Kramnik won the rapid tie-break by a score of 2½–1½. Kramnik's victory helped him win the Chess Oscar for 2006, the second of his career. When Kramnik won the 2006 unification match, he also won Topalov's berth in

2106-423: The only time from January 1986 through March 2006 where Kasparov was not world number one. By becoming number one, Kramnik became the youngest ever to reach world number one, breaking Kasparov's record; this record would stand for 14 years until being broken by Magnus Carlsen in January 2010. Kramnik continued to produce good results, including winning at Dortmund (outright or tied) ten times from 1995 to 2011. He

2160-498: The original conditions of the match contract , which allows use of the bathroom at the players' discretion. The controversy resulted in a heavy volume of correspondence to Chessbase and other publications. The balance of views from fans was in support of Kramnik. Prominent figures in the chess world, such as John Nunn, Yasser Seirawan, and Bessel Kok also sided with Kramnik. The Russian and Bulgarian Chess Federations supported their respective players. After twelve regular games

2214-523: The rule of Tsar Alexander I in 1801–1825. The modern settlement dates back to 1838, when the Russian fort of Velyaminovsky was established in the area after this region became a part of Russia in 1829 by Treaty of Adrianople . During the Crimean War , the Ottomans seized the fort and held it for two years (1857–1859). The village of Velyaminovskoye ( Вельяминовское ) was established here in 1864; it

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2268-424: The second half of the tournament, Victor Korchnoi appeared the strongest with 7/11. Anand lost three games (including his final round game with white against Larsen), which allowed Ivanchuk to take over the lead in the very last round. Ivanchuk scored a total of 14/22. Anand finished second with 13.5 points, while Anatoly Karpov , Victor Korchnoi and Ljubomir Ljubojević shared third place with 12.5/22. Remarkable

2322-506: The then world number three, Vasyl Ivanchuk , along the way. He followed this up with a string of good results, but had to wait until 1995 for his first major tournament win at normal time controls, when he won the strong Dortmund tournament , finishing it unbeaten. In 1995, Kramnik served as a second for Kasparov in the Classical World Chess Championship 1995 match against challenger Viswanathan Anand . Kasparov won

2376-440: The third London Chess Classic with four wins and four draws, and a rating performance over 2900 Elo. Hikaru Nakamura came second. However, in the earlier 6th Tal Memorial 2011 Moscow he came 8th out of 10, with 2 losses (to Nepomniachtchi and Svidler) and 7 draws, with Magnus Carlsen winning the overall tournament on tiebreak from Levon Aronian . Kramnik played a friendly match against Levon Aronian , which finished 3–3 (with

2430-484: The time was third in the rating list behind Kasparov and Anand (Shirov was fourth). This was somewhat controversial, especially since he had lost the qualifier to Shirov. It made Kramnik the first player since 1935 to play a world championship match without qualifying. In 2000, Kramnik played a 16-game match against Garry Kasparov in London, for the Classical Chess World Championship. Kramnik began

2484-668: The time, the average Elo rating of the field made it the strongest tournament in history. Following this result, Kramnik stated that his goal was to regain the World Championship title. He also participated in the London Chess Classic in December, finishing second to Magnus Carlsen , losing their head-to-head encounter on the Black side of the English Opening . Kramnik's performance in 2009 allowed his rating (average of July 2009 and January 2010 ratings) to be high enough to qualify for

2538-529: The winner Alexander Grischuk and lost second place on tiebreak to Maxime Vachier-Lagrave . Kramnik competed in the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, held from 9 – 17 July and finished joint second with 4/7. He played in the Tal Memorial (a ten-player round-robin tournament ) in Moscow from 26 September – 6 October. He finished sixth with 4.5/9 in the opening blitz round-robin on 25 September, meaning that he

2592-504: The winner Shirov's 4½/6. In the blitz playoff, Kramnik defeated Aronian to qualify along with Shirov for the Grand Slam final. Shortly after qualifying for the last stage of the Grand Slam, Kramnik played on board one for the Russian team in the 2010 Olympiad. He scored +2–0=7. Following the Olympiad, Kramnik participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters final in Bilbao where he competed against Anand, Carlsen and Shirov. The average rating of

2646-494: The world championship, was won by Viswanathan Anand . Pursuant to the agreement reached before the 2007 tournament Kramnik and Anand played a match of the World Championship title in 2008 in Bonn . He fell victim to Anand's superior preparation, and lost three of the first six games (two with the white pieces). Kramnik's play gradually improved, and although he managed a 29-move victory in game 10, he did not win any other game, and lost

2700-430: Was Boris Sokolov, but he took his stepfather's surname when his mother (Vladimir's grandmother) remarried. His mother Irina Fedorovna is Ukrainian and is a music teacher, his biological father Boris Sokolov is Russian painter and sculptor. As a child, Vladimir Kramnik studied in the chess school established by Mikhail Botvinnik . His first notable result in a major tournament was his gold medal win as first reserve for

2754-688: Was changed to that of a town of the krai subordination. During World War II , the German military attempted to seize the town during the Battle of the Caucasus , which caused major damage to Tuapse. The Germans reached the hills above from north, but were not able to seize the town and its port. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Ukrainian military attacked the port of Tuapse on 28 February 2023, causing

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2808-635: Was given one more game to play with the black pieces than with the white in the classical tournament. He finished joint fifth in the classical tournament, again with 4.5/9. Tuapse Tuapse ( Russian : Туапсе́ ; Adyghe : Тӏуапсэ , Ṫuapsă [tʷʼapsə] ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , situated on the northeast shore of the Black Sea , south of Gelendzhik and north of Sochi . Population: 61,571 ( 2021 Census ) ; 63,292 ( 2010 Census ) ; 64,238 ( 2002 Census ) ; 63,081 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Tuapse

2862-521: Was revealed that Kramnik had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov . Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. In April–May 2010 he tied for 1st–3rd with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Gata Kamsky in the President's Cup in Baku and won the event on tie-break after all finished on 5/7. Kramnik also participated in Dortmund, but had

2916-422: Was the participation of 15-year-old Judit Polgár , who finished 10th. The oldest player in the field was Korchnoi aged 61, while prize money totalled US$ 100,000 with US$ 20,000 for the winner. A separate Blitz tournament, with the same participants plus Larry Christiansen and Susan Polgar , was played on 7 February. Ljubojević won with a score of 10/13. A book on the first tournament was published in 1992. In

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